Ancient Greece in a Nutshell :Ancient Greece in a Nutshell


Geography :Geography Rocky, but fertile soil: Grapes and olives Mountains: Separated city-states Sea: Leads to trade and colonization


Tour Greek Temples :Tour Greek Temples


Early Greek Civilizations :Early Greek Civilizations Minoans – 1750 B.C.-1400B.C. Developed on Crete Linear A: language of Minoans (can’t read it) Society: Traded olive oil and wine, established colonies, mined copper, beautiful frescoes, built luxurious palaces and homes. Mycenaeans – circa 1400 B.C.-1200 B.C. Early mainland Greeks Eventually conquered Minoans Trojan War 1250 B.C. Homer writes The Iliad and the Odyssey.


Frescoes – paintings made on wet plaster walls :Frescoes – paintings made on wet plaster walls


The Rise of Greek City-States :The Rise of Greek City-States Polis – Greek word for city-state Acropolis – hill Agora - marketplace Independent, self-sufficient Gave Greeks an identity Own government, money, weights and measures, etc. Progression of government: monarchy (rule by king) aristocracy (government ruled by the landholding elite) oligarchy (government by a small powerful elite, usually the business class) democracy (government by the people) direct vs. representative


Greek Culture in the Homeric Age :Greek Culture in the Homeric Age The Iliad and the Odyssey – legend of the Trojan War and what happened after Greek religious beliefs – explanation of nature to explain emotions not concerned with afterlife Myths Olympic Games


Athens vs. Sparta :Athens vs. Sparta Common Language Heroes Olympics Gods/religion


Athens vs. Sparta :Athens vs. Sparta Common Language Heroes Olympics Gods/religion


Sparta :Sparta Located in a valley Led to strict military society Hoplites: Heavily armed Greek infantry who carried long spears and fought in closely spaced rows. Phalanx: heavily armed infantry formed in ranks and files close and deep, with shields joined and long spears overlapping Hubris: great pride, brought many heroes to tragic ends Helots: Slaves Outnumbered Spartans Led top strict military society Ephors: Made sure kings stayed within law Controlled education


Athens :Athens Society: Citizens – free males over 20 w/ military training could vote! Metics – non-citizens Slaves Tyrant - rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people’s support. Government: Draco: Wrote first Athenian law code 621 B.C. Very harsh and severe (Draconian) Solon: Erased debts of the poor Outlawed slavery for debt Cleisthenes: Council of 500 elected and served one year (term limits)


Archon :Archon WHAT: Leader of the assembly and Council of 500


Daily Life in Athens :Daily Life in Athens Economy: Terracing: Carving small plots of lands from hillsides. Import vs. Export Trade major economic activity Family Life: Simple homes Arranged marriages 13,14 (for children) Women considered inferior Pedagogue: Male slave that taught boys manners at age 7 Boys school, girls at home Education: Athenian ideal: Sound mind and body Sophists – opened schools for older boys “college” Ethics – deals with what’s good and bad Rhetoric – study of oratory (public speaking, and debating


Competition among Greek city-states led to conflict :Competition among Greek city-states led to conflict


The Persian Wars :The Persian Wars The wars under Darius and Xerxes between Greece and Persia Battle of Marathon – Greek victory Battle of Thermopylae – Persian victory 300 Spartans held off Persians for 3 days Battle of Salamis Strait – Greek victory Small fast Greek ships defeated larger Persian ships Results of the Persian Wars – Delian League Alliance of 140 city-states with Athens as leader.


The Age of Pericles :The Age of Pericles Pericles (495-429 B.C.) – great general, orator, statesman GOOD Athenian democracy flourished Parthenon built Athens became cultural and political capitol of ancient Greece stability and prosperity BAD Used the treasury of the Delian League to make Athens strong Led to Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 B.C.)


The Peloponnesian War :The Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta were rivals War lasted 27 years Athens was defeated in 404 B.C. RESULT: Greek city-states continued to be divided and not united


Greece’s Golden and Hellenistic Ages :Greece’s Golden and Hellenistic Ages


The Arts of the Golden Age :The Arts of the Golden Age Architecture – Acropolis (hill or mountain that included a fort as well as temples and other buildings) Parthenon (White marble temple built in ancient Athens to honor Athena, 461-429 B.C.) Painting – most lost or damaged Vases – showed scenes of everyday life and mythology Sculpture – most lost or damaged Myron – Discus Thrower Phidias – Statue of Athena in Parthenon Praxiteles – more life-like less god-like


Socrates :Socrates Developed Socratic Method (teaching through questioning). Accused of denying existence of gods and corrupting minds of the youth. Socrates was found guilty and executed. Never recorded ideas.


Socrates in Discussion with Other Famous Philosophers (A Detail from Raphael’s School of Athens) :Socrates in Discussion with Other Famous Philosophers (A Detail from Raphael’s School of Athens)


The Death of Socrates :The Death of Socrates


The Death of Socrates :The Death of Socrates


The Death of Socrates :The Death of Socrates


Plato :Plato Student of Socrates. Founded the Academy (school for the teaching of philosophy). Dealt with government, education, justice, and religion. Wrote dialogues. “Theory of forms” perfection can’t be reached in the physical world. Wrote the Republic (his ideal government was an aristocracy (but with the best thinkers leading!)).


Plato’s Theory of the Forms :HUMAN human n. 1. A member of the genus Homo and esp. of the species H. sapiens. 2. A person. (Word) (Description) (Picture) (Thing Itself) (Form) Least Most Perfection Scale Plato’s Theory of the Forms


Aristotle, the Last of the Big Three“People Learn through thinking.” :Aristotle, the Last of the Big Three“People Learn through thinking.”


Aristotle: His Life and Work :Aristotle: His Life and Work 384 – 322 BCE Troublesome student of Plato Contributions to logic, biology, psychology, ethics, politics, and the arts Taught Alexander the Great


Plato and Aristotle in Debate :Plato and Aristotle in Debate


Plato and Aristotle in Debate :Plato and Aristotle in Debate


Other Contributions :Other Contributions Pythagoras: believed that everything could be explained in terms of mathematics Hippocrates: “An apple a day…” considered to be the founder of medical science medical treatment should be based on reason, rather than on magic Herodotus: Father of History – one of first to travel and write down what he saw. Thucydides: Greek historian wrote about Peloponnesian War believed that studying the past helps us to understand human nature


Greek Theater :Greek Theater Drama – chorus described scene and commented on action Tragedies – Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Comedies – Aristophanes Let's check out ancient Greek theater!


Philip II of Macedon :Philip II of Macedon Recruited an army (didn’t depend on nobles) Used the phalanx Conquered and united Greece (338 B.C.) against opposition from Demosthenes in Athens Planned to invade Persia, but was assassinated Father of Alexander the Great…


Alexander the Great :Alexander the Great Military and classical education Conquered most of known world by 331 B.C. Died at age 32 Kingdom divided into Macedon, Egypt, and Syria Hellenistic culture – blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian cultures. Alexandria, Egypt


Spread of Hellenistic Culture :Spread of Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic Culture: trade important many cities became centers of learning women gained some rights everyone became “Greek” polis declined and kings gained power advances in philosophy, science, and medicine