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Premium member Presentation Transcript Jacksonian Democracy : Jacksonian Democracy AP U.S. History John Quincy Adams : John Quincy Adams SUCCESSFUL SECRETARY OF STATE: Treaty of 1818, Adams-Onis Treaty, Monroe Doctrine MISFIT: Strict puritan, shunned people, irritable, tactless Against removing efficient public officials (to reward party workers for loyalty) PRESIDENCY: “corrupt bargain” tainted Adams’s presidency Fewer than 1/3 of the voters had voted for him Very Nationalistic (supported): money for internal improvements (American System) proposal of a national university an astronomical observatory He tried to deal fairly with Native Americans Tariff of Abominations (passed under his tenure) PROBLEM: Country moving away from nationalism and towards state’s rights “Corrupt Bargain” : “Corrupt Bargain” WHAT: Four Candidates (Republicans): William Crawford, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson dominated election (won popular vote and electoral vote) PROBLEM: No majority in electoral college According to the 12th Amendment who decides? RESULT: John Quincy Adams won in House of Representatives Henry Clay appointed Secretary of State A corrupt bargain? Henry Clay : Henry Clay WHAT: Seen as striking a “corrupt bargain” to become Secretary of State in 1824 election He was an archrival of Jackson’s: they were both from the West Clay was against Jackson’s actions in Florida OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS: Father of the American System “Great Compromiser” Devised: Missouri Compromise of 1820 Compromise Tariff of 1833 Helped form the Whigs in 1834 Landslide, 1828 : Landslide, 1828 TWO PARTY SYSTEM: National Republicans John Quincy Adams Democrats Andrew Jackson 1st “grass roots” campaign (from ground up) in a presidential election MUDSLINGING: Gamblers, prostitutes, adulteresses, pimps RESULTS - ELECTION OF 1828: Andrew Jackson 178 Support from South and West John Quincy Adams 83 The People’s Inauguration… New politics in the Election of 1828 : New politics in the Election of 1828 “Old Hickory” was busy! : “Old Hickory” was busy! Battle of New Orleans Florida Loser of “Corrupt Bargain” Jacksonian Democracy (The Common Man) Spoils System Peggy Eaton Affair Indian Removal Nullification Crisis Bank War Republic of Texas Jacksonian Democracy : Jacksonian Democracy WHAT: The “Age of the ___________________? COMMON MAN Old Hickory : Old Hickory WHAT: HE WAS A SYMBOL OF THE COMMON MAN Jackson had risen from the masses Born in Carolina’s (on state line) Orphaned (Revolutionary War) Violent temper duels and fights Moved to Tennessee, became a lawyer First President from the West No college education Misspelled the same word in two different letters BUT, HE WAS NOT COMMON He was a frontier aristocrat He owned lots of land He lived in the Hermitage (our very own) He owned many slaves Spoils System : Spoils System WHAT: Gov. jobs given in return for party loyalty "to the victor go the spoils," WHO: Andrew Jackson heavily employed the spoils system by using his “mandate” Thought it was important to bring in new people to government PROBLEM: Less about bringing in “new blood” More about rewarding “old cronies” Who wants to be a millionaire? - Samuel Swartwout (2.5 Millionaire) EFFECTS: Helped build a strong two-party system People were loyal to their party instead of their class and section of the country Peggy Eaton Affair (scandal) : Peggy Eaton Affair (scandal) WHAT: Peggy Timberlake (no relation to Justin) married John Eaton after her husband died. John Eaton had lived at her boardinghouse and escorted her to functions while her husband was in the navy RUMOR: She cheated on her husband w/ Eaton! RESULT: Peggy Eaton was shunned by Washington society Andrew Jackson stood up for her b/c of how he had been attacked during the 1828 election (murderer, prostitute mother, adulterer) Many members of his cabinet resigned (Florida Calhoun left Washington) “Kitchen Cabinet” : “Kitchen Cabinet” WHAT: Name for Andrew Jackson’s closest friends that met and discussed issues in White House kitchen! Maysville Road Veto : Maysville Road Veto WHEN: 1830 WHAT: Maysville Road Bill: proposed the building of a road in Kentucky (Clay’s state) with federal funds RESULT: Jackson vetoed the bill WHY: Jackson applied “strict” interpretation of the Constitution States had to pay for their own internal improvements! Tariff of Abominations : Tariff of Abominations When: 1828 What: High tariff bill that helped New England manufacturers but hurt the South WHY WAS THE SOUTH MAD? The West was booming as land values were up Northern and Middle State industry was protected by the tariff South relied heavily on manufactured goods and they paid more on those goods because of the tariff Significance: Intended to embarrass John Q. Adams, but became a difficult situation for Andrew Jackson Led to Nullification Crisis Webster-Hayne Debate : Webster-Hayne Debate WHEN: 1830 WHO: Daniel Webster (Mass) – for the tariff Robert Hayne (SC) – against tariff WHAT: Webster argued that nullification would destroy the union Hayne argued state’s rights, compact theory, and nullification RESULT: Daniel Webster made nullification look like treason! Nullification Crisis : Nullification Crisis WHAT: crisis over the Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) WHY: John C. Calhoun (vice president) opposed the tariff and secretly wrote and published an essay called “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” Though Jackson personally disliked the tariff, he refused to allow any state to disobey a federal statute. South Carolina met at a convention and nullified the tax in 1832! RESULT: Jackson threatened to use the military to enforce the law solved by the Compromise Tariff of 1833 “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” : “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” WHEN: 1832 WHO: written anonymously by Vice President John C. Calhoun WHAT: called on the southern states to declare the 1828 Tariff of Abominations null and void (nullify) encouraged South Carolina legislators to nullify the tariff pitted the state against President Andrew Jackson in the most serious internal conflict the nation had yet faced THIS IS PART OF WHAT THEORY OF GOV.? Tariff of 1832 : Tariff of 1832 WHAT: slight reduction on the “Tariff of Abominations” WHY: passed to encourage South Carolina to end the Nullification Crisis RESULT: South Carolinians saw the concessions as minimal at best and declared both the Tariff of Abominations and the Tariff of 1832 null and void out of principle. We’re not buying this! We’re nullifying it! Force Bill : Force Bill WHEN: 1833 WHAT: bill that authorized the federal government to use military force to collect tariff duties Showed Andrew Jackson’s resolve to end the 1832–1833 Nullification Crisis in South Carolina Oh yes you are! You’ll pay the duties and like it and if you don’t I’ll bring the army down there and whip your tails! Compromise Tariff of 1833 : Compromise Tariff of 1833 WHEN: 1833 WHO: Henry Clay WHAT: ended the Nullification Crisis dispute between Andrew Jackson and South Carolina repealed the Tariff of Abominations and reduced duties on foreign goods gradually over a decade to the levels set by the Tariff of 1816. WHY: Henry Clay hated Jackson and didn’t want him to get glory by sending the Army in! Hero of the Nullification Crisis! Gag Rule, 1830 : Gag Rule, 1830 WHEN: Instituted by congress in 1836 WHY: to shelve anti-slavery petitions in Washington HISTORY IN THE MAKINGMayor Karl Dean’s Announcement (Wednesday, 1/6/10) : HISTORY IN THE MAKINGMayor Karl Dean’s Announcement (Wednesday, 1/6/10) Be it enacted by the Congress of Tennessee in the city of Nashville, That it shall and may be lawful for the Mayor of Nashville to cause so much of any area of Nashville, as he may judge necessary, to be divided into a suitable number of districts, for the reception of such people of middle to low socio-economic class (including residents of apartments or government run projects) as he may choose to exchange the lands where they now reside, and remove there. BACKGROUND - 5 “Civilized” Tribes : BACKGROUND - 5 “Civilized” Tribes WHO: Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles They attempted somewhat to assimilate into America! Washington’s government: Recognized tribes as separate nations Agreed to get land from them through treaties Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians (1787): Convert and Civilize… Cherokee achievements : Cherokee achievements Partially adopted concept of private property Sequoyah - Developed the Cherokee alphabet Cherokee National Council – developed a written constitution w/3 branches Business: Some Cherokee became prosperous cotton planters, even owning slaves DID ANY OF THIS HELP?? Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: 1831 : Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: 1831 WHEN: 1831 PROBLEM: Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles (5 civilized tribes) attempted to assimilate Georgia declared the Cherokee tribal council was illegal RULING: Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent. They were dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. SIGNIFICANCE: From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government. Worcester v. Georgia: 1832 : Worcester v. Georgia: 1832 WHEN: 1832 PROBLEM: Missionaries argued that a Georgia law making any white person staying in Indian territory swear an oath of loyalty was unconstitutional. RULING: The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. SIGNIFICANCE: Georgia refused to enforce decision President Jackson didn't support the Court. Executive power grows “Old Hickory” : “Old Hickory” “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” Indian Removal Act : Indian Removal Act WHEN: 1830 WHAT: supported by Andrew Jackson authorized the U.S. Army to evict by force all Native Americans east of the Mississippi River and resettle them in “permanent” reservations in present-day Oklahoma and Nebraska. RESULTS: Thousands of Native Americans died on the “Trail of Tears” to their new and unwanted home. The Army was forced to fight the Black Hawk War and Second Seminole War after some tribes refused to leave. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1824 : Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1824 Established to administer relations with Native Americans Trail of Tears : Trail of Tears WHEN: 1830’s WHAT: route by which thousands of Native Americans, primarily Cherokee, were forcibly removed countless Native Americans, forced to walk hundreds miles under horrible conditions, many (over 4,000) died along the way. WHERE: from their southeastern homelands and relocated to new reservations west of the Mississippi WHY: Jackson initiated the Indian Removal Act (1830) Resistance to Indian Removal : Resistance to Indian Removal Seminole War: A war fought by the U.S. Army against members of the Seminole tribe and Osceola in Florida who refused to be resettled west of the Mississippi River in the late 1830s. Black Hawk War A brief 1832 war in Illinois in which the U.S. Army trounced Chief Black Hawk and about 1,000 of his Sauk and Fox followers, who refused to be resettled according to the Indian Removal Act. Martin van Buren 2nd Annual Message December 3rd, 1838 : Martin van Buren 2nd Annual Message December 3rd, 1838 It affords me sincere pleasure to be able to apprise you of the entire removal of the Cherokee Nation of Indians to their new homes west of the Mississippi. The measures authorized by Congress at its last session, with a view to the long-standing controversy with them, have had the happiest effects. By an agreement concluded with them by the commanding general in that country, who has performed the duties assigned to him on the occasion with commendable energy and humanity, their removal has been principally under the conduct of their own chiefs, and they have emigrated without any apparent reluctance. What’s going on here? : What’s going on here? BANK WAR Nicholas Biddle : Nicholas Biddle WHO: “Czar Nicholas I” President of the Bank of the United States during the 1820s and 1830s: a private institution minted gold and silver foreclosed many western farms profit not public service WHAT: Biddle exerted significant influence over the American economy through his position Andrew Jackson despised him. The Bank War : The Bank War WHEN: 1832 WHAT: Conflict between Andrew Jackson and the National Bank Henry Clay tried to make the re-charter of the Bank of the United States an election issue to make Andrew Jackson look bad. If Jackson supported the re-charter, he would lose votes from the southern and western voters If he vetoed it, the charter he would lose wealthier eastern voters. RESULT: Jackson vetoed the bill (claiming it was unconstitutional), amplifying the power of the president) He was re-elected anway! Jackson withheld all federal deposits from the Bank, making it virtually useless Whose job was this? New Politics: Election of 1832 : New Politics: Election of 1832 WHAT: 1st 3 party election National Republicans Jacksonian Democrats Anti-Masonic Party First national nominating conventions First national platforms (their positions on the issues) RESULTS: Jackson wins big! 219-49 in Electoral College Is the Bank War over? What’s going on here? : Is the Bank War over? What’s going on here? I’ll have the last laugh! I’ll show you that people will beg for this bank!Biddle calls in Bank Loans : I’ll have the last laugh! I’ll show you that people will beg for this bank!Biddle calls in Bank Loans Jackson Buries the Bank : Jackson Buries the Bank Jackson took federal deposits out of the bank: Bleed it dry… “Pet Banks”: state banks into which Jackson deposited the federal funds he withdrew from the Second National Bank in 1833 PROBLEM: The money “Pet Banks” lent out led to land speculation in the West! What is Speculation (in business)? : What is Speculation (in business)? SPECULATION: making risky transactions: engaging in financial transactions that are risky but also potentially profitable SO WHAT THEN IS OVERSPECULATION?? Wildcat Banks : Wildcat Banks WHAT: Fly-by-night banking operations that plagued the West and South during the 1800s. PROBLEMS: highly unstable because: they were impermanent printed their own unregulated paper money and had almost no solid credit. RESULT: They flooded the states with paper money which caused inflation to rise! Financial panics, as in 1819 and 1837, caused many of these banks to go bankrupt. The Specie Circular : The Specie Circular WHO: issued by President Jackson WHEN: July 11, 1836 WHAT: required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie (gold or silver WHY: The economy was expanding (artificially) because states were printing so much money “Wildcat” currency became so unstable RESULT: It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. Contributed to the Panic of 1837. Panic of 1837 : Panic of 1837 WHY: Under Jackson, many state “pet” banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. RESULTS: Many state banks collapsed A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. “Old Hickory” : “Old Hickory” END : END How did Texas become a country? : How did Texas become a country? WHAT: Mexican territory was settled by Stephen Austin (1823) 300 American settlers – 30,000 by 1835 To be Roman Catholic and Mexicanized: Some “GTT” running from the law: GONE TO TEXAS! Americans, greedy for land, continued to want Texas, which US had abandoned to Spain when acquiring Florida 1819 PROBLEMS: Mexico outlawed slavery in 1830, immigration, and local rights EVENTS: Stephen Austin: went to negotiate and was jailed by General Santa Anna in 1833 Texans declared independence in 1836 w/ Sam Houston as commander in chief (Lone Star) Mexican dictator and general Santa Anna led troops against rebelling “Texans” ALAMO (February, 1836): Trapped 200 Texans at Alamo in San Antonio- wiped out GOLIAD (March, 1836): 400 surrounded defeated volunteers, thrown down arms at Goliad butchered by Santa Anna’s Army SAN JACINTO (April, 1836) Invaders numbered 1300 men, Texans 900. Houston Taking advantage of Mexican siesta hour wiped out invading force, captured Santa Anna. RESULTS: Santa Anna agreed to withdraw Mexican troops and to recognize Rio Grande as extreme southwestern boundary of Texas. When released, said agreements were illegal b/c under pressure Andrew Jackson recognizes Texas as a new republic (The Lone Star Republic) 1837 NOT A STATE! WHY? Texas sized problem! : Texas sized problem! Texas petitioned for annexation in 1837 Most volunteers in the Texas revolution were from the South and Southwest OPPOSITION: Antislavery crusaders opposed the annexation of Texas WHY? Bad Hair Day: Whigs : Bad Hair Day: Whigs Be a Hater! (of Andrew Jackson that is) WHAT: formed in 1834 under Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun Thought they were conservative…but really weren’t Supported many reforms: education prisons, asylums temperance abolition of slavery limited westward expansion named after anti-British party during the Revolutionary War era (to go against King Jackson) WHO: claimed to be defenders of the common man Supporters of Clay’s American System Southern states’ righters (offended by Jackson’s response to nullification) Northern industrialists and merchants Evangelical protestants (associated with the Anti-Masonic party) THEY CLAIMED THAT THE DEMOCRATS WERE CORRUPT! Election of 1836 : Election of 1836 The Democrats: Andrew Jackson appointed Martin Van Buren (former Secretary of State) Democrats weren’t very excited because Van Buren wasn’t as commanding as Jackson The Whigs: Decided to enter several candidates (3) Daniel Webster, former general William Henry Harrison, and Hugh Lawson White WHY: In hopes that Martin Van Buren wouldn’t receive a majority of the electoral votes, The election to the House of Representatives. RESULTS: Martin Van Buren won 170-124 (Whigs combined) Although victorious, Martin Van Buren had to deal with a major problem left by Andrew Jackson… END JACKSON : END JACKSON Problems for Van Buren: Panic of 1837 : Problems for Van Buren: Panic of 1837 WHAT: A financial panic leading to failures in: Failures in: Businesses Banks unemployment WHY: Jackson’s economic policies: Bank War – Jackson took money out of the 2nd National Bank and put it into “pet” state banks (their loose lending policies caused inflation) Jackson’s Specie Circular (which required that all land be purchased with hard currency) caused banks to close and prices to drop! Others - Failures of wheat crops, financial troubles in Europe, over-speculation ACTION: Whigs proposed expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, and subsidies for internal improvements President Van Buren and the Democrats: Independent Treasury Bill 1840 – “Divorce Bill” keep federal money in federal vaults not made available to private banks How did Texas become a country? : How did Texas become a country? WHAT: Mexican territory was settled by Stephen Austin (1823) 300 American settlers – 30,000 by 1835 To be Roman Catholic and Mexicanized: Some “GTT” running from the law: GONE TO TEXAS! Americans, greedy for land, continued to want Texas, which US had abandoned to Spain when acquiring Florida 1819 PROBLEMS: Mexico outlawed slavery in 1830, immigration, and local rights EVENTS: Stephen Austin: went to negotiate and was jailed by General Santa Anna in 1833 Texans declared independence in 1836 w/ Sam Houston as commander in chief (Lone Star) Mexican dictator and general Santa Anna led troops against rebelling “Texans” ALAMO (February, 1836): Trapped 200 Texans at Alamo in San Antonio- wiped out GOLIAD (March, 1836): 400 surrounded defeated volunteers, thrown down arms at Goliad butchered by Santa Anna’s Army SAN JACINTO (April, 1836) Invaders numbered 1300 men, Texans 900. Houston Taking advantage of Mexican siesta hour wiped out invading force, captured Santa Anna. RESULTS: Santa Anna agreed to withdraw Mexican troops and to recognize Rio Grande as extreme southwestern boundary of Texas. When released, said agreements were illegal b/c under pressure Andrew Jackson recognizes Texas as a new republic (The Lone Star Republic) 1837 NOT A STATE! WHY? Texas sized problem! : Texas sized problem! Texas petitioned for annexation in 1837 Most volunteers in the Texas revolution were from the South and Southwest OPPOSITION: Antislavery crusaders opposed the annexation of Texas WHY? Caroline Affair, 1837 : Caroline Affair, 1837 WHAT: Some Americans supported Canadian rebels attacking Toronto to stop British rule RESULTS: Britain retaliated burning the Caroline (ship that was aiding rebels) and sending it over Niagara Falls! SIGNIFICANCE: strained British and U.S. relations. Election of 1840:“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign : Election of 1840:“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign WHAT: Democrat Martin Van Buren vs. Whig William “Tippecanoe” Henry Harrison DEMOCRAT INSULTS: Harrison was an old farmer that should be content with a pension, log cabin, and a barrel of hard cider WHIG TACTICS: campaign tactics (propaganda): Unite behind one popular candidate (William “Tippecanoe” Henry Harrison) War hero image (Tippecanoe and Tyler Too…) Log cabin used to show Harrison’s humble beginnings (FALSE) Hard cider, buttons, and hats for voters ISSUES: Poor economy (Panic of 1837), hurt Van Buren RESULT: William “Tippecanoe” Henry Harrison was victorious close popular vote (Landslide - Electoral 234-60) SIGNIFICANCE: America had come full circle and shifted from aristocracy to a democracy of the people (80% turnout)! A strong two party system continued to grow Strong Two-Party System : Strong Two-Party System DEMOCRATS: Liberty of the individual States’ rights federal restraint in social and economic affairs WHIGS Liberty important as well American System (renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements) public schools social reforms: temperance, and eventually abolition of slavery COMMON GROUND: Both parties had a “mass” following Both parties were actually socially and geographically diverse They kept each other in check Slowed down the sectional tension temporarily Politics for the People : Politics for the People TREND: Aristocracy to democracy Common man moved to the middle of the stage Politicians were forced to take the feelings of the public into more careful consideration Aristocratic resentment: “Bipeds of the forest” Tyranny of “King Numbers” William Henry Harrison : William Henry Harrison WHO: 9th President (1 Term – only part, he died in office!) PARTY – Whigs TRIVIA: First president to die in office (8,000 word, 2 hour inaugural address in damp, snowy, cold w/o a coat!) – his death eventually led to the death of the Whig Party!! His father Benjamin Harrison signed the Declaration of Independence End Chapter 10 AMSCO : End Chapter 10 AMSCO War Hero : War Hero HOW: Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 served as a soldier Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 – Governor of Indiana territory, he fought and defeated Tecumseh’s brother! WHAT: Became a hero and leading Tecumseh to side with the British during the War of 1812! Harrison as president… : Harrison as president… Whig beliefs – strong federal government to build unified country. A puppet?: He was sick and Henry Clay seemed to be running the country! PROBLEM – Pneumonia ended Harrison and Tyler believed more in state’s rights! Medical treatment included heated suction cups snakes! Slide 64: Snakes and suction cups? I thought I was supposed to have a log cabin and a barrel of hard cider! Tyler - Trivia : Tyler - Trivia His Accidency…ha, ha! First president to have a veto over-ridden First impeachment attempted! – Abuse of the veto, but the impeachment attempt failed! John Tyler: Was he a Whig or what? : John Tyler: Was he a Whig or what? PROBLEM: Hurt the Whigs (he was added to the ticket to because he didn’t like the Democrats or Andrew Jackson) b/c he didn’t actually like Whig policies (strong federal government) he was a state’s righter! Henry Clay did not like him! – He was wanted to use the federal government to build a strong country (federal over state) - Think American System! Harrison followed Clay’s ideas, Tyler DID NOT! TYLER BELIEVED : in states rights; federal government was a threat to individual freedom; a strong federal government would outlaw slavery! 3rd National Bank? : 3rd National Bank? WHAT: Clay proposed a bill for a 3rd National Bank twice. Tyler vetoed it both times (angering his party)! – his cabinet resigned (except Secretary of State Daniel Webster – too busy) RESULTS – The Whigs disowned John Tyler (first president to serve w/o a party)! The Whigs attempted to impeach him (first president to have that happen) but it failed! Aroostook War 1838, 1839 : Aroostook War 1838, 1839 WHAT – argument between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine. a local border dispute! The only war ever declared by a state! CAUSE – Canadian lumberjacks kicked out of disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials RESULT – Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states. First success for Tyler’s administration! Annexation of Texas : Annexation of Texas CONTROVERSY Texans wanted to become part of the U.S., but Jackson and Van Buren were worried about igniting the slavery debate TROUBLE Texans thinking about talking to the British! HOW: John Tyler negotiated a secret treaty w/ Texas but the Senate rejected it b/c it glorified slavery (written by John C. Calhoun) RESULT Texas was annexed in 1845 after James K. Polk was elected on a campaign based on expansion of the nation’s borders! Election of 1844 : Election of 1844 WHO: Tyler thrown out of the party, Henry Clay v. James K. Polk (Young Hickory, the Dark Horse) WHIGS – Henry Clay – said he wanted Texas but it could wait (flip-flop) DEMOCRATS – James K. Polk - dark horse candidate from Tennessee (“Young Hickory”) he was sponsored by Andrew Jackson (supported expansion). MAJOR CAMPAIGN ISSUE: Expansion RESULT: James K. Polk won John Tyler (as lame duck President) believed that America had voted for expansion so a joint resolution of congress annexed (made it a part of the U.S.) Texas in 1845! FIRST MAJOR WAVE OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION : FIRST MAJOR WAVE OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION WHEN – 1830-1860, We start to become a “melting pot”! WHAT – 2 major groups - Northern (Irish) and Western (Germans) Europeans 3 million total WHO: Irish (1,300,000) – escaping a potato famine and crop failures; most settled in NE port cities like NY, Boston, and Philadelphia (didn’t have money to buy land and move west)! Germans (940,000) – left b/c of political persecutions, fewer opportunities; most settled in the Midwest b/c they typically had more money The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869 : The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869 Oregon Fever!, 1843 : Oregon Fever!, 1843 WHAT: settlers moved out for the opportunity to occupy Oregon. HOW: Oregon Trail - 2,000 mile trail from Independence, Missouri through Indian Territory to Oregon “Prairie Schooners” – Covered Wagons took 6 months (about 12 miles a day) WHY: “Log Cabin” Bill (success for Tyler in working w/Whigs) enabled a settler to claim 160 acres of land before it was offered publicly for sale, and later pay $1.25 an acre for it. Edgar Allen Poe : Edgar Allen Poe WHAT: first detective story (but didn’t get rich)! Trivia : Trivia “Young Hickory” – first “dark horse” candidate in U.S. presidential election history! First president to have inauguration reported by telegraph! First president to govern a U.S. that extended from ocean to ocean (think Oregon Treaty!) MAJOR EXPANSIONIST! – he even used the military to support “Manifest Destiny” (Texas, Oregon, and he Mexican Cession) Manifest Destiny : Manifest Destiny WHAT: “It’s our God-given right to spread from NY to California”! Phrase commonly used in the 1840's and 1850's. It became a belief that expressed the inevitableness of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific. WHEN: First used by John L. Sullivan in 1845 article about the annexation of Texas Overland Immigration to the West : Overland Immigration to the West Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trek westward. The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869 : The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869 The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! : The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British-U.S. occupation ended in 1846. Oregon Treaty of 1846 : Oregon Treaty of 1846 WHY: started by argument over Oregon Country w/Britain! SITUATION: Remember, we had joint occupation of Oregon Country w/ British since the Treaty of 1818! Spanish California border - 42 degrees north latitude, Russian border - 54’40 north latitude (Oregon country in between!) Polk’s campaign slogan “54’40 or fight” meant fight w/British for Oregon! PROBLEM SOLVED: Polk compromised w/ Britain WHAT: U.S./Canadian boundary at 49th parallel! RESULT: People in the Northwest upset, thought a war with Mexico would be favoritism toward the South! Polk first president to rule country from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans Trails Westward : Trails Westward Mexican-American War 1846-1848 : Mexican-American War 1846-1848 Polk’s first attempt to get California - The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845 : Polk’s first attempt to get California - The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845 Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border. US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt. US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000. US would buy California at a maximum of $25,000,000. RESULT: Mexico wouldn’t listen to him! John Slidell Polk wanted California so… : Polk wanted California so… He wanted to go to war with Mexico because Unpaid claims Slidell’s rejection INSTEAD: He sent General Zachary Taylor into the disputed area between the Nueces River and Rio Grande River. Perhaps this would give him war… General Zachary Taylor : General Zachary Taylor WHAT: Ordered by James Polk to occupy the disputed area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. RESULT: Mexican forces attacked starting the Mexican-American War HERO: Zachary Taylor became a war hero by befeating the Mexicans at Buena Vista “Old Rough and Ready” Spot Resolutions : Spot Resolutions WHAT: Congressman Abraham Lincoln demanded to know which spot exactly on American soil soldiers where killed. The Mexican War (1846-1848) : The Mexican War (1846-1848) The Bombardment of Vera Cruz : The Bombardment of Vera Cruz General Scott Enters Mexico City : General Scott Enters Mexico City WHAT: Veteran of the War of 1812 Battled his way from Vera Cruz to Mexico City under harsh conditions Took over Mexico City RESULT: He became a hero! Zachary Taylor was upset b/c he felt that he opened the door to Mexico and should have been the one to go in! “Old Fuss and Feathers” The Bear Flag Republic : The Bear Flag Republic John C. Frémont - Helped capture California from Mexico during the Mexican-American War The Revolt June 14, 1845 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 : Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 Nicholas Trist,helped American negotiate the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 : Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 WHAT: Basically forced on Mexico! Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000) The Mexican Cession : The Mexican Cession Under Franklin Pierce the Expansionist… : Under Franklin Pierce the Expansionist… MANIFEST DESTINY: Compromise of 1850 closed most of Mexican Cession to slavery William Walker – Nicaragua (1856) led an expedition to conquer it and appointed himself president! He was later executed by the Honduran government! Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) Neither America or Britain would fortify or secure any canal in Central America Commodore Mathew Perry: After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) opening some ports to America Helps to end Japanese isolation Cuba: Coveted by the South Attacked by private southern adventurers Ostend Manifesto – top secret dispatch urged administration to offer $120 million for Cuba and to take it by force if Spain resisted It angered people in the north! Gadsen Purchase : Gadsen Purchase WHEN: 1853 WHAT: U.S. purchased this for $10 million WHY: It was part of the proposed southern transcontinental railroad route! The Doomed Donner Party : The Doomed Donner Party April, 1846 – April, 1847 The Doomed Donner Party : The Doomed Donner Party James Reed & Wife Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California! CANNIBALISM ! ! END : END Westward Movement : Westward Movement “Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond.” -Ralph Waldo Emerson 1850 – ½ of population was under 30 Pioneer Life: Miserable Ruggedly individualistic, uninformed, superstitious, provincial Disease, depression, and premature death Women Loneliness from seclusion Men This ain’t WWE Wrestling! Community and Government Barn Raising, log rolling, internal improvements “Shaping” the West : “Shaping” the West Kentucky bluegrass – burned cane fields become pasture “Rendezvous” system: traders from St. Louis would meet trappers and indians and swap manufactured goods for beaver pelts buffalo robes West Coast – Sea otter pelts RESULTS: virtual extinction of the beaver, buffalo, and sea otter “Ecological imperialism” But wait…we respect the beauty : But wait…we respect the beauty Growing appreciation of nature and the American wilderness unique unspoiled (not yet) inspired literature and painting RESULT: Conservation Movement George Catlin: Painter, studied Native American life Observed the Sioux Indians of South Dakota Proposed a national park NOT YET… Got Pop? : Got Pop? By 1860: 33 states 4th largest country in the world Urban Growth: 1790 – cities over 20,000: 1860 over 43! Problems: Slums, crime, bad water, sewage, rats, poor garbage disposal Mosquitoes love cisterns and wells…and you WHY ALL THE GROWTH? High birth rate, Immigration, improvements in medicine Coming to America… : Coming to America… WHY: Freedom from aristocratic government Freedom of religion Opportunity (land and jobs) “America Letters”: Letters from Immigrants to their relatives in Europe describing great opportunities in America Faster travel available – Transoceanic steamboats – 10 to 12 days instead of weeks A Land of Opportunity: First Wave of Immigration : A Land of Opportunity: First Wave of Immigration WHEN: 1830-1860 WHO: Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe (Irish and Germans) IRISH: (2 million from 1830-1860) potato famine in Ireland killed (2 million dead) mostly Catholic too poor to buy property when they arrived in America mostly moved to cities (Boston and New York) resented by American workers, Protestants and older stock became kitchen maids, railroad workers, coal miners treated poorly (NINA), yet often resented blacks GRADUAL CHANGES: worked to save money and eventually bought land Became involved in politics (spoils system helped them gain positions in cities) policemen, “paddy wagons” Irish vote becomes important to politicians A Land of Opportunity: First Wave of Immigration : A Land of Opportunity: First Wave of Immigration Germans – (1.5 million from 1830-1860) Uprooted farmers, political refugees crop failures, little land fled wars and tyrants of Europe became strong isolationists many supported abolition of slavery possessed more material goods than Irish mostly settled in Midwest Wisconsin, farms Conestoga wagons, Kentucky rifle, Christmas trees, and bier better educated than many Americans supported public schools (Kindergarten) Know Something about Native Americans? : Know Something about Native Americans? Anti-foreignism Nativists: feared influx of immigrants feared growth of Roman Catholics Growth in Catholic schools to save them from Protestant “indoctrination” “Know Nothing” Party Students in Mr. Bihler’s 5th and 6th period A.P. classes Came from the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849 wanted: Restrictions on immigration and naturalization Promoted anti-foreign literature Stronger deportation laws Violence: Many churches burned, threats Good economy led to less tension Immigrants supplied America with the workers necessary to fuel the Industrial Revolution Slide 109: What is the Industrial Revolution? A shift from human and animal power to steam and electricity… : A shift from human and animal power to steam and electricity… A shift from making goods by hand to making them with machine Industrial Revolution : Industrial Revolution WHEN: 1750 WHERE: Britain WHAT: A shift from human and animal power to steam and electricity and A shift from making goods by hand to making them with machine series of machines to speed up textile production eventually transformed agriculture, transportation, and communication Why Britain and not America? : Why Britain and not America? Land was cheap (many people had access to it for the first time) Labor scarce (until when?) Money in pioneering America for industry not as common Raw materials – undeveloped, undiscovered, or unsuspected America didn’t have a big enough domestic market Cutthroat British Businesses had experience Britain enjoyed a monopoly on machines Stolen Industry: Samuel Slater : Stolen Industry: Samuel Slater WHO: Samuel Slater WHAT: He memorized the workings of machines in British textile factories Creates first spinning machines in America (1791) “Father of the Factory System” Eli Whitney : Eli Whitney WHAT: Inventor of the cotton gin (1793) how long? Separates seeds from cotton 50 times faster Inventor of interchangeable parts Manufactured firearms, experimented w/standardized parts New parts didn’t have to be “made” RESULT: Entrenched slavery in South because more cotton could be produced, hence more slaves were needed revolutionized both southern agriculture and northern manufacturing (why industry in North?) Interchangeable parts eventually led to assembly line Also gave Union an advantage in the Civil War Manufacturing in the U.S. : Manufacturing in the U.S. Embargo Act, Non-intercourse Act, War of 1812 Helped grow industry POST WAR of 1812: Britain dumped cheap goods on America 150 mills in one RI district closed 1st protective tariff passed (Tariff of 1816) New England INDUSTRY– stony soil, dense labor pop., shipping, good ports, rivers FREE ENTERPRISE: Laws of “free incorporation” passed in New York in 1848 “limited liability” Helps encourage business investment Yes, I love technology : Yes, I love technology 1800 – 306 patents 1860 – 28,000 patents Can you sew? : Can you sew? WHAT: Sewing machine, 1846 foundation of clothing industry WHO: Elias Howe, perfected by Isaac Singer RESULTS: Seamstresses and tailors were forced to look for work in factories TREND: skilled to unskilled labor “What hath God wrought?” - Communication Revolution : “What hath God wrought?” - Communication Revolution WHO: Samuel F.B. Morse WHAT: invention of the telegraph in 1835 ($30,000 from gov.) Morse code system FACT: 1st transatlantic cable laid in 1858 (Cyrus Field) EFFECT: Connected developing business world enabled rapid communication between the United States and Europe Slide 119: ..-. Pony Express : Pony Express WHEN: 1860 WHAT: Missouri to California Stations 10 miles apart Took 10 days Only missed 1 trip! Lasted only 18 months You think you’ve got it bad… : You think you’ve got it bad… Vast numbers of poor lived in the slums, packed into tenement buildings. No running water No sewage or sanitation system GOT DEATH? - Diseases spread rapidly LABOR UNIONS – criminal conspiracy 1820 – ½ workers under the age of ten! Change or… : Change or… REFORM: Age of Jackson was…? Age of common man many workers gave votes to the Democrats Fought for: Ten hour day, higher wages, better working conditions Methods of protest: Strikes Scabs, rats Unions Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842 Unions not illegal conspiracies if their methods were honorable and peaceful! Eventual change: 1840 – Ten hour day for federal employees on public works projects A worker hauling coal up a mine shaft : A worker hauling coal up a mine shaft Night Refuge for children after a 16 hour work day : Night Refuge for children after a 16 hour work day Women and the Economy? : Women and the Economy? Pre-indusrty - Women’s work: Spinning, weaving, soap, candles, butter, and cheese Changes: Factories crank these goods out Women start working in factories Lowell Mills Other opportunities: Nursing, teaching, and domestic servants Marriage: From factory to the “cult of domesticity”! Drop in the fertility rate “Modern” Family – small, affectionate, child centered Lowell-Waltham System : Lowell-Waltham System WHEN: 1823 WHO: Francis Cabot Lowell WHAT: Factory town used the power loom and related machinery to combine all the steps in the production of cloth under a single roof recruited young single women from the surrounding countryside What effect does industry have on farming in the West? : What effect does industry have on farming in the West? Shift from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture! John Deere First to produce steel plow that could be pulled by horses, 1837 WHO ELSE?... Cyrus McCormick : Cyrus McCormick WHEN: 1831 WHAT: invented mechanical mower-reaper EFFECT: enabled profitable (commercial agriculture) wheat farming in the West I.R.: Transportation Revolution : I.R.: Transportation Revolution Roads Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs Lancaster Turnpike, Pennsylvania Cumberland Road (1811-1852) - National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois (591 miles) First national road Clipper Ships 1840’s and 1850’s Long narrow sailing ships that held a small cargo They could outrun early steamships Steamboats Robert Fulton – the Clermont in 1807, on the Hudson River Helped make shipping faster and cheaper Doubled rivers carrying capacity From 1 to 10 mph IF YOU’RE A FARMER, WHAT ARE YOU THINKING? The Canal Boom : The Canal Boom WHAT: “Clinton’s Big Ditch”: Erie Canal first transportation link between Eastern cities and Western farms, 1817-1825 RESULTS: Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically 1 ton of grain from Buffalo to New York fell from $100 to $5 Time fell from 20 days to 6 EFFECTS: Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City Long term growth of the Midwest The “Iron Horse” : The “Iron Horse” WHEN: First railroad in USA 1828 WHY: wasn’t limited by geography like canals were FACTS: Early railroads were: dangerous and unreliable Slowed by gauge differences 1828: No rails, 1860: over 30,000 miles of rails The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture : The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture HOW: Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer Sale to distant markets involves farmers use of credit WHAT: Market stimulates specialization Ohio Valley produces wheat Lower South produces cotton The Market Revolution : The Market Revolution WHAT: rapid development of manufacturing and improved farming shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming shift to continental/worlwide economy CAUSES: American inventors transformed the U.S. economy with new innovations (transportation revolution) Commercial Revolution : Commercial Revolution WHAT: Shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing How: Farmers borrow on future crops Use of credit stimulates banking State banks increase after 1812 Emergence of a Market Economy : Emergence of a Market Economy Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturers Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial agriculture A Revolution in Transportation : A Revolution in Transportation Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal waterways After the War of 1812 political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s transportation network Slide 138: Webster-Ashburton Treaty An 1842 treaty between the United States and Britain that established a permanent border between Maine and Canada after the Aroostook War. Slide 139: Universal Manhood Suffrage The extension of voting rights to nearly every white American male during the antebellum period. In the early United States, men had had to meet certain property-ownership and literacy qualifications in order to vote, but during the 1830s and 1840s, more and more states eliminated these restrictions. As more men in the poorer classes were able to vote, the Democrats received a huge boost in popularity. Roads and Steamboats (2) : Roads and Steamboats (2) Network of rivers encourage economic development Flatboats transport down river early Steamboats transport upriver after 1811 Upriver capabilities reduce costs Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to establish safety regulations Oberlin College : Oberlin College Antoinette Louisa Brown was the first American woman ordained as minister. She was born May 20, 1825 in Henrietta, New York, U.S.A. and later attended Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio. Oberlin was the first coeducational school to grant college degrees to women and to accept students of all races. Women, however, were expected to clean rooms, wash clothes and serve food for the male students. While studying at Oberlin College Brown met and became lifelong friends with Lucy Stone, a suffragist and an abolitionist. In 1847 Brown finished the literary course taken by most women. She encountered serious objections from the faculty when she then decided to study theology. They did not think it an appropriate field of study for a woman. However, the school charter decreed that no student could be excluded on the basis of sex, so Brown prevailed and finished the theological course in 1850. The Oberlin College faculty, however, refused to award her a college degree and she did not receive a license to preach. The degree was eventually awarded to her twenty eight years later. “Domestic Virtues” : “Domestic Virtues” Catharine Beecher (1800-1878) Sarah Hale : Sarah Hale Women’s rights advocate Bell Ringer : Bell Ringer What was the “Corrupt Bargain”? Why was John Quincy Adams a misfit for the times in the White House? How was Mudslinging involved in the Election of 1828 You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
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Premium member Presentation Transcript Jacksonian Democracy : Jacksonian Democracy AP U.S. History John Quincy Adams : John Quincy Adams SUCCESSFUL SECRETARY OF STATE: Treaty of 1818, Adams-Onis Treaty, Monroe Doctrine MISFIT: Strict puritan, shunned people, irritable, tactless Against removing efficient public officials (to reward party workers for loyalty) PRESIDENCY: “corrupt bargain” tainted Adams’s presidency Fewer than 1/3 of the voters had voted for him Very Nationalistic (supported): money for internal improvements (American System) proposal of a national university an astronomical observatory He tried to deal fairly with Native Americans Tariff of Abominations (passed under his tenure) PROBLEM: Country moving away from nationalism and towards state’s rights “Corrupt Bargain” : “Corrupt Bargain” WHAT: Four Candidates (Republicans): William Crawford, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson dominated election (won popular vote and electoral vote) PROBLEM: No majority in electoral college According to the 12th Amendment who decides? RESULT: John Quincy Adams won in House of Representatives Henry Clay appointed Secretary of State A corrupt bargain? Henry Clay : Henry Clay WHAT: Seen as striking a “corrupt bargain” to become Secretary of State in 1824 election He was an archrival of Jackson’s: they were both from the West Clay was against Jackson’s actions in Florida OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS: Father of the American System “Great Compromiser” Devised: Missouri Compromise of 1820 Compromise Tariff of 1833 Helped form the Whigs in 1834 Landslide, 1828 : Landslide, 1828 TWO PARTY SYSTEM: National Republicans John Quincy Adams Democrats Andrew Jackson 1st “grass roots” campaign (from ground up) in a presidential election MUDSLINGING: Gamblers, prostitutes, adulteresses, pimps RESULTS - ELECTION OF 1828: Andrew Jackson 178 Support from South and West John Quincy Adams 83 The People’s Inauguration… New politics in the Election of 1828 : New politics in the Election of 1828 “Old Hickory” was busy! : “Old Hickory” was busy! Battle of New Orleans Florida Loser of “Corrupt Bargain” Jacksonian Democracy (The Common Man) Spoils System Peggy Eaton Affair Indian Removal Nullification Crisis Bank War Republic of Texas Jacksonian Democracy : Jacksonian Democracy WHAT: The “Age of the ___________________? COMMON MAN Old Hickory : Old Hickory WHAT: HE WAS A SYMBOL OF THE COMMON MAN Jackson had risen from the masses Born in Carolina’s (on state line) Orphaned (Revolutionary War) Violent temper duels and fights Moved to Tennessee, became a lawyer First President from the West No college education Misspelled the same word in two different letters BUT, HE WAS NOT COMMON He was a frontier aristocrat He owned lots of land He lived in the Hermitage (our very own) He owned many slaves Spoils System : Spoils System WHAT: Gov. jobs given in return for party loyalty "to the victor go the spoils," WHO: Andrew Jackson heavily employed the spoils system by using his “mandate” Thought it was important to bring in new people to government PROBLEM: Less about bringing in “new blood” More about rewarding “old cronies” Who wants to be a millionaire? - Samuel Swartwout (2.5 Millionaire) EFFECTS: Helped build a strong two-party system People were loyal to their party instead of their class and section of the country Peggy Eaton Affair (scandal) : Peggy Eaton Affair (scandal) WHAT: Peggy Timberlake (no relation to Justin) married John Eaton after her husband died. John Eaton had lived at her boardinghouse and escorted her to functions while her husband was in the navy RUMOR: She cheated on her husband w/ Eaton! RESULT: Peggy Eaton was shunned by Washington society Andrew Jackson stood up for her b/c of how he had been attacked during the 1828 election (murderer, prostitute mother, adulterer) Many members of his cabinet resigned (Florida Calhoun left Washington) “Kitchen Cabinet” : “Kitchen Cabinet” WHAT: Name for Andrew Jackson’s closest friends that met and discussed issues in White House kitchen! Maysville Road Veto : Maysville Road Veto WHEN: 1830 WHAT: Maysville Road Bill: proposed the building of a road in Kentucky (Clay’s state) with federal funds RESULT: Jackson vetoed the bill WHY: Jackson applied “strict” interpretation of the Constitution States had to pay for their own internal improvements! Tariff of Abominations : Tariff of Abominations When: 1828 What: High tariff bill that helped New England manufacturers but hurt the South WHY WAS THE SOUTH MAD? The West was booming as land values were up Northern and Middle State industry was protected by the tariff South relied heavily on manufactured goods and they paid more on those goods because of the tariff Significance: Intended to embarrass John Q. Adams, but became a difficult situation for Andrew Jackson Led to Nullification Crisis Webster-Hayne Debate : Webster-Hayne Debate WHEN: 1830 WHO: Daniel Webster (Mass) – for the tariff Robert Hayne (SC) – against tariff WHAT: Webster argued that nullification would destroy the union Hayne argued state’s rights, compact theory, and nullification RESULT: Daniel Webster made nullification look like treason! Nullification Crisis : Nullification Crisis WHAT: crisis over the Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) WHY: John C. Calhoun (vice president) opposed the tariff and secretly wrote and published an essay called “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” Though Jackson personally disliked the tariff, he refused to allow any state to disobey a federal statute. South Carolina met at a convention and nullified the tax in 1832! RESULT: Jackson threatened to use the military to enforce the law solved by the Compromise Tariff of 1833 “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” : “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” WHEN: 1832 WHO: written anonymously by Vice President John C. Calhoun WHAT: called on the southern states to declare the 1828 Tariff of Abominations null and void (nullify) encouraged South Carolina legislators to nullify the tariff pitted the state against President Andrew Jackson in the most serious internal conflict the nation had yet faced THIS IS PART OF WHAT THEORY OF GOV.? Tariff of 1832 : Tariff of 1832 WHAT: slight reduction on the “Tariff of Abominations” WHY: passed to encourage South Carolina to end the Nullification Crisis RESULT: South Carolinians saw the concessions as minimal at best and declared both the Tariff of Abominations and the Tariff of 1832 null and void out of principle. We’re not buying this! We’re nullifying it! Force Bill : Force Bill WHEN: 1833 WHAT: bill that authorized the federal government to use military force to collect tariff duties Showed Andrew Jackson’s resolve to end the 1832–1833 Nullification Crisis in South Carolina Oh yes you are! You’ll pay the duties and like it and if you don’t I’ll bring the army down there and whip your tails! Compromise Tariff of 1833 : Compromise Tariff of 1833 WHEN: 1833 WHO: Henry Clay WHAT: ended the Nullification Crisis dispute between Andrew Jackson and South Carolina repealed the Tariff of Abominations and reduced duties on foreign goods gradually over a decade to the levels set by the Tariff of 1816. WHY: Henry Clay hated Jackson and didn’t want him to get glory by sending the Army in! Hero of the Nullification Crisis! Gag Rule, 1830 : Gag Rule, 1830 WHEN: Instituted by congress in 1836 WHY: to shelve anti-slavery petitions in Washington HISTORY IN THE MAKINGMayor Karl Dean’s Announcement (Wednesday, 1/6/10) : HISTORY IN THE MAKINGMayor Karl Dean’s Announcement (Wednesday, 1/6/10) Be it enacted by the Congress of Tennessee in the city of Nashville, That it shall and may be lawful for the Mayor of Nashville to cause so much of any area of Nashville, as he may judge necessary, to be divided into a suitable number of districts, for the reception of such people of middle to low socio-economic class (including residents of apartments or government run projects) as he may choose to exchange the lands where they now reside, and remove there. BACKGROUND - 5 “Civilized” Tribes : BACKGROUND - 5 “Civilized” Tribes WHO: Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles They attempted somewhat to assimilate into America! Washington’s government: Recognized tribes as separate nations Agreed to get land from them through treaties Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians (1787): Convert and Civilize… Cherokee achievements : Cherokee achievements Partially adopted concept of private property Sequoyah - Developed the Cherokee alphabet Cherokee National Council – developed a written constitution w/3 branches Business: Some Cherokee became prosperous cotton planters, even owning slaves DID ANY OF THIS HELP?? Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: 1831 : Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: 1831 WHEN: 1831 PROBLEM: Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles (5 civilized tribes) attempted to assimilate Georgia declared the Cherokee tribal council was illegal RULING: Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent. They were dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. SIGNIFICANCE: From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government. Worcester v. Georgia: 1832 : Worcester v. Georgia: 1832 WHEN: 1832 PROBLEM: Missionaries argued that a Georgia law making any white person staying in Indian territory swear an oath of loyalty was unconstitutional. RULING: The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. SIGNIFICANCE: Georgia refused to enforce decision President Jackson didn't support the Court. Executive power grows “Old Hickory” : “Old Hickory” “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” Indian Removal Act : Indian Removal Act WHEN: 1830 WHAT: supported by Andrew Jackson authorized the U.S. Army to evict by force all Native Americans east of the Mississippi River and resettle them in “permanent” reservations in present-day Oklahoma and Nebraska. RESULTS: Thousands of Native Americans died on the “Trail of Tears” to their new and unwanted home. The Army was forced to fight the Black Hawk War and Second Seminole War after some tribes refused to leave. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1824 : Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1824 Established to administer relations with Native Americans Trail of Tears : Trail of Tears WHEN: 1830’s WHAT: route by which thousands of Native Americans, primarily Cherokee, were forcibly removed countless Native Americans, forced to walk hundreds miles under horrible conditions, many (over 4,000) died along the way. WHERE: from their southeastern homelands and relocated to new reservations west of the Mississippi WHY: Jackson initiated the Indian Removal Act (1830) Resistance to Indian Removal : Resistance to Indian Removal Seminole War: A war fought by the U.S. Army against members of the Seminole tribe and Osceola in Florida who refused to be resettled west of the Mississippi River in the late 1830s. Black Hawk War A brief 1832 war in Illinois in which the U.S. Army trounced Chief Black Hawk and about 1,000 of his Sauk and Fox followers, who refused to be resettled according to the Indian Removal Act. Martin van Buren 2nd Annual Message December 3rd, 1838 : Martin van Buren 2nd Annual Message December 3rd, 1838 It affords me sincere pleasure to be able to apprise you of the entire removal of the Cherokee Nation of Indians to their new homes west of the Mississippi. The measures authorized by Congress at its last session, with a view to the long-standing controversy with them, have had the happiest effects. By an agreement concluded with them by the commanding general in that country, who has performed the duties assigned to him on the occasion with commendable energy and humanity, their removal has been principally under the conduct of their own chiefs, and they have emigrated without any apparent reluctance. What’s going on here? : What’s going on here? BANK WAR Nicholas Biddle : Nicholas Biddle WHO: “Czar Nicholas I” President of the Bank of the United States during the 1820s and 1830s: a private institution minted gold and silver foreclosed many western farms profit not public service WHAT: Biddle exerted significant influence over the American economy through his position Andrew Jackson despised him. The Bank War : The Bank War WHEN: 1832 WHAT: Conflict between Andrew Jackson and the National Bank Henry Clay tried to make the re-charter of the Bank of the United States an election issue to make Andrew Jackson look bad. If Jackson supported the re-charter, he would lose votes from the southern and western voters If he vetoed it, the charter he would lose wealthier eastern voters. RESULT: Jackson vetoed the bill (claiming it was unconstitutional), amplifying the power of the president) He was re-elected anway! Jackson withheld all federal deposits from the Bank, making it virtually useless Whose job was this? New Politics: Election of 1832 : New Politics: Election of 1832 WHAT: 1st 3 party election National Republicans Jacksonian Democrats Anti-Masonic Party First national nominating conventions First national platforms (their positions on the issues) RESULTS: Jackson wins big! 219-49 in Electoral College Is the Bank War over? What’s going on here? : Is the Bank War over? What’s going on here? I’ll have the last laugh! I’ll show you that people will beg for this bank!Biddle calls in Bank Loans : I’ll have the last laugh! I’ll show you that people will beg for this bank!Biddle calls in Bank Loans Jackson Buries the Bank : Jackson Buries the Bank Jackson took federal deposits out of the bank: Bleed it dry… “Pet Banks”: state banks into which Jackson deposited the federal funds he withdrew from the Second National Bank in 1833 PROBLEM: The money “Pet Banks” lent out led to land speculation in the West! What is Speculation (in business)? : What is Speculation (in business)? SPECULATION: making risky transactions: engaging in financial transactions that are risky but also potentially profitable SO WHAT THEN IS OVERSPECULATION?? Wildcat Banks : Wildcat Banks WHAT: Fly-by-night banking operations that plagued the West and South during the 1800s. PROBLEMS: highly unstable because: they were impermanent printed their own unregulated paper money and had almost no solid credit. RESULT: They flooded the states with paper money which caused inflation to rise! Financial panics, as in 1819 and 1837, caused many of these banks to go bankrupt. The Specie Circular : The Specie Circular WHO: issued by President Jackson WHEN: July 11, 1836 WHAT: required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie (gold or silver WHY: The economy was expanding (artificially) because states were printing so much money “Wildcat” currency became so unstable RESULT: It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. Contributed to the Panic of 1837. Panic of 1837 : Panic of 1837 WHY: Under Jackson, many state “pet” banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. RESULTS: Many state banks collapsed A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. “Old Hickory” : “Old Hickory” END : END How did Texas become a country? : How did Texas become a country? WHAT: Mexican territory was settled by Stephen Austin (1823) 300 American settlers – 30,000 by 1835 To be Roman Catholic and Mexicanized: Some “GTT” running from the law: GONE TO TEXAS! Americans, greedy for land, continued to want Texas, which US had abandoned to Spain when acquiring Florida 1819 PROBLEMS: Mexico outlawed slavery in 1830, immigration, and local rights EVENTS: Stephen Austin: went to negotiate and was jailed by General Santa Anna in 1833 Texans declared independence in 1836 w/ Sam Houston as commander in chief (Lone Star) Mexican dictator and general Santa Anna led troops against rebelling “Texans” ALAMO (February, 1836): Trapped 200 Texans at Alamo in San Antonio- wiped out GOLIAD (March, 1836): 400 surrounded defeated volunteers, thrown down arms at Goliad butchered by Santa Anna’s Army SAN JACINTO (April, 1836) Invaders numbered 1300 men, Texans 900. Houston Taking advantage of Mexican siesta hour wiped out invading force, captured Santa Anna. RESULTS: Santa Anna agreed to withdraw Mexican troops and to recognize Rio Grande as extreme southwestern boundary of Texas. When released, said agreements were illegal b/c under pressure Andrew Jackson recognizes Texas as a new republic (The Lone Star Republic) 1837 NOT A STATE! WHY? Texas sized problem! : Texas sized problem! Texas petitioned for annexation in 1837 Most volunteers in the Texas revolution were from the South and Southwest OPPOSITION: Antislavery crusaders opposed the annexation of Texas WHY? Bad Hair Day: Whigs : Bad Hair Day: Whigs Be a Hater! (of Andrew Jackson that is) WHAT: formed in 1834 under Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun Thought they were conservative…but really weren’t Supported many reforms: education prisons, asylums temperance abolition of slavery limited westward expansion named after anti-British party during the Revolutionary War era (to go against King Jackson) WHO: claimed to be defenders of the common man Supporters of Clay’s American System Southern states’ righters (offended by Jackson’s response to nullification) Northern industrialists and merchants Evangelical protestants (associated with the Anti-Masonic party) THEY CLAIMED THAT THE DEMOCRATS WERE CORRUPT! Election of 1836 : Election of 1836 The Democrats: Andrew Jackson appointed Martin Van Buren (former Secretary of State) Democrats weren’t very excited because Van Buren wasn’t as commanding as Jackson The Whigs: Decided to enter several candidates (3) Daniel Webster, former general William Henry Harrison, and Hugh Lawson White WHY: In hopes that Martin Van Buren wouldn’t receive a majority of the electoral votes, The election to the House of Representatives. RESULTS: Martin Van Buren won 170-124 (Whigs combined) Although victorious, Martin Van Buren had to deal with a major problem left by Andrew Jackson… END JACKSON : END JACKSON Problems for Van Buren: Panic of 1837 : Problems for Van Buren: Panic of 1837 WHAT: A financial panic leading to failures in: Failures in: Businesses Banks unemployment WHY: Jackson’s economic policies: Bank War – Jackson took money out of the 2nd National Bank and put it into “pet” state banks (their loose lending policies caused inflation) Jackson’s Specie Circular (which required that all land be purchased with hard currency) caused banks to close and prices to drop! Others - Failures of wheat crops, financial troubles in Europe, over-speculation ACTION: Whigs proposed expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, and subsidies for internal improvements President Van Buren and the Democrats: Independent Treasury Bill 1840 – “Divorce Bill” keep federal money in federal vaults not made available to private banks How did Texas become a country? : How did Texas become a country? WHAT: Mexican territory was settled by Stephen Austin (1823) 300 American settlers – 30,000 by 1835 To be Roman Catholic and Mexicanized: Some “GTT” running from the law: GONE TO TEXAS! Americans, greedy for land, continued to want Texas, which US had abandoned to Spain when acquiring Florida 1819 PROBLEMS: Mexico outlawed slavery in 1830, immigration, and local rights EVENTS: Stephen Austin: went to negotiate and was jailed by General Santa Anna in 1833 Texans declared independence in 1836 w/ Sam Houston as commander in chief (Lone Star) Mexican dictator and general Santa Anna led troops against rebelling “Texans” ALAMO (February, 1836): Trapped 200 Texans at Alamo in San Antonio- wiped out GOLIAD (March, 1836): 400 surrounded defeated volunteers, thrown down arms at Goliad butchered by Santa Anna’s Army SAN JACINTO (April, 1836) Invaders numbered 1300 men, Texans 900. Houston Taking advantage of Mexican siesta hour wiped out invading force, captured Santa Anna. RESULTS: Santa Anna agreed to withdraw Mexican troops and to recognize Rio Grande as extreme southwestern boundary of Texas. When released, said agreements were illegal b/c under pressure Andrew Jackson recognizes Texas as a new republic (The Lone Star Republic) 1837 NOT A STATE! WHY? Texas sized problem! : Texas sized problem! Texas petitioned for annexation in 1837 Most volunteers in the Texas revolution were from the South and Southwest OPPOSITION: Antislavery crusaders opposed the annexation of Texas WHY? Caroline Affair, 1837 : Caroline Affair, 1837 WHAT: Some Americans supported Canadian rebels attacking Toronto to stop British rule RESULTS: Britain retaliated burning the Caroline (ship that was aiding rebels) and sending it over Niagara Falls! SIGNIFICANCE: strained British and U.S. relations. Election of 1840:“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign : Election of 1840:“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign WHAT: Democrat Martin Van Buren vs. Whig William “Tippecanoe” Henry Harrison DEMOCRAT INSULTS: Harrison was an old farmer that should be content with a pension, log cabin, and a barrel of hard cider WHIG TACTICS: campaign tactics (propaganda): Unite behind one popular candidate (William “Tippecanoe” Henry Harrison) War hero image (Tippecanoe and Tyler Too…) Log cabin used to show Harrison’s humble beginnings (FALSE) Hard cider, buttons, and hats for voters ISSUES: Poor economy (Panic of 1837), hurt Van Buren RESULT: William “Tippecanoe” Henry Harrison was victorious close popular vote (Landslide - Electoral 234-60) SIGNIFICANCE: America had come full circle and shifted from aristocracy to a democracy of the people (80% turnout)! A strong two party system continued to grow Strong Two-Party System : Strong Two-Party System DEMOCRATS: Liberty of the individual States’ rights federal restraint in social and economic affairs WHIGS Liberty important as well American System (renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements) public schools social reforms: temperance, and eventually abolition of slavery COMMON GROUND: Both parties had a “mass” following Both parties were actually socially and geographically diverse They kept each other in check Slowed down the sectional tension temporarily Politics for the People : Politics for the People TREND: Aristocracy to democracy Common man moved to the middle of the stage Politicians were forced to take the feelings of the public into more careful consideration Aristocratic resentment: “Bipeds of the forest” Tyranny of “King Numbers” William Henry Harrison : William Henry Harrison WHO: 9th President (1 Term – only part, he died in office!) PARTY – Whigs TRIVIA: First president to die in office (8,000 word, 2 hour inaugural address in damp, snowy, cold w/o a coat!) – his death eventually led to the death of the Whig Party!! His father Benjamin Harrison signed the Declaration of Independence End Chapter 10 AMSCO : End Chapter 10 AMSCO War Hero : War Hero HOW: Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 served as a soldier Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 – Governor of Indiana territory, he fought and defeated Tecumseh’s brother! WHAT: Became a hero and leading Tecumseh to side with the British during the War of 1812! Harrison as president… : Harrison as president… Whig beliefs – strong federal government to build unified country. A puppet?: He was sick and Henry Clay seemed to be running the country! PROBLEM – Pneumonia ended Harrison and Tyler believed more in state’s rights! Medical treatment included heated suction cups snakes! Slide 64: Snakes and suction cups? I thought I was supposed to have a log cabin and a barrel of hard cider! Tyler - Trivia : Tyler - Trivia His Accidency…ha, ha! First president to have a veto over-ridden First impeachment attempted! – Abuse of the veto, but the impeachment attempt failed! John Tyler: Was he a Whig or what? : John Tyler: Was he a Whig or what? PROBLEM: Hurt the Whigs (he was added to the ticket to because he didn’t like the Democrats or Andrew Jackson) b/c he didn’t actually like Whig policies (strong federal government) he was a state’s righter! Henry Clay did not like him! – He was wanted to use the federal government to build a strong country (federal over state) - Think American System! Harrison followed Clay’s ideas, Tyler DID NOT! TYLER BELIEVED : in states rights; federal government was a threat to individual freedom; a strong federal government would outlaw slavery! 3rd National Bank? : 3rd National Bank? WHAT: Clay proposed a bill for a 3rd National Bank twice. Tyler vetoed it both times (angering his party)! – his cabinet resigned (except Secretary of State Daniel Webster – too busy) RESULTS – The Whigs disowned John Tyler (first president to serve w/o a party)! The Whigs attempted to impeach him (first president to have that happen) but it failed! Aroostook War 1838, 1839 : Aroostook War 1838, 1839 WHAT – argument between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine. a local border dispute! The only war ever declared by a state! CAUSE – Canadian lumberjacks kicked out of disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials RESULT – Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states. First success for Tyler’s administration! Annexation of Texas : Annexation of Texas CONTROVERSY Texans wanted to become part of the U.S., but Jackson and Van Buren were worried about igniting the slavery debate TROUBLE Texans thinking about talking to the British! HOW: John Tyler negotiated a secret treaty w/ Texas but the Senate rejected it b/c it glorified slavery (written by John C. Calhoun) RESULT Texas was annexed in 1845 after James K. Polk was elected on a campaign based on expansion of the nation’s borders! Election of 1844 : Election of 1844 WHO: Tyler thrown out of the party, Henry Clay v. James K. Polk (Young Hickory, the Dark Horse) WHIGS – Henry Clay – said he wanted Texas but it could wait (flip-flop) DEMOCRATS – James K. Polk - dark horse candidate from Tennessee (“Young Hickory”) he was sponsored by Andrew Jackson (supported expansion). MAJOR CAMPAIGN ISSUE: Expansion RESULT: James K. Polk won John Tyler (as lame duck President) believed that America had voted for expansion so a joint resolution of congress annexed (made it a part of the U.S.) Texas in 1845! FIRST MAJOR WAVE OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION : FIRST MAJOR WAVE OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION WHEN – 1830-1860, We start to become a “melting pot”! WHAT – 2 major groups - Northern (Irish) and Western (Germans) Europeans 3 million total WHO: Irish (1,300,000) – escaping a potato famine and crop failures; most settled in NE port cities like NY, Boston, and Philadelphia (didn’t have money to buy land and move west)! Germans (940,000) – left b/c of political persecutions, fewer opportunities; most settled in the Midwest b/c they typically had more money The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869 : The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869 Oregon Fever!, 1843 : Oregon Fever!, 1843 WHAT: settlers moved out for the opportunity to occupy Oregon. HOW: Oregon Trail - 2,000 mile trail from Independence, Missouri through Indian Territory to Oregon “Prairie Schooners” – Covered Wagons took 6 months (about 12 miles a day) WHY: “Log Cabin” Bill (success for Tyler in working w/Whigs) enabled a settler to claim 160 acres of land before it was offered publicly for sale, and later pay $1.25 an acre for it. Edgar Allen Poe : Edgar Allen Poe WHAT: first detective story (but didn’t get rich)! Trivia : Trivia “Young Hickory” – first “dark horse” candidate in U.S. presidential election history! First president to have inauguration reported by telegraph! First president to govern a U.S. that extended from ocean to ocean (think Oregon Treaty!) MAJOR EXPANSIONIST! – he even used the military to support “Manifest Destiny” (Texas, Oregon, and he Mexican Cession) Manifest Destiny : Manifest Destiny WHAT: “It’s our God-given right to spread from NY to California”! Phrase commonly used in the 1840's and 1850's. It became a belief that expressed the inevitableness of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific. WHEN: First used by John L. Sullivan in 1845 article about the annexation of Texas Overland Immigration to the West : Overland Immigration to the West Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trek westward. The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869 : The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869 The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! : The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British-U.S. occupation ended in 1846. Oregon Treaty of 1846 : Oregon Treaty of 1846 WHY: started by argument over Oregon Country w/Britain! SITUATION: Remember, we had joint occupation of Oregon Country w/ British since the Treaty of 1818! Spanish California border - 42 degrees north latitude, Russian border - 54’40 north latitude (Oregon country in between!) Polk’s campaign slogan “54’40 or fight” meant fight w/British for Oregon! PROBLEM SOLVED: Polk compromised w/ Britain WHAT: U.S./Canadian boundary at 49th parallel! RESULT: People in the Northwest upset, thought a war with Mexico would be favoritism toward the South! Polk first president to rule country from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans Trails Westward : Trails Westward Mexican-American War 1846-1848 : Mexican-American War 1846-1848 Polk’s first attempt to get California - The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845 : Polk’s first attempt to get California - The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845 Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border. US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt. US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000. US would buy California at a maximum of $25,000,000. RESULT: Mexico wouldn’t listen to him! John Slidell Polk wanted California so… : Polk wanted California so… He wanted to go to war with Mexico because Unpaid claims Slidell’s rejection INSTEAD: He sent General Zachary Taylor into the disputed area between the Nueces River and Rio Grande River. Perhaps this would give him war… General Zachary Taylor : General Zachary Taylor WHAT: Ordered by James Polk to occupy the disputed area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. RESULT: Mexican forces attacked starting the Mexican-American War HERO: Zachary Taylor became a war hero by befeating the Mexicans at Buena Vista “Old Rough and Ready” Spot Resolutions : Spot Resolutions WHAT: Congressman Abraham Lincoln demanded to know which spot exactly on American soil soldiers where killed. The Mexican War (1846-1848) : The Mexican War (1846-1848) The Bombardment of Vera Cruz : The Bombardment of Vera Cruz General Scott Enters Mexico City : General Scott Enters Mexico City WHAT: Veteran of the War of 1812 Battled his way from Vera Cruz to Mexico City under harsh conditions Took over Mexico City RESULT: He became a hero! Zachary Taylor was upset b/c he felt that he opened the door to Mexico and should have been the one to go in! “Old Fuss and Feathers” The Bear Flag Republic : The Bear Flag Republic John C. Frémont - Helped capture California from Mexico during the Mexican-American War The Revolt June 14, 1845 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 : Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 Nicholas Trist,helped American negotiate the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 : Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 WHAT: Basically forced on Mexico! Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000) The Mexican Cession : The Mexican Cession Under Franklin Pierce the Expansionist… : Under Franklin Pierce the Expansionist… MANIFEST DESTINY: Compromise of 1850 closed most of Mexican Cession to slavery William Walker – Nicaragua (1856) led an expedition to conquer it and appointed himself president! He was later executed by the Honduran government! Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) Neither America or Britain would fortify or secure any canal in Central America Commodore Mathew Perry: After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) opening some ports to America Helps to end Japanese isolation Cuba: Coveted by the South Attacked by private southern adventurers Ostend Manifesto – top secret dispatch urged administration to offer $120 million for Cuba and to take it by force if Spain resisted It angered people in the north! Gadsen Purchase : Gadsen Purchase WHEN: 1853 WHAT: U.S. purchased this for $10 million WHY: It was part of the proposed southern transcontinental railroad route! The Doomed Donner Party : The Doomed Donner Party April, 1846 – April, 1847 The Doomed Donner Party : The Doomed Donner Party James Reed & Wife Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California! CANNIBALISM ! ! END : END Westward Movement : Westward Movement “Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond.” -Ralph Waldo Emerson 1850 – ½ of population was under 30 Pioneer Life: Miserable Ruggedly individualistic, uninformed, superstitious, provincial Disease, depression, and premature death Women Loneliness from seclusion Men This ain’t WWE Wrestling! Community and Government Barn Raising, log rolling, internal improvements “Shaping” the West : “Shaping” the West Kentucky bluegrass – burned cane fields become pasture “Rendezvous” system: traders from St. Louis would meet trappers and indians and swap manufactured goods for beaver pelts buffalo robes West Coast – Sea otter pelts RESULTS: virtual extinction of the beaver, buffalo, and sea otter “Ecological imperialism” But wait…we respect the beauty : But wait…we respect the beauty Growing appreciation of nature and the American wilderness unique unspoiled (not yet) inspired literature and painting RESULT: Conservation Movement George Catlin: Painter, studied Native American life Observed the Sioux Indians of South Dakota Proposed a national park NOT YET… Got Pop? : Got Pop? By 1860: 33 states 4th largest country in the world Urban Growth: 1790 – cities over 20,000: 1860 over 43! Problems: Slums, crime, bad water, sewage, rats, poor garbage disposal Mosquitoes love cisterns and wells…and you WHY ALL THE GROWTH? High birth rate, Immigration, improvements in medicine Coming to America… : Coming to America… WHY: Freedom from aristocratic government Freedom of religion Opportunity (land and jobs) “America Letters”: Letters from Immigrants to their relatives in Europe describing great opportunities in America Faster travel available – Transoceanic steamboats – 10 to 12 days instead of weeks A Land of Opportunity: First Wave of Immigration : A Land of Opportunity: First Wave of Immigration WHEN: 1830-1860 WHO: Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe (Irish and Germans) IRISH: (2 million from 1830-1860) potato famine in Ireland killed (2 million dead) mostly Catholic too poor to buy property when they arrived in America mostly moved to cities (Boston and New York) resented by American workers, Protestants and older stock became kitchen maids, railroad workers, coal miners treated poorly (NINA), yet often resented blacks GRADUAL CHANGES: worked to save money and eventually bought land Became involved in politics (spoils system helped them gain positions in cities) policemen, “paddy wagons” Irish vote becomes important to politicians A Land of Opportunity: First Wave of Immigration : A Land of Opportunity: First Wave of Immigration Germans – (1.5 million from 1830-1860) Uprooted farmers, political refugees crop failures, little land fled wars and tyrants of Europe became strong isolationists many supported abolition of slavery possessed more material goods than Irish mostly settled in Midwest Wisconsin, farms Conestoga wagons, Kentucky rifle, Christmas trees, and bier better educated than many Americans supported public schools (Kindergarten) Know Something about Native Americans? : Know Something about Native Americans? Anti-foreignism Nativists: feared influx of immigrants feared growth of Roman Catholics Growth in Catholic schools to save them from Protestant “indoctrination” “Know Nothing” Party Students in Mr. Bihler’s 5th and 6th period A.P. classes Came from the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849 wanted: Restrictions on immigration and naturalization Promoted anti-foreign literature Stronger deportation laws Violence: Many churches burned, threats Good economy led to less tension Immigrants supplied America with the workers necessary to fuel the Industrial Revolution Slide 109: What is the Industrial Revolution? A shift from human and animal power to steam and electricity… : A shift from human and animal power to steam and electricity… A shift from making goods by hand to making them with machine Industrial Revolution : Industrial Revolution WHEN: 1750 WHERE: Britain WHAT: A shift from human and animal power to steam and electricity and A shift from making goods by hand to making them with machine series of machines to speed up textile production eventually transformed agriculture, transportation, and communication Why Britain and not America? : Why Britain and not America? Land was cheap (many people had access to it for the first time) Labor scarce (until when?) Money in pioneering America for industry not as common Raw materials – undeveloped, undiscovered, or unsuspected America didn’t have a big enough domestic market Cutthroat British Businesses had experience Britain enjoyed a monopoly on machines Stolen Industry: Samuel Slater : Stolen Industry: Samuel Slater WHO: Samuel Slater WHAT: He memorized the workings of machines in British textile factories Creates first spinning machines in America (1791) “Father of the Factory System” Eli Whitney : Eli Whitney WHAT: Inventor of the cotton gin (1793) how long? Separates seeds from cotton 50 times faster Inventor of interchangeable parts Manufactured firearms, experimented w/standardized parts New parts didn’t have to be “made” RESULT: Entrenched slavery in South because more cotton could be produced, hence more slaves were needed revolutionized both southern agriculture and northern manufacturing (why industry in North?) Interchangeable parts eventually led to assembly line Also gave Union an advantage in the Civil War Manufacturing in the U.S. : Manufacturing in the U.S. Embargo Act, Non-intercourse Act, War of 1812 Helped grow industry POST WAR of 1812: Britain dumped cheap goods on America 150 mills in one RI district closed 1st protective tariff passed (Tariff of 1816) New England INDUSTRY– stony soil, dense labor pop., shipping, good ports, rivers FREE ENTERPRISE: Laws of “free incorporation” passed in New York in 1848 “limited liability” Helps encourage business investment Yes, I love technology : Yes, I love technology 1800 – 306 patents 1860 – 28,000 patents Can you sew? : Can you sew? WHAT: Sewing machine, 1846 foundation of clothing industry WHO: Elias Howe, perfected by Isaac Singer RESULTS: Seamstresses and tailors were forced to look for work in factories TREND: skilled to unskilled labor “What hath God wrought?” - Communication Revolution : “What hath God wrought?” - Communication Revolution WHO: Samuel F.B. Morse WHAT: invention of the telegraph in 1835 ($30,000 from gov.) Morse code system FACT: 1st transatlantic cable laid in 1858 (Cyrus Field) EFFECT: Connected developing business world enabled rapid communication between the United States and Europe Slide 119: ..-. Pony Express : Pony Express WHEN: 1860 WHAT: Missouri to California Stations 10 miles apart Took 10 days Only missed 1 trip! Lasted only 18 months You think you’ve got it bad… : You think you’ve got it bad… Vast numbers of poor lived in the slums, packed into tenement buildings. No running water No sewage or sanitation system GOT DEATH? - Diseases spread rapidly LABOR UNIONS – criminal conspiracy 1820 – ½ workers under the age of ten! Change or… : Change or… REFORM: Age of Jackson was…? Age of common man many workers gave votes to the Democrats Fought for: Ten hour day, higher wages, better working conditions Methods of protest: Strikes Scabs, rats Unions Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842 Unions not illegal conspiracies if their methods were honorable and peaceful! Eventual change: 1840 – Ten hour day for federal employees on public works projects A worker hauling coal up a mine shaft : A worker hauling coal up a mine shaft Night Refuge for children after a 16 hour work day : Night Refuge for children after a 16 hour work day Women and the Economy? : Women and the Economy? Pre-indusrty - Women’s work: Spinning, weaving, soap, candles, butter, and cheese Changes: Factories crank these goods out Women start working in factories Lowell Mills Other opportunities: Nursing, teaching, and domestic servants Marriage: From factory to the “cult of domesticity”! Drop in the fertility rate “Modern” Family – small, affectionate, child centered Lowell-Waltham System : Lowell-Waltham System WHEN: 1823 WHO: Francis Cabot Lowell WHAT: Factory town used the power loom and related machinery to combine all the steps in the production of cloth under a single roof recruited young single women from the surrounding countryside What effect does industry have on farming in the West? : What effect does industry have on farming in the West? Shift from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture! John Deere First to produce steel plow that could be pulled by horses, 1837 WHO ELSE?... Cyrus McCormick : Cyrus McCormick WHEN: 1831 WHAT: invented mechanical mower-reaper EFFECT: enabled profitable (commercial agriculture) wheat farming in the West I.R.: Transportation Revolution : I.R.: Transportation Revolution Roads Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs Lancaster Turnpike, Pennsylvania Cumberland Road (1811-1852) - National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois (591 miles) First national road Clipper Ships 1840’s and 1850’s Long narrow sailing ships that held a small cargo They could outrun early steamships Steamboats Robert Fulton – the Clermont in 1807, on the Hudson River Helped make shipping faster and cheaper Doubled rivers carrying capacity From 1 to 10 mph IF YOU’RE A FARMER, WHAT ARE YOU THINKING? The Canal Boom : The Canal Boom WHAT: “Clinton’s Big Ditch”: Erie Canal first transportation link between Eastern cities and Western farms, 1817-1825 RESULTS: Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically 1 ton of grain from Buffalo to New York fell from $100 to $5 Time fell from 20 days to 6 EFFECTS: Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City Long term growth of the Midwest The “Iron Horse” : The “Iron Horse” WHEN: First railroad in USA 1828 WHY: wasn’t limited by geography like canals were FACTS: Early railroads were: dangerous and unreliable Slowed by gauge differences 1828: No rails, 1860: over 30,000 miles of rails The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture : The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture HOW: Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer Sale to distant markets involves farmers use of credit WHAT: Market stimulates specialization Ohio Valley produces wheat Lower South produces cotton The Market Revolution : The Market Revolution WHAT: rapid development of manufacturing and improved farming shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming shift to continental/worlwide economy CAUSES: American inventors transformed the U.S. economy with new innovations (transportation revolution) Commercial Revolution : Commercial Revolution WHAT: Shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing How: Farmers borrow on future crops Use of credit stimulates banking State banks increase after 1812 Emergence of a Market Economy : Emergence of a Market Economy Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturers Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial agriculture A Revolution in Transportation : A Revolution in Transportation Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal waterways After the War of 1812 political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s transportation network Slide 138: Webster-Ashburton Treaty An 1842 treaty between the United States and Britain that established a permanent border between Maine and Canada after the Aroostook War. Slide 139: Universal Manhood Suffrage The extension of voting rights to nearly every white American male during the antebellum period. In the early United States, men had had to meet certain property-ownership and literacy qualifications in order to vote, but during the 1830s and 1840s, more and more states eliminated these restrictions. As more men in the poorer classes were able to vote, the Democrats received a huge boost in popularity. Roads and Steamboats (2) : Roads and Steamboats (2) Network of rivers encourage economic development Flatboats transport down river early Steamboats transport upriver after 1811 Upriver capabilities reduce costs Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to establish safety regulations Oberlin College : Oberlin College Antoinette Louisa Brown was the first American woman ordained as minister. She was born May 20, 1825 in Henrietta, New York, U.S.A. and later attended Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio. Oberlin was the first coeducational school to grant college degrees to women and to accept students of all races. Women, however, were expected to clean rooms, wash clothes and serve food for the male students. While studying at Oberlin College Brown met and became lifelong friends with Lucy Stone, a suffragist and an abolitionist. In 1847 Brown finished the literary course taken by most women. She encountered serious objections from the faculty when she then decided to study theology. They did not think it an appropriate field of study for a woman. However, the school charter decreed that no student could be excluded on the basis of sex, so Brown prevailed and finished the theological course in 1850. The Oberlin College faculty, however, refused to award her a college degree and she did not receive a license to preach. The degree was eventually awarded to her twenty eight years later. “Domestic Virtues” : “Domestic Virtues” Catharine Beecher (1800-1878) Sarah Hale : Sarah Hale Women’s rights advocate Bell Ringer : Bell Ringer What was the “Corrupt Bargain”? Why was John Quincy Adams a misfit for the times in the White House? How was Mudslinging involved in the Election of 1828