APUS MASTER REVIEW Taylor to Buchanan 2011-2012 OPEN GREAT FINAL

Sectionalism and the Road to Civil War : 

Sectionalism and the Road to Civil War What the heck happened?

Strong Two-Party System : 

2 Strong Two-Party System DEMOCRATS: Liberty of the individual States’ rights federal restraint in social and economic affairs WHIGS Liberty important as well Strong federal government American System (renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements) public schools social reforms: temperance, and eventually abolition of slavery COMMON GROUND: Both parties had a “mass” following Both parties were actually socially and geographically diverse They kept each other in check Slowed down the sectional tension temporarily

Manifest Destiny…But let’s wrap up some loose ends… : 

Manifest Destiny…But let’s wrap up some loose ends…

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 : 

4 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River. Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. U.S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000). What is the impact of this treaty?

The Mexican Cession : 

5 The Mexican Cession

Wilmot Proviso : 

6 Wilmot Proviso WHEN: 1846 WHO: David Wilmot WHAT: President Polk submitted his Appropriations Bill of 1846 requesting Congress' approval of the $2 million indemnity to be paid to Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot attached a rider which would have barred slavery from the territory acquired The South hated the Wilmot Proviso and a new Appropriations Bill was introduced in 1847 without the Proviso. SIGNIFICANCE: It provoked one of the first debates on slavery at the federal level Principles of the Proviso became the core of the Free Soil, and later the Republican, Party.

Popular Sovereignty : 

7 Popular Sovereignty WHEN: Late 1840s WHO: Lewis Cass WHAT: The people of a territory should determine for themselves whether or not to permit slavery.

Zachary Taylor : 

8 Zachary Taylor WHO: “Hero of Buena Vista” Ran for Whigs in 1848 WHAT: Not committed on slavery issue (owned slaves himself)

Free Soil Party : 

9 Free Soil Party WHEN: 1848 Election – Martin Van Buren WHO: Industrialists Democrats resentful of Polk just taking part of Oregon northerners that wanted opportunity didn’t want to share western lands with African-Americans some “conscience Whigs” that were morally against slavery WHAT: committed against the extension of slavery in the territories advocated federal aid for internal improvements urged free government homesteads (lands) for settlers

Election of 1848 : 

10 Election of 1848 WHEN: 1848 WHO: General Lewis Cass (Democrat) Zachary Taylor (Whig) Martin Van Buren (Free Soil) WHAT: Democrats and Whigs chose not to stir up the issue of slavery Van Buren’s votes throw the election to Zachary Taylor FACT: Taylor got less than half of the popular vote!

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Trivia – Zachary Taylor : 

12 Trivia – Zachary Taylor “Old Rough and Ready” – became hero in Mexican-American War “No postage on nomination letter!” – WHY? 2nd President to die in office!

California Gold Rush : 

13 California Gold Rush WHEN: 1848 WHAT: Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill in California (KEPT SECRET UNTIL LATE 1848) RESULTS: Attracted thousands of settlers (49ers) Created the need for government in California San Francisco turned into a “boom town”! Brought up the issue of slavery in the territories SECTIONAL BALANCE 15-15

Heated debate over California : 

14 Heated debate over California WHAT: California admission as a state FOR Compromise w/concessions for the South: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster (Whigs) Stephen Douglas (Democrat – Illinois) AGAINST Compromise: John C. Calhoun – supported slavery “Great Nullifier” Elect two presidents?? William “Higher Law” Seward – slavery went against a higher law (God) than the Constitution. Zachary Taylor – said he would not compromise with the South (influenced by Seward)

William Seward : 

15 William Seward WHO: Whig Senator from New York WHAT: A strong anti-slaveryite “Higher Law” Christian legislators must obey God’s moral law as well! Higher law than even the Constitution!

Compromise of 1850 : 

16 Compromise of 1850 WHAT: California admitted as a free state New Mexico and Utah Territories to be decided by popular sovereignty Disputed territory between New Mexico and Texas goes to New Mexico, Texas gets 10 million for compensation Abolition of slave trade in Washington D.C. Tougher fugitive slave law passed

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 : 

17 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 WHAT: “Bloodhound Bill” slaves couldn’t testify denied a jury trial EFFECT: Created a firestorm of opposition in the North Some northern moderates became abolitionists “personal liberty laws” – states denied local jails to federal officials Example of northern “nullification”

Zachary Taylor’s view : 

18 Zachary Taylor’s view WHAT: Prepared to veto any compromise Influenced by others such as William Seward Was mad at Texans wanting more land in New Mexico PROBLEM: HE DIED IN 1850! AFTER ONLY 2 YEARS AS PRESIDENT A bowl of cherries and a pitcher of milk! Digestive illness and intestinal cramps (ouch!), opium used to treat him. Cholera? – Exhaustive diarrhea, rapidly fatal if untreated…

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19

Trivia - Millard Fillmore : 

20 Trivia - Millard Fillmore Nickname: “Last of the Whigs” Established the first permanent library in the White House He didn’t meet Zachary Taylor until after the Election of 1848!

Millard Fillmore : 

21 Millard Fillmore WHAT: Became President in 1850 after the death of Zachary Taylor Impressed with arguments for compromise He thought it was the only way to avoid a war! MAJOR EVENTS: Signed the Compromise of 1850 Led to a short second “Era of Good Feelings” Sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan to open up trade talks! RESULT: Cost him the Whig nomination in 1852 because he signed the Fugitive Slave Act!

Let’s review thatCompromise of 1850! : 

Let’s review thatCompromise of 1850!

Compromise of 1850 : 

23 Compromise of 1850 WHAT: California admitted as a free state New Mexico and Utah Territories to be decided by popular sovereignty Disputed territory between New Mexico and Texas goes to New Mexico, Texas gets 10 million for compensation Abolition of slave trade in Washington D.C. Tougher fugitive slave law passed

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 : 

24 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 WHAT: “Bloodhound Bill” slaves couldn’t testify denied a jury trial EFFECT: Created a firestorm of opposition in the North Some northern moderates became abolitionists “personal liberty laws” – states denied local jails to federal officials Example of northern “nullification”

Sectional Balance…problems : 

25 Sectional Balance…problems Sectional balance 15-15 Texans argued that part of the New Mexico Territory was Texas land A move to abolish slavery in the Washington D.C. Underground Railroad: 300 “passengers”, “conductors” Escape to Canada Southern slave owners loathed it

Underground Railroad : 

26 Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman : 

27 Harriet Tubman WHO: Moses, General Tubman, WHAT: Runaway slave from Maryland Conductor of Underground Railroad Civil War spy

Sojourner Truth : 

28 Sojourner Truth WHO: Abolitionist and women’s rights speaker who traveled the country during the 1840s-1860s “Ain’t I a woman”? speech IMPACT: She inspired people to support these issues and do something about them! FACT: She’d never heard of Lincoln before his nomination, but he said, “I had heard of you many times before that.” -White House, 1864

Harriet Beecher Stowe : 

29 Harriet Beecher Stowe WHEN: 1852 WHAT: Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, portrayed the evils of the institution of slavery sold over a million copies (10,000 in first week) in its first eight years and reached millions more through dramatic adaptations. Lincoln – “So this is the little lady who made this big war” EFFECT: aroused sympathy for runaway slaves hardened many Northerners against the South’s insistence upon continuing slavery

Election of 1852 : 

30 Election of 1852 WHO: Franklin Pierce (Democrat) “We Polked you in 1844; we’ll Pierce you in 1852” “Fainting General” – he had passed out at the Battle of Contreras Pro-southern northerner (Dough-Face) Supported the Compromise of 1850 Winfield Scott (Whig) – Hero of Mexican-American War “Old Fuss and Feathers” Opposed slavery RESULTS: WHIG party splits over nomination Fillmore v. Scott Antislavery North vs. Southern Whigs that disliked Winfield Scott Doomed Whig Party Democratic party united under Pierce! Leads to formation of sectional parties instead of national parties VICTOR: Franklin Pierce (Democrat)

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31

Trivia – Franklin Pierce : 

32 Trivia – Franklin Pierce Memorized his inaugural address! Lost son two months before he took office to a train accident! First president to complete term without a cabinet change!

Pierce the Expansionist… : 

33 Pierce the Expansionist… MANIFEST DESTINY: Compromise of 1850 closed most of Mexican Cession to slavery William Walker – Nicaragua (1856) led an expedition to conquer it and appointed himself president! He was later executed by the Honduran government! Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) Neither America or Britain would fortify or secure any canal in Central America Commodore Mathew Perry: After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) opening some ports to America Helps to end Japanese isolation Cuba: Coveted by the South Attacked by private southern adventurers Ostend Manifesto – top secret dispatch urged administration to offer $120 million for Cuba and to take it by force if Spain resisted It angered people in the north!

Commodore Mathew Perry : 

34 Commodore Mathew Perry

Gadsen Purchase : 

35 Gadsen Purchase WHEN: 1853 WHAT: U.S. purchased this for $10 million WHY: It was part of the proposed southern transcontinental railroad route!

Transcontinental Railroad : 

36 Transcontinental Railroad WHEN: 1850s WHO: North and South WHAT: wanted to build a railroad stretching from east to west coasts

Kansas Nebraska Act, 1854 : 

37 Kansas Nebraska Act, 1854 WHO: Stephen Douglas WHAT: created Kansas and Nebraska Territories “popular sovereignty” used to decide the slavery issue repealed the Missouri Compromise line which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´ IMPACT: infuriated many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement. In the pro-slavery South it was strongly supported. LED TO BLEEDING KANSAS!

Bleeding Kansas : 

38 Bleeding Kansas WHEN: 1854-1860 WHO: proslavery forces v. antislavery forces WHAT: Kansas-Nebraska Act led to a fight to get to Kansas and set up a government to decide the issue of slavery Violence between both sides John Brown “Pottawattamie Creek Massacre” – 5 proslavery members killed by John Brown and company in response to a raid on the Free-Soil city of Lawerence.

New England Emigrant Aid Company : 

39 New England Emigrant Aid Company WHO: antislavery organization WHAT: Sent 2,000 people to populate Kansas to help vote against slavery Many carried “Beecher’s Bibles” (new breech-loading rifles)

“Border Ruffians” : 

40 “Border Ruffians” WHAT: Proslavery people from Missouri that flooded into Kansas in order to help vote for slavery

“Bully” Brooks/Sumner Affair : 

41 “Bully” Brooks/Sumner Affair WHEN: 1856 WHO: Preston Brooks (South Carolina) and Charles Sumner (Mass.) WHAT: Sumner denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr. SIGNIFICANCE: Showed that tension was becoming very serious

What’s all this leading to? : 

What’s all this leading to?

OTHER – Franklin Pierce : 

43 OTHER – Franklin Pierce Levis – Blue Jeans German immigrant Levi Strauss went on the gold rush in 1850 He turned denim (he was going to sell it for tents) into sturdy work clothes. Railroads 1850s more than 21,000 miles of track laid! Slave songs Slave owners pretended they were happy?? These helped start both jazz and the blues! Whaling Herman Melville’s Moby Dick (1851), was famous for it’s story about whaling (whale by-products were used for many things) “Nantucket Sleigh Ride”

Republican Party : 

44 Republican Party WHAT: Sprung up in the Midwest as a moral protest against slavery Contained disgruntled: Whigs Democrats Free-Soilers Know-Nothings People mad at the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Election of 1856 : 

45 Election of 1856 WHO: James Buchanan (Democrats) John C. Fremont – The Pathfinder (Republicans) Millard Fillmore (“Know-Nothing” American Party) WHAT: Democrats wanted popular sovereignty Republicans wanted “free-soil” SIGNIFICANCE: Many northerners voted for Buchanan because they were afraid the South would secede and they would lose money Republican party doesn’t win but is strong Helped put off the Civil War and strengthen the North

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46

Trivia – James Buchanan : 

47 Trivia – James Buchanan The first and only bachelor president! 1,200 gallons of ice cream served at his inauguration!

Lecompton Constitution : 

48 Lecompton Constitution WHEN: 1857 WHAT: People voted for statehood Devised by the proslavery forces You voted for the constitution with or without slavery PROBLEM: if you voted against slavery the constitution allowed slave owners already there to keep their slaves SIGNIFICANCE: New Democratic President James Buchanan was for it Stephen Douglas (powerful northern Democrat) was against it and favored “popular sovereignty” Democratic party starting to split between North and South!

Dred Scott Decision : 

49 Dred Scott Decision WHEN: 1857 WHAT: Dred Scott was a slave that sued for his freedom on the basis that he had been with his master in free territory for 5 years VERDICT: Slaves weren’t citizens, they were property so they didn’t have rights Decision invalidated the Missouri Compromise EFFECT: Caused tension between North and South Caused tension between northern and southern Democrats Many in North didn’t go along with the decision making the South mad

Hinton R. Helper : 

50 Hinton R. Helper WHEN: 1857 WHAT: Wrote The Impending Crisis of the South Banned in the South It stated that non-slaveholding whites were the hurt most by slavery

Panic of 1857 : 

51 Panic of 1857 WHAT: Economic crash caused by: inflation from the Gold Rush Overproduction to help countries in Europe Hurt the North especially Brought out tariff argument again

Abraham Lincoln : 

52 Abraham Lincoln WHO: Born in a log cabin in Kentucky WHAT: Great story teller Married above himself (Todd Family) Became a trial lawyer Later was elected as a Whig politician to the Illinois legislature The Kansas-Nebraska Act caused him to join the Republican Party NEXT: He decided to run against Stephen Douglas for the Senate…

Lincoln-Douglas Debates : 

53 Lincoln-Douglas Debates WHEN: 1858 WHAT: Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of 7 debates Douglas was considered to be one of the best debaters in the country Freeport debate became famous and helped Douglas win the election SIGNIFICANCE: Lincoln gained fame Hurt Douglas later (because of his support for “popular sovereignty”) in his bid for president by splitting the Democratic Party even more

Freeport Doctrine : 

54 Freeport Doctrine WHO: Stephen Douglas WHEN: During the Lincoln-Douglas debates in Freeport, Illinois WHAT: Lincoln asked him what would happen if people didn’t follow the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision He supported the idea of “popular sovereignty” by saying that if the people voted down slavery it would stay down

John Brown’s Raid : 

55 John Brown’s Raid WHEN: 1859 WHO: John Brown and 20 others WHAT: Raided Harper’s Ferry federal arsenal in Virginia Wanted to get weapons to start a slave rebellion in the South He was captured and put to death SIGNIFICANCE: He was hung and became a martyr for the cause abolition The South was mad and thought that everyone in the North was like John Brown

"I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with Blood. I had...vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed, it might be done." -- John Brown. “This is a beautiful country.” : 

56 "I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with Blood. I had...vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed, it might be done." -- John Brown. “This is a beautiful country.”

Election of 1860 : 

57 Election of 1860 WHO: Abraham Lincoln (Republican) Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrats) John Breckinridge (Southern Democrats) John Bell (Constitutional Union Party) WHAT: Democratic Party split Constitutional Union Party formed to try to be conservative and keep the Union together “Do Nothings” SIGNIFICANCE: Lincoln won He would probably have won even if the Democratic Party hadn’t split South secedes from the Union leading to the Civil War

Why did Lincoln win the 1860 Election? : 

58 Why did Lincoln win the 1860 Election? The Republican Party platform appealed to a lot of people: Free-Soilers (opposed extension of slavery) Northern Manufacturers (supported a high tariff) Immigrants (got to keep their rights) The Northwest (a Pacific railroad) The West (federally funded internal improvements) Farmers (free homesteads from federal land) LOTS OF SUPPORT!

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The Pony Express : 

60 The Pony Express Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861. Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA. Took 10 days. Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.

South Carolina : 

61 South Carolina WHEN: December 1860 WHAT: 1st to secede 4 days after Lincoln was elected

Confederate States of America : 

62 Confederate States of America WHEN: February, 1860 WHAT: Formed by Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas Jefferson Davis elected as president of the C.S.A.

Lame Duck : 

63 Lame Duck WHAT: Period between a president’s election day and inauguration PROBLEM: After Lincoln was elected and the South seceded, many blamed James Buchanan for not using force against the South. Lincoln: elected in November, 1860 inaugurated in March 1861

Crittenden Compromise : 

64 Crittenden Compromise WHEN: 1861 WHO: Senator James Henry Crittenden WHAT: Last ditch effort to compromise and stop the Civil War Slavery prohibited north of 36’30 South of 36’30 slavery was protected by the federal government Future states to the north or south of 36’30 could use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery Lincoln rejected it The Civil War then blew up at Fort Sumter

Mason-Dixon Line : 

65 Mason-Dixon Line

END : 

66 END

The American Women’s Home : 

67 The American Women’s Home WHAT: Manual for the design of a “modern kitchen” to help women in the home. Built-in cabinets, ventilation, separate areas for sinks and stove WHO: Catharine Esther Beecher Harriet Beecher Stowe