Digestion in Mammals by Dr.P.ANIL KUMAR

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Commissionerate of Collegiate Education P.ANIL KUMAR Dr. P.ANIL KUMAR LECTURER IN ZOOLOGY P.R.GOVT.COLLEGE(A) KAKINADA

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Commissionerate of Collegiate Education ¿¡ŒsÁ<ŠeTT\ýË JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT JsÁ’ç¿ìjáÖ $<ó‘qeTTýË dŸ+¿ì¢wŸ¼yîT®q €VŸäsÁ |Ÿ<‘sÆ\T sÁkÍjáT“¿£+>± $ºÌÛq•+#î+~ dŸsÁÞøyîT®q ç<‘eDo\ |Ÿ<‘sÆ\T>± eÖ], J$XËwŸDeTT eT]jáTT kÍÇ+^¿£sÁDeTT #ûdŸT ¿=qT³Å£” nqTeÚ>± –|ŸjîÖ>·|Ÿ&ƒÔsTT.

Human digestion (General plan):

Human digestion (General plan) Organs of t Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

ORAL CAVITY:

ORAL CAVITY As food enters the oral cavity the cheeks and the closed lips hold food between the teeth, the tongue mixes the food with saliva to soften it, and the teeth cut and grind it into a bolus . Mastication is both voluntary and partly reflexive. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education jáÖ+çÜ ¿£ # ásÁ « MECHANICAL DIGESTION

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Commissionerate of Collegiate Education ABC JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT sÁ ¿±\T ¿£D²+ÔásÁ JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT ¿£D u²VŸ²«JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT dŸÎsÁô JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT

Chemical digestion sÁkÍjáTq JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT:

Chemical digestion sÁkÍjáTq JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Carbohydrate digestion Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose) Salivary amylase Smaller polysaccharides, maltose Stomach Protein digestion Nucleic acid digestion Fat digestion Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides Lumen of small intes- tine Polysaccharides Pancreatic amylases Maltose and other disaccharides Epithelium of small intestine (brush border) Disaccharidases Monosaccharides Polypeptides Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin (These proteases cleave bonds adjacent to certain amino acids.) Smaller polypeptides Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Amino acids Small peptides Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidase (These proteases split off one amino acid at a time, working from opposite ends of a polypeptide.) Amino acids DNA, RNA Pancreatic nucleases Nucleotides Nucleotidases Nucleosides Nucleosidases and phosphatases Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates Fat globules (Insoluble in water, fats aggregate as globules.) Bile salts Fat droplets (A coating of bile salts prevents small drop- lets from coalescing into larger globules, increasing exposure to lipase.) Pancreatic lipase Glycerol, fatty acids, glycerides Chewing, peristalsis Churning, mixing Peristalsis, mixing Large intestine Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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€VŸäsÁ dÓÇ¿£sÁD uó²>·eTT (HÃsÁT) €VŸäs“• “\Ç#ûjáTT uó²>·eTT (Js’XøjáTeTT) çbÍsÁ+uó„ JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT È]¹> uó²>·eTT (€+çÔáeTÖ\eTT) Commissionerate of Collegiate Education JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT ¿=sÁÅ£” nqTÅ£L\H\T

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ABC n+ÜeT JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT È]¹> uó²>·eTT (ºq• |>·T) JsÁ’eTT¿±“ |Ÿ<‘sœ\ “\Ç –+&û u²>·eTT (™|<ŠÝ|>·T) çbþ{¡qT¢ ¿±sÃÒ™VÕ²ç&û³T¢ eT]jáTT ¿=eÚÇ\ JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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Composition of the adult human body Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Chemical digestion:

Chemical digestion Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Carbohydrate digestion Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen) Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose) Salivary amylase Smaller polysaccharides, maltose Stomach Protein digestion Nucleic acid digestion Fat digestion Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides Lumen of small intes- tine Polysaccharides Pancreatic amylases Maltose and other disaccharides Epithelium of small intestine (brush border) Disaccharidases Monosaccharides Polypeptides Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin (These proteases cleave bonds adjacent to certain amino acids.) Smaller polypeptides Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Amino acids Small peptides Dipeptidases, carboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidase (These proteases split off one amino acid at a time, working from opposite ends of a polypeptide.) Amino acids DNA, RNA Pancreatic nucleases Nucleotides Nucleotidases Nucleosides Nucleosidases and phosphatases Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates Fat globules (Insoluble in water, fats aggregate as globules.) Bile salts Fat droplets (A coating of bile salts prevents small drop- lets from coalescing into larger globules, increasing exposure to lipase.) Pancreatic lipase Glycerol, fatty acids, glycerides Chewing, peristalsis Churning, mixing Peristalsis, mixing Large intestine Resident bacteria in the colon digest material in chyme . Vitamin-K and some B-complex vitamins are released by these bacteria. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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¿±sÃÒ™VÕ²ç&û{ Ùà jîTT¿£Ø sÁkÍjáT“¿£ JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT C 12 H 22 O 11 +H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 & îÕd ¿£ ÂsÕ&Ž >·Ö¢¿ ÃdŸT ç|˜Ÿ¿Ã¼dŸT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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çbþ{ ìqT \ jîTT¿£Ø sÁkÍjáT“¿£ JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT çbþ{¡ qT \T çbþ{ ìjîÖdt \T ™|bþ¼qT\T bÍ *™|™|Õ¼&Žà myîT®HÃ € eÖ ¢\T Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 13:

ABC ¿= eÚÇ \ jîTT¿£Ø sÁkÍjáT“¿£ JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT meT©à ¿£sÁD ýÉÕ |CÙ m+CÉÕyŽT \#û È\$ Xâ¢wŸD C 3 H 5 -O 3 (C 17 H 35 -CO) 3 +3H 2 0 C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 +3HC 18 H 35 O 2 d¾¼jáÖ]HŽ úsÁT Ð¢dŸsýÙ d¾¼jáÖ]¿ù € eT¢eTT HîeTsÁTyûd JeÚ \ ýË ™d\ T«ýËdt JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC ¿¡ŒsÁ<ŠeTT\ýË JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT HÃsÁT`€dŸ«Å£”VŸ²sÁeTT`ç>·dŸ“`€VŸ²sÁyV¾²¿£ JsÁ’XøjáTeTT`€+çÔáeTÖ\eTT`ºq• ç|>·T\T ™|<ŠÝ ç|>·T\T`|ŸÚ¯wŸ HÞøeTT `bÍjáTTeÚ Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC ÈsÄÁsÁHÞø JsÁ’ç>·+<¸ŠT\T HÃ{ìýË –+&ƒT ý²ý²È\ç>·+<¸ŠT\T Js’XøjáTeTTýË –+&ƒT ÈsÄÁsÁç>·+<¸ŠT\T €+çÔáeTÖ\eTT <Š>·ZsÁ –+&ƒT ¿Ã¢eTç>·+<¸ŠT\T ºq• |>·TýË –+&ƒT n+çÔáç>·+<¸ŠT\T. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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HÃ{ìýË ÈsÁT>·T ç¿ìjáT HÃ{ìýË –+&ƒT €VŸäsÁeTT ÔûeT>± –q• €VŸäsÁeTT ¿£+fÉ bõ&>± –q• €VŸäsÁeTT mÅ£”Øe ç|sÁDqT ¿£*ZdŸTï+~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

HÃ{ìýË ÈsÁT>·T ç¿ìjáT Digestion in the Mouth:

Salivary glands ý²ý²È\ ç>·+<¸ŠT\T Produce saliva Mostly water Some enzymes Salivary amylase ý²ý²È\ myîT®ýñCÙ Lysozyme Mucus or mucin eTÖ«d¾HŽ HÃ{ìýË ÈsÁT>·T ç¿ìjáT Digestion in the Mouth Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC €VŸäsÁ|ŸÚ €ýË#áq, <Šw¾¼ eT]jáTT ydŸq\T. €eÖ¢\T, \eD²\T eT]jáTT ‚ÔásÁ sÁkÍjáT“¿£ ¿±sÁD²\T. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ý²ý²È\ myîT®ýñdt #ásÁ« B“ #ásÁ« kÍ<ŠsÁD Xø¯sÁ –cþ’ç>·Ôá <Š>·ZsÁ #áTsÁTÅ£”>± –+³T+~. B“ #ásÁ« 50 0 qT+& 55 0 eT<óŠ« mÅ£”Øe #áTsÁTÅ£”>± –+³T+~. B“ #ásÁ« 75 0 –cþ’ç>·Ôá e<ŠÝ “sÃ~ó+#á ‹&ƒTÔáT+~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Digestion in the Mouth HÃ{ìýË ÈsÁT>·T ç¿ìjáT :

Teeth Mechanical digestion Different teeth Different functions Fit omnivore diet Tongue Digestion in the Mouth HÃ{ ìýË ÈsÁT >·T ç¿ìjáT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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Swallowing: from mouth to stomach Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

ESOPHAGUS nq•yV¾²¿£:

ESOPHAGUS nq•yV¾²¿£ The bolus of food is propelled within the esophagus by peristalsis. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC Js’XøjáTeTTýË “¿ì # ûsÁ >± Hû B“ # ásÁ « “ sÃ~ó +#á‹& ƒTÔáT +~. n+<ŠTÅ£” ¿± sÁDeTT pH Âs+& ƒT ¿£+ fÉ ÔáÅ £” Øe –+&ƒ³eTT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC myîT®ýñdt #ásÁ«Å£” ¿Ã¢ÂsÕ&Ž €jáÖHŽ nedŸsÁeTT. HÃ{ìýË €VŸäsÁeTT ý²ý²È\eTTÔÃ u²>± $T[ÔáyîT®Ôû Js’XøjáTeTTýË ™||¾àHŽ m+CÉÕyŽT #ásÁ« #áTsÁTÅ£”>± –+³T+~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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Js’XøjáTeTTýË JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT Js’XøjáT ç>·+<¸ŠT\T çdŸ$+#áT³Å£” –Ôûï›Ô\T Je ç|sÁD : €VŸäsÁeTT jîTTÅ£Ø €ýË#áq €VŸäsÁeTT™|Õ <Šw¾¼ eT]jáTT €VŸäsÁeTT jîTT¿£Ø sÁTº Js’XøjáT çkÍeeTT\T ™|sÁT>·Tq³T¢ #ûjáTTqT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Structure: organization - anatomy:

Structure: organization - anatomy Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Structure of Stomach Js’XøjáT “sˆDeTT:

Structure of Stomach Js’XøjáT “sˆDeTT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Stomach:

Muscular sac Churns & mixes food Gastric glands Parietal cells  HCl , intrinsic factor Goblet cells  mucus Chief cells  pepsinogen , weak gastric lipase Gastrin Hormone Controls gastric juices Comes out as chyme (2-6 hours) Commissionerate of Collegiate Education Stomach

Structure: organization – histology:

Structure: organization – histology Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Js’XøjáT ç>·+<¸ŠT\T:

Js’XøjáT ç>·+<¸ŠT\T CHEMICAL DIGESTION The chemical digestion of carbohydrates, which begin in the oral cavity, is terminated due to a decrease in pH. The chemical digestion of proteins begins in the stomach. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC Js’XøjáTeTTýË qTq• €VŸäsÁeTT Å£L&† JsÁ’ sÁdŸeTT\ çkÍeeTTýË ççbÍ<ó‘q«eTT eV¾²+#áTqT. Js’XøjáTeTTýË ÈsÁT>·T çbþ{¡qT |Ÿ<‘sÁœeTT\ JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT Js’XøjáT çkÍeeTT\™|Õ ç|Ÿuó²eeTT ¿£*ÐjáTTq•~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC JsÁ’XøjáT ç>·+<¸ŠT\T eTÖ&ƒTsÁ¿£eTT\T............. €¿ìà+{ì¿ù ýñ¿£ |ŸÂsÕ³ýÙ ç>·+<¸ŠT\T ` ™VÕ²ç&Ã¿Ã¢]¿±eT¢eTTqT çdŸ$+#áTqT. ™ ||¾¼¿ù ýñ¿£ eTTK« ç>·+<¸ŠT\T ` ™||¾àHŽ eT]jáTT ‚ÔásÁ m+CÉÕeTT\qT çdŸ$+#áTqT Xâ¢wŸˆ ç>·+<¸ŠT\T ` Xâ¢wŸˆ |Ÿ<‘sÁœeTTqT çdŸŸ$+#áTqT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Stomach: Storage and continuation of chemical digestion:

Stomach: Storage and continuation of chemical digestion Pepsin (active enzyme) HCl Parietal cell Chief cell Stomach Folds of epithelial tissue Esophagus Pyloric sphincter Epithelium Pepsinogen 3 2 1 Interior surface of stomach. - Highly folded - Dotted with pits Gastric gland. Secrete gastric juice Three types of cells Mucus cells Chief cells - Pepsinogen Parietal cells - Secrete HCl 1 Pepsinogen and HCI secreted into lumen 2 HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin 3 Pepsin activates more pepsinogen 5 µm Small intestine Cardiac orifice Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Chemical digestion:

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ABC ™||¾àHŽ ™||¾àHÃÈqT ™||¾àqT. çbõ{¡qT¢ G ™||¾àHŽ yîT{²çbþ{¡qT\T, çbþ{¡jîÖE\T, ™|bþ¼qT\T. HCI Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 37:

Âs“HŽ çbþÂs“HŽ G Âs“HŽ bÍ \ TGÂs“HŽ bÍs¹¿d¾HŽ bÍs¹¿d¾HŽG Ca ++ bÍs¹¿d¾Hû³TG Ca ++ HCI Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC ‚~ ‹\ yîT®q € eT¢eTTqÅ £” ‹|˜ ŸsY >± |Ÿ“ # ûdŸTï +~. n+Ôû >±¿£ HCI # ásÁ « Js’XøjáT eTÖ «¿ ÃkÍ bõsÁ ™|Õ ÈsÁ >·Å£”+&ƒ ¿£ e#áeTT >± –+³T+~. eTÖ«d¾HŽ ýñ “ |Ÿ¿£ ŒeTTýË €eT¢\¿£ ŒDeTTýË –q• ™||¾àHŽ Js’XøjáT Å£”& ƒ«eTTqT JsÁ’eTT # ûjáTe#áTÌqT . eTÖ«d¾HŽ Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Small Intestine – 6m ºq• |>·TýË JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT:

Completes digestion of nutrients in chyme Absorbs products of digestion Receives enzymes from pancreas and gall bladder Lumen, villi , lacteal, microvilli , intestinal glands Watery fluid, digestive enzymes on microvilli : disaccharidase , dipeptidase , nucleotidases Small Intestine – 6m ºq• |>·TýË JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT 25 cm 1-2 m 2 m Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸeTT ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸ çbþ{ìjîÖdŸdt ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸ ýÉÕ|dt ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸ myîT®ýñdt ºq• |>·TýË JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

SMALL INTESTINES ºq•ç|>·T n+ÔásY“sˆD+:

SMALL INTESTINES ºq•ç|>·T n+ÔásY“sˆD+ CHEMICAL DIGESTION Chemical digestion in the small intestines, is the result of the intestinal brush border enzymes . Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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Liver ¿±ýñjáTeTT Secretes bile (stored in gall bladder) Components: Bile salts & bile pigments Emulsifies fats Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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Gallbladder |¾ÔïXøjáTeTT Stores, concentrates, and releases bile into duodenum Cystic duct + hepatic duct = common bile duct Stimulated by the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Pancreas ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸:

Exocrine function Acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice Amylase Lipase Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Nuclease NaHCO 3 - Pancreas ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸ Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Pancreas ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸:

Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) from intestinal wall stimulates PJ production Pancreas ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸ Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Pancreas: enzyme production ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸ m+CÉÕeTT\ çkÍe¿£eTT:

Pancreas: enzyme production ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸ m+CÉÕeTT\ çkÍe¿£eTT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Chemical digestion:

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Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ºq• ç|>·TýË JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT m) €+çÔáeTÖ\ Å£”&ƒ«eTT çdŸ$+ºq €+çÔásÁdŸeTT _) ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸ ‹V¾²çkÍe¿£ uó²>·eTT çdŸ$+ºq ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸeTT d¾) ¿±ýñjáTeTT çdŸ$+ºq ™|ÕÔá«sÁdŸeTT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸeTT €eT¢<óŠsÁˆeTTýË –q• neÖXøjáTbÍ¿£eTT €+çÔáeTÖ\eTTýË“¿ì ç|Ÿyû¥+#á³+. ç|sÁD e\q €+çÔáeTÖ\ eTÖ«¿ÃkÍqT+& ™dç¿£{ìHŽ nqT VŸäsÃˆqTqT çdŸ$+º ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸeTT çdŸ$dŸTï+~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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€+çÔásÁdŸeTTýË –q• bÍ+ç¿ìjîÖCÉÕ$THŽ nqT m+CÉÕeTT ¿Ã¢eT çkÍe¿£eTT ýË“ m+CÉÕeTT\qT ç¿£eT |ŸsÁTdŸTï+~. ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸ |Ÿ]eÖDeTT ™dç¿£{ìHŽ nqT VŸäsÃˆqT ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸeTTýË“ m+CÉÕeTT\qT bÍ+ç¿ìjîÖCÉÕ$THŽ ç¿£eT|ŸsÁTkÍïsTT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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¿ÃýËd¾kþ¼Â¿Õ“HŽ VŸäsÃˆqTqT |¾ÔïXøjáTeTT qT+& ™|ÕÔá«sÁdŸeTT çdŸ$+#áTq³T¢ #ûjáTTqT. ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸ ýÉÕ|CÙ ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸ myîT®ýñCÙ Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC ç{ì|¾àHÃÈqT ç{ì|¾àHŽ çbþ{¡qT¢, ™|bþ¼qT\T eT]jáTT çbþ{ìjîÖE\T bÍ*™|™|Õ¼sÁT\T G nyîT®HÃ €eT¢eTT\T bÍ*™|™|Õ¼&ƒT\T nyîT®HÃ €eT¢eTT\T m+{ËsÃÂ¿ÕHûE ç{ì|¾àHŽ ç{ì|¾àHŽ ¿±sÒÛ¿¡à ™||¾¼&ûE Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC kÍ¼]Ì, Â>Õ¢¿ÃÈqT eÖýË¼E eÖýË¼E >·Ö¢¿ÃE nyîT®ýñE eÖýñ¼E Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Mechanisms: chemical reactions:

Mechanisms: chemical reactions Enzymatic act. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC n+çÔásÁdŸeTT ™|™|Õ¼&ûdt\T &îÕd¿£ÂsÕ&ƒT\qT $ºÌÛq+#ûjáTT m+CÉÕyŽT\T Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 57:

ABC dŸÖç¹¿dŸT...................... dŸÖç¿ÃdŸTqT >·Ö¢¿ ÃdŸT eT] jáTT ç|˜Ÿ¿Ã¼dŸT>± eÖsÁTdŸTï +~. eÖýñ¼dt............ eÖýË¼dŸTqT >·Ö¢¿ ÃdŸT >± eÖsÁTdŸTï +~. ý²¹¿¼dt.....................................ý²¿Ã¼dŸTqT >·Ö¢¿ ÃdŸT eT] jáTT Â>ý²¿Ã¼dŸT>± eÖsÁTdŸTï +~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC qÖ«¿ ì¢jûTdt \T............ qÖ«¿ì¢¿ù € eÖ ¢\™|Õ È\$ Xâ¢wŸD # ásÁ«qT ÈsÁT|ŸÚÔsTT . m+fÉsÃÂ¿ÕHûHŽ .................. # îÕÔáq « sÁV¾²ÔáyîT®q ç{ì|¾àHÃCÉHŽqT # îÕÔáq « e+ÔáyîT®q ç{ì|¾àHŽ>± eÖsÁTdŸTï +~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 59:

dŸÖç¿ÃdŸT >·Ö¢¿ÃdŸTGç|˜Ÿ¿Ã¼dŸT eÖýË¼dt >·Ö¢¿ÃdŸT ý²¿Ã¼dt >·Ö¢¿ÃdŸTGÂ>ý²¿Ã¼dt Commissionerate of Collegiate Education dŸÖçÂ¿dt eÖýñ¼dt ý²¹¿¼dt

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ABC qÖ«¿ ì¢jûTdt \T bÍ *qÖ«¿ ì¢jîÖfÉ ®& ûdt ..................qÖ«¿ì¢¿ù € eÖ ¢\qT qÖ«¿ ì¢jîÖfÉ ®& Žà >± eÖsÁTdŸTï +~. b˜ÍdŸÎÛfñdt ........ qÖ«¿ ì¢jîÖfÉ ®& Žà qT+& b˜ÍdÎÛ {Ù esZ “• $&ƒBd¾ qÖ«¿ ì¢jîÖ™dÕ&Žà >± eÖsÁTdŸTï +~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC qÖ«¿ ì¢jîÖ™dÕ&ûdt ........................................... |ŸP«]HŽ qÖ¢¿ ì¢jîÖ™dÕ&Ž \qT # áÂ¿ØsÁ eT] jáTT |ŸP«]HŽ\T>± eÖsÁTdŸTï +~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC ™|ÕÔá«sÁdŸeTT ¿=eÚÇ\ JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT Å£” eT]jáTT XËwŸDeTTqÅ£” ™|ÕÔá«sÁdŸ\eD²\T nedŸsÁeTT ¿£qT¿£ ‚~ çkÍe¿£ |Ÿ<‘sÁœeTT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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™|ÕÔá«\eD²\T ¿=ýÉdŸ¼sýÙ JsÁ’ç>·+<¸ŠT\ |Ÿ“rsÁT eT]jáTT y{ìqT+& –ÔáÎÜï n>·TJsÁ’sÁdŸ çkÍe¿±\T H&že«edŸœ eT]jáTT VŸäsÃˆqT\ nBóqeTTýË –+{²sTT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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JsÁ’sÁkÍ\ çkÍe¿±\™|Õ VŸäsÃˆqT\ ç|Ÿuó²eeTT HÃ{ ìýË “ ý²ý²È\ç>·+<¸ŠT\qT+& H&ž e«edŸœ nBóqeTTýË –+{²sTT. ÈsÄÁsÁç >·+<¸ŠT\ qT+& ÈsÄÁsÁdŸeTT çdŸ $+#á&ƒ³eTT nHû ~ bÍ¿ìŒ ¿£+>± H&ž e«edŸœ nBóqeTTýËqT eT] jáTT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC bÍ ¿¡Œ¿£+>± Js’XøjáT|ŸÚ eTÖ «¿ ÃkÍ ¿£D²\ qT+& çdŸ $+# áT >±çd¾¼HŽ VŸäsÃˆqT \ € BóqeTTýËqT –+³T+~. ¿ Ã¢eTç >·+~ó ¿Ã¢eTsÁdŸeTT çdŸ $+#á³eTHû~ ™ dç ¿£{ ìHŽ eT] jáTT bÍ+ç¿ìjîÖCÉÕ$THŽ nqT Âs+& ƒT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC VŸäsÃˆqT \ nBóqeTTýË –+³T+~. H& že«edŸœ bÍçÔá @$T –+&ƒ<ŠT. €+ çÔáç >·+<¸ŠT\qT+& €+ çÔásÁdŸeTT çdŸ $+#á‹&ƒ³eTT m+³sÃçÂ¿Õ“HŽ eT ] jáTT & ƒT«jîÖÂ¿Õ“HŽ nqT Âs+& ƒT VŸäsÃˆqT \ ç|sÁD\ MT<Š €< ó‘sÁ|Ÿ & –+³T+~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC |¾ÔïXøjáTeTT qT+& ™|ÕÔá«sÁdŸeTT çdŸ$+#á‹&ƒ³eTT ¿=*d¾kþ¼Â¿Õ“HŽ VŸäsÃˆqT çkÍe¿£eTT MT<Š €<ó‘sÁ|Ÿ& –+³T+~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC dŸVŸ²Jeq JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT XËwŸDeTT ¿±sÃÒ™VÕ²ç&û{Ùà XËwŸDeTT ¿=eÚÇ\ XËwŸDeTT çbõ{¡qT\ XËwŸDeTT qÖ«¿ì¢¿ù €eÖ¢\ XËwŸDeTT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

SMALL INTESTINE ºq•|>·T n+ÔásY “sˆD+:

SMALL INTESTINE ºq•|>·T n+ÔásY “sˆD+ CHEMICAL DIGESTION Chemical digestion in the small intestines, is the result of the intestinal brush border enzymes . Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Small intestine: Main organ of digestion and absorption:

Liver Bile Acid chyme Stomach Pancreatic juice Pancreas Intestinal juice Duodenum of small intestine Gall- bladder Small intestine: Main organ of digestion and absorption Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 72:

ABC ú{ìýË ¿£]¹> $³$TqT\ XËwŸDeTT ¿=eÚÇýË ¿£]¹> $³$TqT\ XËwŸDeTT úsÁT eT]jáTT m\ç¿Ã¼ýÉÕ{Ù\ XËwŸDeTT €VŸ²sÁ dÓÇ¿£sÁD $<ó‘qeTT e\q. €+çÔásÁdŸeTT e\q. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education $³$TqT\ XËwŸDeTT

Digestion of polypeptides lipids and nucleic acids in the duodenum:

Digestion of polypeptides lipids and nucleic acids in the duodenum Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

SMALL INTESTINAL ABSORPTION ºq•|>·TýË XËwŸDeTT:

SMALL INTESTINAL ABSORPTION ºq•|>·TýË XËwŸDeTT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

PROTEIN ABSORPTION çbþ{ìHŽ XËwŸDeTT :

PROTEIN ABSORPTION çbþ{ ìHŽ XËwŸDeTT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

LIPID ABSORPTION ¿=eÚÇ\ XËwŸDeTT :

LIPID ABSORPTION ¿= eÚÇ \ XËwŸDeTT Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

:

Commissionerate of Collegiate Education LIPID ABSORPTION ¿= eÚÇ \ XËwŸDeTT

SMALL INTESTINES ABSORPTION:

SMALL INTESTINES ABSORPTION Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Chemical digestion sÁkÍjáTq JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT:

Slide 81:

ABC ¿±* üjáTyŽT XËwŸD u²\«< ŠXøýË JeÚ \ nd¾œ|Ÿ+ÈsÁeTT ™| sÁT >·T<Š\Å£” ¿±* üjáTyŽT (Ca ++ ) nedŸsÁeTT . ejáTdŸTàqT ‹{ì¼ ¿±* üjáT + XËwŸD $< ó‘qeTT eÖsÁTÔáÖ –+³T+~. n+fñ u²\« ejáTdŸTàýË mÅ £” Øe >± çbþ&óƒ ejáTdŸTàýË ÔáÅ £” Øe >±qT –+³T+~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

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ABC ç>·V¾²+ºq €VŸäsÁeTT eT]jáTT ÈsÄÁsÁ €+çÔáçkÍe¿±\qT+& ç>·V¾²+ºq ¿±*üjáTyŽT eTÖ«¿ÃkÍ ¿£D²\ýË“¿ì XËwŸDeTT #î+<ŠTÔáT+~. ¿±*üjáTyŽT XËwŸDeTT ºq•|>·T <ŠÖsç>·uó²>·eTT ¿£+fÉ €+çÔáeTÖ\eTTýËHû mÅ£”Øe>± –+³T+~. ý²¿Ã¼dŸT ç|ŸÔá«¿£Œ+>± ¿±*üjáTyŽT MT<Š Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 83:

ABC # ásÁ«qT È]|¾ eTÖ «¿ ÃkÍ ¿£D\ ýË “¿ì nqTeÚ >± sÁyD #î+<Š{²“¿ì M\T¿£* ZdŸTï +~. ¿±* üjáT + XËwŸDeTTqT ™|+#á{²“¿ì $³$TqT D ç|ŸeTTKbÍçÔáqT eV¾²dŸTï+~. ‚+ Ôû >±¿£ bõsÁ \ ýË “¿ì sÁyD² #î+<û ¿±* üjáT+qÅ £” nedŸsÁyîT®q çbõ {¡qT\ dŸ+Xâ¢wŸD ÈsÁT|ŸÚÔáT +~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 84:

ABC J$ n+ÔásÁ |Ÿ]dŸs\ýË“ ¿±*üjáT+ eT]jáTT b˜ÍdÎÛ{Ù njáÖHŽ\ dŸ+|ŸPsÁ’ ç|ŸeÖDeTTqT, ¹s³TqT bÍs<¸îÕssTT&Ž VŸäsÃˆqT (bÍs<ó‘sÃˆqT) $³$TqT D ÔÃ ¿£*d¾ ç¿£eT |ŸsÁTdŸTï+<Š“ XæçdŸïyûÔïá\ n_óçbÍjáTeTT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 85:

ABC ×sÁHŽ XËwŸD €+çÔáeTÖ«¿ÃkÍ bõsÁ<‘Çs ‚qTeTT XËwŸDeTT #î+<ŠTÔáT+~. <ûVŸ²eTTýË n~ó¿£eTT>± –q• ‚qTeTT ¿£D²\ýË VÓ²yîÖ™dÕ&ž]HŽ sÁÖ|ŸeTTýË ¹¿+çB¿£ÔáyîT® –+³T+~. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 86:

ABC XËwŸD $<ó‘qeTT @ $<óŠ+>± €+çÔá Å£”&ƒ«eTTýË“¿ì dŸsÁÞøyîT®q €VŸäsÁ XËwŸDeTT #î+<ŠTÔjîÖ dŸÎwŸ¼eTT>± Ôî*jáT<ŠT. ‹VŸQÞø ç<Šy_ódŸsÁDç¿£eTÔá eT]jáTT &=HHŽ dŸeÖÔd¾œÜ eTTK«yîT®q bÍçÔá eV¾²+#áe#áTÌq“ uó²$+#áT#áTH•sÁT. ¿±“ B“¿ì dŸÎwŸ¼yîT®q $esÁD ýñ<ŠT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 87:

ABC €+ çÔáeTÖ «¿ ÃkÍýË mÅ £” Øe dŸ+K«ýË W.B.C. –q•³T¢>± ¿=+# îeTT “< ŠsÁôqeTT –q•~. ‚$ €+ çÔá Å£”& ƒ«eTT >·T+&† ç|ŸjáÖDì +º, €VŸäs“• “+|ŸÚ¿=“, €VŸäsÁ |Ÿ<‘sœ\qT sÁ ¿£ï eT] jáTT XËwŸsÁdŸ ç|ŸdŸsÁD e«edŸœ \ ýË “¿ì # ûsÁTkÍïsTT . Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Slide 88:

C sÁ¿£ïeTT#û XËwŸDeTT #î+~q €VŸäsÁ |Ÿ<‘sÁœeTT\ýË >·Ö¢¿ÃE\T nedŸsÁyîT®q yûTsÁÅ£” $“jîÖÐ+|Ÿ‹&ƒÔsTT. nNq|ŸÚ >·Ö¢¿ÃE\T Â>Õ¢¿ÃÈHŽ>± ¿£+&ƒsýË¢, ¿±ýñjáT+ýË “\Ç –+{²sTT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education kÍÇ+^¿£sÁDeTT

Slide 89:

C n$THÃ €eT¢eTT\T nedŸsÁyîT®q yûTsÁÅ£” $“jîÖÐ+|Ÿ‹&ƒ>± n<Šq+>± eÚq•$ &ž€$THûwŸHŽ <‘Çs $¥ÌqyîT® qçÔáÈ“ dŸ+‹+<óŠ $dŸsÁ¨¿£ |Ÿ<‘sœ\T>± @sÁÎ& $dŸ]¨+|Ÿ‹&ƒÔsTT. n<Šq|ŸÚ ç¿=eÚÇ\T ç¿=eÚÇ<ûVŸä\T>± “\Ç eÚ+#á‹&ƒÔsTT. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Large Intestine: absorption and elimination ™|<ŠÝ|>·T:

Areas of Colon Cecum Rectum Terminates at anus Large Intestine: absorption and elimination ™|<ŠÝ|>·T Absorption of water and electrolytes Concentration & elimination of solids Home for bacteria that produce biotin, folic acid, vitamin K, several B-vitamins, gases Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

LARGE INTESTINE ™|<ŠÝ|>·T :

LARGE INTESTINE ™|<ŠÝ|>·T ABSORPTION VITAMINS, ELECTROLYTES, AND WATER ARE ABSORBED IN LARGE INTESTINES. Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

LARGE INTESTINE ™|<ŠÝ|>·T :

LARGE INTESTINE ™|<ŠÝ|>·T Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Hormones coordinate secretion of digestive juices in the alimentary canal:

Hormones coordinate secretion of digestive juices in the alimentary canal Name Source Stimulant Target Organ Function Stomach Gastrin Pyloric mucosa Partially-digested food Gastric glands Secretion of gastric juice Intestinal Gastrin Intestinal mucosa Stomach Secretin Acidity of chyme Pancreas and liver Secretion of PJ rich in HCO 3 - and bile production Cholecystokinin (CCK) Fats or combination of acids and fats Pancreas and gallbladder (Sphincter of Oddi in CBD) Secretion of PJ, bile from gallbladder, opening of SO Enterocrinin Acidity of chyme Duodenum Secretion of intestinal juice Enterogastrone or Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) Fats Stomach Inhibits secretion of gastric juice and decreases gastric motility Commissionerate of Collegiate Education

Hormones coordinate secretion of digestive juices in the alimentary canal:

Liver Gall- bladder CCK Entero- gastrone Gastrin Stomach Pancreas Secretin CCK Duodenum Key Stimulation Inhibition Commissionerate of Collegiate Education Hormones coordinate secretion of digestive juices in the alimentary canal

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ABC Commissionerate of Collegiate Education Thank You

Digestion in Mammals by Dr.P.ANIL KUMAR

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Human digestion (General plan):

ORAL CAVITY:

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Chemical digestion sÁkÍjáTq JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT:

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Chemical digestion:

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HÃ{ìýË ÈsÁT>·T ç¿ìjáT Digestion in the Mouth:

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Digestion in the Mouth HÃ{ìýË ÈsÁT>·T ç¿ìjáT :

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ESOPHAGUS nq•yV¾²¿£:

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Structure: organization - anatomy:

Structure of Stomach Js’XøjáT “sˆDeTT:

Stomach:

Structure: organization – histology:

Js’XøjáT ç>·+<¸ŠT\T:

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Stomach: Storage and continuation of chemical digestion:

Chemical digestion:

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Small Intestine – 6m ºq• |>·TýË JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT:

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SMALL INTESTINES ºq•ç|>·T n+ÔásY“sˆD+:

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Pancreas ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸:

Pancreas ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸:

Pancreas: enzyme production ¿Ã¢eTç>·+~¸ m+CÉÕeTT\ çkÍe¿£eTT:

Chemical digestion:

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Mechanisms: chemical reactions:

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SMALL INTESTINE ºq•|>·T n+ÔásY “sˆD+:

Small intestine: Main organ of digestion and absorption:

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Digestion of polypeptides lipids and nucleic acids in the duodenum:

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SMALL INTESTINAL ABSORPTION ºq•|>·TýË XËwŸDeTT:

PROTEIN ABSORPTION çbþ{ìHŽ XËwŸDeTT :

ESOPHAGUS nq•yV¾²¿£:

Structure of Stomach Js’XøjáT “sˆDeTT:

Js’XøjáT ç>·+<¸ŠT\T:

Small Intestine – 6m ºq• |>·TýË JsÁ’ç¿ìjáT:

SMALL INTESTINES ºq•ç|>·T n+ÔásY“sˆD+:

SMALL INTESTINE ºq•|>·T n+ÔásY “sˆD+:

SMALL INTESTINAL ABSORPTION ºq•|>·TýË XËwŸDeTT:

Large Intestine: absorption and elimination ™|<ŠÝ|>·T:

LARGE INTESTINE ™|<ŠÝ|>·T :

LARGE INTESTINE ™|<ŠÝ|>·T :