APUS MASTER Unit 4 AMSCO Chp 11 - Reform 2011-2012 - MARK UP NEWPPTVE

The Ferment of Culture and Reform : 

The Ferment of Culture and Reform AMSCO Chapter 11

Political Cartoons : 

2 Political Cartoons ELEMENTS: - sometimes using exaggeration! Symbols Historical images Stereotypes Captions Humor Caricature

What is reform? : 

3 What is reform?

Reform : 

4 Reform WHEN: 1820 - 1860 WHAT: Second Great Awakening Transcendentalists Utopian Communities Literature Arts Temperance Public Asylums Public Education Women’s Rights Abolition Movement

Calvinism (Puritan) vs. Deists : 

5 Calvinism (Puritan) vs. Deists

Second Great Awakening : 

6 Second Great Awakening WHEN: 1790’s – 1860’s WHAT: an evangelical movement that renewed interest in religion HOW: roving preachers spread a variety of gospels on circuit routes, set up revivalist camps in rural areas that attracted thousands of new converts WHO: Timothy Dwight – held campus meetings (President of Yale, 1795) Reverend Charles G. Finney – New York, 1823 “burned-over district” = New York b/c of all the talk of hell! WHY: backlash against the Enlightenment and so-called “age of reason” that had inspired thinkers such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine

Revivalism – Camp Meetings : 

7 Revivalism – Camp Meetings WHAT: preachers spread gospels on circuit routes set up in rural areas attracted thousands (as many as 25,000) of new converts FACT: many converted were often so overcome with religion that they would roll, jerk, shake, shout, and even bark in a frenzy of salvation.

Reverand Timothy Dwight : 

8 Reverand Timothy Dwight WHEN: 1795 WHAT: president of Yale College Started a series of campus revivals RESULT: motivated a number of young men to become evangelical preachers

Charles Finney : 

9 Charles Finney WHEN: 1823 WHERE: New York WHAT: Held revivals Preached sermons appealing to people’s emotions and fear of damnation All were free to be saved through faith and good works. RESULT: Ideas appealed to the growing “middle class” Because of Finney’s influence the western part of upstate New York became known as “the burned over district.”

Baptists and Methodists : 

10 Baptists and Methodists WHERE: in the South and the western areas WHAT: They converted many people and these two denominations grew rapidly. HOW: Large “camp meetings” (revivals) RESULT: By 1850, Baptists and Methodists became largest denominations in country

Millennialism : 

11 Millennialism WHAT: the belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of Christ October 22, 1844 Oops… RESULT: Led to formation of Seventh-Day Adventist Church

The Millerites and William Miller : 

12 The Millerites and William Miller WHO: Followers of preacher William Miller WHAT: he predicted the date of the second coming as October 22, 1844 they were disappointed created a new religion, the Seventh-Day Adventists

Mormons : 

13 Mormons WHEN: 1830 WHAT: Church of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) founded by Joseph Smith based on the Book of Mormon which connects Native Americans with the lost tribes of Israel. cooperative social organization helped Mormons flourish on frontier. practice of polygamy angered many Americans and the U.S. government WHERE: moved from New York to Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois Joseph Smith killed in Illinois by an angry mob Brigham Young led them to the Great Salt Lake in Utah 27 wives, 56 children

Impact of the Second Great Awakening : 

14 Impact of the Second Great Awakening IMPACT: new divisions in society (newer, evangelical sects vs older Protestant churches) played an important role in social reform activist religious groups provided leadership and well-organized voluntary associations that drove the reform movements

The Transcendentalists : 

15 The Transcendentalists WHEN: 1830’s – 1850’s WHO: Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass) WHAT: philosophical movement argued for a mystical and intuitive way of thinking as a means of discovering one’s inner self and looking for God in nature questioned the doctrines of established churches and the capitalistic habits of the merchant class challenged American society by suggesting that artistic expression was more important than the pursuit of wealth supported a variety of reforms.

Ralph Waldo Emerson : 

16 Ralph Waldo Emerson WHEN: 1803-1882 WHAT: one of the most popular lecturers in America lecture to Harvard (The American Scholar), he urged Americans not to imitate European culture but to create a distinctive American culture wrote about the themes of self-reliance, independent thinking, and the importance of spiritual matters over material ones criticized slavery

Henry David Thoreau : 

17 Henry David Thoreau WHEN: 1817-1862 WHAT: wrote his Walden in 1854 which describes his two years living by himself in the woods outside of his town wrote down his observations about nature and the universe remembered today as a pioneer ecologist and conservationist FACT: His essay “On Civil Disobedience” details how he did not follow a law that he believed was unjust this essay would influence Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King during the civil rights struggles

Brook Farm : 

18 Brook Farm WHEN: 1841 WHO: Founded by George Ripley Members of experiment were: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Theodore Parker, and Margaret Fuller (feminist – advocate of women’s rights) WHAT: created a transcendentalist communal experiment an example of a humanistic or secular experiment created a communal experiment goal = achieve “a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor.” Founded on self-reliance RESULT: A bad fire and heavy debts forced the end of the experiment in 1849

Communal Experiments : 

19 Communal Experiments WHAT: people withdrew from conventional society to create an ideal community or utopia (perfect society) During this reform period there many such attempts. EXAMPLES: Brooke Farm Shakers New Harmony Oneida Community

Shakers : 

20 Shakers WHAT: early religious communal experiment the Shakers had about 6000 members by the 1840s HOW: they held property in common kept women and men strictly separate (forbidding marriage and sexual relations). acquired their nickname from their practice of whirling, trembling or shaking during religious services the Shakers used dancing as a worship practice. RESULT: The Shaker communities died out by the mid-1900s due to lack of recruits.

New Harmony : 

21 New Harmony WHAT: a nonreligious experiment in New Harmony, Indiana founded by the Welsh industrialist Robert Owen WHY: Owen wanted to establish a socialist community that would provide an answer to the inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. Hey, let’s share! RESULT: experiment failed because of disagreements between members and financial problems

Oneida Community : 

22 Oneida Community WHEN: 1848 WHERE: Oneida, New York WHAT: John Humphrey Noyes started a cooperative community Members shared property and later shared marriage partners Critics attacked the “free love” and communal child rearing as sinful RESULT: members prospered economically by producing and selling excellent silverware

Fourier Phalanxes : 

23 Fourier Phalanxes WHAT: Utopian Community experiment HOW: Based on work of Charles Fourier By having the perfect mix of personality types, perfect communities could be created! Make work more enjoyable!

Painting : 

24 Painting WHEN: 1820-1860s WHAT: Genre Painting portrayed the everyday life of ordinary people became popular in the 1830s, the age of Jackson. EXAMPLES: George Caleb Bingham - painted people voting on election day and on river boats. Hudson River School of Art Formed by Thomas Cole and Frederick Church Romantically reflected nature in three themes of America in the 19th century: discovery, exploration, and settlement

Architecture : 

25 Architecture WHAT: Greek Revival Americans adapted the Greek columns and styles for public buildings and private homes reflected the democracy of ancient Athens.

Literature : 

26 Literature WHAT: partly as a result of the War of 1812, writers created a literature that was distinctly American. EXAMPLES: Washington Irving - Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle. James Fenimore Cooper - The Last of the Mohicans which glorified the frontiersman as nature’s nobleman. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – poet, immensely popular in Europe poems often followed American themes Nathaniel Hawthorne - The Scarlet Letter, 1850, questioned the intolerance and conformity of American life. Herman Melville - Moby Dick, 1855, reflected upon the theological and cultural conflicts of the era. Louisa May Alcott – Little Women (1868) Emily Dickinson – Reclusive poet who was published after she died

Temperance…what is it? : 

27 Temperance…what is it? WHAT: Movement that attempted: to reduce greatly the amount of alcohol consumed even prohibit its production and consumption entirely. WHY:???? HOW: American Temperance Society (1826) 1,000 local groups Took temperance pledges Used various forms of propaganda Washingtonians – alcoholics needed help and treatment T.S. Arthur – Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1854) Legislation – Neal S. Dow – “Father of Prohibition” – Portland, Maine Got the Maine Law of 1851 passed to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor

Movement for Public Asylums : 

28 Movement for Public Asylums WHAT: reformers wanted to help out the growing number of criminals, emotionally disturbed people, and paupers HOW: by setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses PLACES FOR THEM TO GO AND GET HELP! WHY: they hoped that these people would be cured of their antisocial behavior and taught discipline

Dorothea Dix : 

29 Dorothea Dix WHAT: Mental Hospitals didn’t like that the mentally ill were locked up with hardened criminals in unsanitary cells traveled across the country to give testimony to state legislatures: plight of the mentally ill how to build new mental hospitals improve existing institutions

Schools for the Blind and Deaf : 

30 Schools for the Blind and Deaf WHAT: Thomas Gallaudet founded a school for the deaf. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe founded a school for the blind. RESULTS: These schools were modeled by others in many states

Prisons : 

31 Prisons WHAT: - new penitentiaries (penance) or “correctional” facilities used solitary confinement to force prisoners to: reflect on their sins and repent experiment was stopped due to a high rate of suicides. Belief that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform.

Public Education : 

32 Public Education WHAT: Need to establish public schools for children of all classes. WHY: Based on middle-class fears of the growing number of uneducated poor (natives and immigrants). RESULTS: Free Common Schools - Horace Mann was the leading advocate of the public school movement. He worked for: Improved schools, compulsory attendance for all children, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation. TRANSITION: Time for a lickin, reading, riting, rithmetic One room school houses (8 grades) to larger public and secondary schools No secondary school for females to… Troy Female Seminary (New York) – 1821, established for women by Emma Willard

Moral Education : 

33 Moral Education WHAT: many reformers wanted the children to be instructed in morality. William Holmes McGuffey created a series of elementary textbooks that became the basis of reading and moral instruction in hundreds of schools. They preached behaviors (morality, nationalism, idealism) needed in an emerging industrial society: hard work punctuality sobriety

Higher Education : 

34 Higher Education WHAT: TREND: small denominational liberal arts colleges in the South and West and Ivy League schools in (Harvard, Yale, Princeton) Northeast. No higher education for women TO: State supported universities like North Carolina (1795) and University of Virginia (1819) Helped by federal land grants Some opportunity for women OTHERS: Too much learning could injure the female brain! Oberlin College (Ohio) started accepting women in 1837 Mt. Holyoke (Mass)– Founded by Mary Lyon One of the early colleges for women! student day – 5:00AM to 9:15PM same books as the men Adult education furthered by LYCEUM LECTURE societies which brought famous speakers to small-town audiences. Ralph Waldo Emerson Magazines – North American Review (1815) and Godey’s Lady’s Book (1830)

Oberlin College : 

35 Oberlin College WHAT: freshmen class of 1838, admitted its first four women (longest continually operating co-ed university) prided itself on its openness first school to admit African Americans first college in the nation to admit women

The Changing American Family and Women’s Rights Movement : 

36 The Changing American Family and Women’s Rights Movement WHAT: Industrial Revolution changed the roles of men and women, husbands and wives were redefined. men left home to work in factories middle-class women stayed home to care for the children CULT OF DOMESTICITY RESULT: The economic value of children declined which led to a decline in the birthrate! Middle-Class mothers had more time to devote to social, religious, and reform activities

Cult of Domesticity : 

37 Cult of Domesticity WHAT: in urban, middle-class households, new gender roles emerged Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. Women were responsible for the home and the children. Women were idealized as moral leaders in the home and educators of their children.

Women’s Rights Movement : 

38 Women’s Rights Movement WHO: Sarah and Angelina Grimke Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Margaret Fuller Elizabeth Blackwell Lucy Stone Amelia Bloomer WHAT: fought for women’s rights during the era of reform

Sarah and Angelina Grimke : 

39 Sarah and Angelina Grimke WHAT: became dedicated to the abolitionist movement. became the first women to lecture for the Anti-Slavery Society wrote and lectured on other reform causes prison reform the temperance movement

Lucretia Mott : 

40 Lucretia Mott WHAT: early feminist she worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes: Abolition women's suffrage. FACT: Her home was a station on the underground railroad. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton : 

41 Elizabeth Cady Stanton WHAT: feminist and women’s rights advocate; organized Seneca Falls Convention along with Susan B. Anthony and Lucretia Mott

Susan B. Anthony : 

42 Susan B. Anthony WHEN: 1840s to the end of the century WHAT: ardent women’s rights activist “Suzy B.” spoke out against: racial inequality gender inequality supported the temperance movement.

Seneca Falls Convention : 

43 Seneca Falls Convention WHEN: 1848 WHERE: New York WHAT: leading feminists met to discuss their call for equal rights and the tactics to be used to attain these rights issued the “Declaration of Sentiments” stated that “all men and women are created equal” listed the grievances that women had against men especially the laws and customs that discriminated against them RESULTS: put women’s rights in the news PROBLEM: The women’s rights movement was overshadowed by the slavery crisis.

Amelia Bloomer : 

44 Amelia Bloomer WHAT: She created the "Loose Bloomer" for women's comfort (corsets could cause permanent organ damage)! They were considered scandalous b/c they challenged the norm!

Abolition Movement : 

45 Abolition Movement WHAT: American Colonization Society American Antislavery Society (1831) William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator Liberty Party Frederick Douglass The North Star Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman Sojourner Truth David Ruggles William Still Violent Abolition David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

Frederick Douglas : 

46 Frederick Douglas WHO: escaped slave from Maryland that became a leader of the abolitionist movement! WHAT: Wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, 1845. He became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited the anti-slavery weekly paper, the North Star.

Slide 47: 

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879) Slaveryundermined republicanvalues. Immediate emancipation with NO compensation. Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4

Slide 48: 

The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-5

Slide 49: 

Black Abolitionists David Walker(1785-1830) 1829 --> Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

Slide 50: 

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) 1851 --> “Ain’t I a Woman?” - Speech R2-10

Slide 51: 

Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. $40,000 bounty on her head. Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses”

Slide 52: 

The Underground Railroad

Slide 53: 

The Underground Railroad “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves “Tracks” ==== routes “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

Reform : 

54 Reform WHEN: 1820 - 1860 SO WHAT????? Second Great Awakening Transcendentalists Utopian Communities Literature Arts Temperance Public Asylums Public Education Women’s Rights Abolition Movement