Trends in Pedagogy of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA MODERNISM Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It attempts to provide for specific needs rather than imitate nature. The roots of Modernism may be found in the work of Berthold Luberkin (1901-1990), a Russian architect who settled in London and founded a group called Tecton . The Tecton architects believed in applying scientific, analytical methods to design. Their stark buildings ran counter to expectations and often seemed to defy gravity. FEATURES Little or no ornamentation Factory-made parts Man-made materials such as metal and concrete Emphasis on function Rebellion against traditional styles HIGH POINT FLATS 1935-38 Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA STRUCTURALISM Structuralism is based on the idea that all things are built from a system of signs and these signs are made up of opposites: male/female, hot/cold, old/young, etc. For Structuralists , design is a process of searching for the relationship between elements. Structuralists are also interested in the social structures and mental processes that contributed to the design. Structuralist architecture will have a great deal of complexity within a highly structured framework. For example, a Structuralist design may consist of cell-like honeycomb shapes, intersecting planes, cubed grids, or densely clustered spaces with connecting courtyards . THE WEXNER CENTER Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA FORMALISM As the name suggests, Formalism emphasizes form. The architect is interested in visual relationships between the building parts and the work as a whole. Shape, often on a monumental scale, is the focus of attention. Lines and rigid geometric shapes predominate in Formalist architecture. You will find Formalism in many Modernist buildings, especially in Bauhaus and International Style architecture. Architect I.M. Pei has often been praised for the "elegant formalism" of his works. BANK OF CHINA TOWER IN HONG KONG. Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture Louvre museum in Paris. MUSEUM OF ISLAMIC ART IN DOHA, QATAR

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA INTERNATIONAL STYLE International Style is a term often used to describe Bahaus architecture in the United States. The name came from the book The International Style by historian and critic Henry-Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson. The book was published in 1932 in conjunction with an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The term is again used in a later book, International Architecture , by Walter Gropius. While German Bauhaus architecture had been concerned with the social aspects of design, America's International Style became a symbolism of Capitalism: The International Style is the favored architecture for office buildings, and is also found in upscale homes built for the rich. By the mid-twentieth century, many variations of the International Style had evolved. In southern California and the American Southwest, architects adapted the International Style to the warm climate and arid terrain, creating an elegant yet informal style known as Desert Modernism One of the most famous examples of the International Style is the United Nations Secretariat building, designed by Le Corbusier. The smooth glass-sided slab dominates New York's skyline along the East River. The United Nations Secretariat building was completed in 1952. UNITED NATIONS SECRETARIAT BUILDING IN NEW YORK. Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA BAUHAUS Bauhaus is a German expression meaning house for building . In 1919, the economy in Germany was collapsing after a crushing war. Architect Walter Gropius was appointed to head a new institution that would help rebuild the country and form a new social order. Called the Bauhaus, the Institution called for a new "rational" social housing for the workers. Bauhaus architects rejected "bourgeois" details such as cornices, eaves, and decorative details. They wanted to use principles of Classical architecture in their most pure form: without ornamentation of any kind. Bauhaus buildings have flat roofs, smooth facades, and cubic shapes. Colors are white, gray, beige, or black. Floor plans are open and furniture is functional. The Bauhaus school disbanded when the Nazis rose to power. Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , and other Bauhaus leaders migrated to the United States. The term International Style was applied to the American form of Bauhaus architecture. GLASS HOUSE Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA BAUHAUS THE BAUHAUS BUILDING, DESSAU Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture THE GROPIUS HOUSE IN LINCOLN, MASSACHUSETTS . THE FARNSWORTH HOUSE home in Plano, Illinois, USA. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA DESERT MODERNISM Desert Modernism was a mid-twentieth century approach to modernism that capitalized on the sunny skies and warm climate of southern California and American Southwest. With expansive glass and streamlined styling, Desert Modernism was an regional approach to International Style architecture. Rocks, trees, and other landscape features were often incorporated into the design. Characteristics of Desert Modernism: Expansive glass walls and windows Dramatic rooflines Wide overhangs Steel and plastic combined with wood and stone Open floor plans Outdoor living spaces incorporated into the overall design KAUFMANN HOUSE IN PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA. 1946. RICHARD NEUTRA, ARCHITECT. Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA BRUTALISM Rugged reinforced concrete construction, or Béton Brut , lead to an approach popularly known as Brutalism. The Bauhaus architect Le Corbusier used the French phrase béton brut , or raw concrete , to describe the construction of his rough, concrete buildings. Brutalism grew out of the Bahaus Movement and the béton brut buildings by Le Corbusier and his followers. Heavy and angular, Brutalist buildings can be constructed quickly and economically. Common features include: Precast concrete slabs Rough, unfinished surfaces Exposed steel beams Massive, sculptural shapes The Prizker Prize-winning architect Paulo Mendes da Rocha is often called a "Brazilian Brutalist" because his buildings are constructed of prefabricated and mass-produced concrete components. Shown here is his home in São Paulo, Brazil. The Bauhaus architect Marcel Breuer turned to Brutalism when he designed the Whitney Museum in New York City and the Atlanta, Georgia Central Library. THE PAULO MENDES DA ROCHA RESIDENCE IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL BY PAULO MENDES DA ROCHA, 2006 PRITZKER ARCHITECTURE PRIZE LAUREATE Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA MINIMALISM One important trend in Modernist architecture is the movement toward minimalist or reductivist design. Hallmarks of Minimalism include: Buildings are stripped of all but the most essential elements Emphasis is placed on the outline, or frame, of the struture Interior walls are eliminated Floor plans are open Lighting is used to dramatize lines and planes The negative spaces around the structure are part of the overall design Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe paved the way for Minimalism when he said, "Less is more." Minimalist architects drew much of their inspiration from the elegant simplicity of traditional Japanese architecture. Minimalists were also inspired by a movement of early twentieth century Dutch artists known as De Stijl . Valuing simplicity and abstraction, De Stijl artists used only straight lines and rectangular shapes. The Mexico City home of the Pritzker Prize-winning architect Luis Barragán is Minimalist in its emphasis on lines, planes, and open spaces. Architects known for Minimalist designs include: Tadao Ando Luis Barragan Yoshio Taniguchi Richard Gluckman THE MINIMALIST LUIS BARRAGAN HOUSE, OR CASA DE LUIS BARRAGÁN, WAS THE HOME AND STUDIO OF MEXICAN ARCHITECT LUIS BARRAGÁN. THIS BUILDING IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF THE PRITZKER PRIZE LAUREATE'S USE OF TEXTURE, BRIGHT COLORS, AND DIFFUSED LIGHT. Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA POSTMODERNISM Postmodern architecture evolved from the modernist movement, yet contradicts many of the modernist ideas. Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and even amuse. Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways. Buildings may incorporate symbols to make a statement or simply to delight the viewer. The key ideas of Postmodernism are set forth in two important books by Robert Venturi: Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture and Learning from Las Vegas . THE SWAN AND DOLPHIN HOTEL AT DISNEY WORLD Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA DECONSTRUCTIVISM Deconstructivism , or Deconstruction, is an approach to building design that attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic elements of architecture are dismantled. Deconstructivist buildings may seem to have no visual logic. They may appear to be made up of unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. For examples of Deconstructivism in architecture, look at works by: Peter Eisenman Frank Gehry Richard Meier Rem Koolhass THE SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY BY DUTCH ARCHITECT REM KOOLHAAS IS AN EXAMPLE OF DECONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTURE. Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA HIGH TECH High-tech buildings are often called machine-like. Steel, aluminium, and glass combine with brightly colored braces, girders, and beams. Many of the building parts are prefabricated in a factory and assembled later. The support beams, duct work, and other functional elements are placed on the exterior of the building, where they become the focus of attention. The interior spaces are open and adaptable for many uses. The High-tech Centre Pompidou in Paris appears to be turned inside out, revealing its inner workings on the exterior facade. High-tech Architects: Richard Rogers Norman Foster CENTRE POMPIDOU IN FRANCE BY RICHARD ROGERS, RENZO PIANO, AND GIANFRANCO FRANCHINI. Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA NEO MODERNISM Neomodern is a term used to describe a "new simplicity" in art and in reaction to the complexity of postmodern architecture and eclecticism. Neomodern is used on occasion to denote the contemporary period Neomodern architecture continues modernism as a dominant form of architecture in 20th and 21st centuries, especially in corporate offices. It tends to be used for a certain segments of buildings. Residential houses tend to embrace neo-historical and neo-eclectic styles, for instance, and major monuments today most often opt for starchitect inspired uniqueness. Neomodern architecture shares many of the basic characteristics of modernism. Both reject the postmodern ornamentation, decorations, and deliberate attempts to imitate the past. Neomodern buildings, like modern ones, are designed to be largely monolithic and functional. AQUA TOWER , CHICAGO DESIGNED BY JEANE GANG Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture: 

Modern trends in Pedagogy of Architecture CCA NEW CHANGING TRENDS IN ARCHITECTURE IN THE 21ST CENTURY Architecture has transformed from a complex creative process of integrating diverse functions, structural systems, myriad services and utilities, inter-related spaces and exterior-interior visual connections into a game of appliqué where one cuts and pastes decorations and ornament onto four sides of dull boxes. According to the new trend, “Ornamentation is the function”. The Architect is left only to create volumetric box and to decorate the skin. His sights should be set on creating the most beautiful velvet box where the interiors and exteriors need not necessarily bear connections. BUILDING HAVING EXTERIOR METAL FINISH WITH DIFFUSED LIGHTING TECHNIQUES Bipin Malik, Surya School Of Architecture