APUS MAIN UNIT 2 Chp 5 2011-2012 UPLOAD

Chapter 5 AMSCO: 

Chapter 5 AMSCO The American Revolution

Suffolk Resolves: 

Suffolk Resolves WHERE: Massachusetts WHAT: declared that the colonies need not obey the 1774 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties. RESULT: Endorsed by the First Continental Congress

First Continental Congress (Sept – Oct) 1774: 

First Continental Congress (Sept – Oct) 1774 All colonies except Georgia sent representatives to Philadelphia (7 weeks) (55 Delegates) John Adams, George Washington, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry Patrick Henry drafted the Virginia Resolutions in 1765 stating colonists could be only taxed by their own assemblies “Give me liberty or give me death!” (eventually persuaded Virginia into the Revolution in 1775) Acts were a threat to their SELF-GOVERNMENT! “Give me an A Or give me an F!”

1st Continental Congress - ACTIONS: 

1 st Continental Congress - ACTIONS CALLED FOR: (adopted Suffolk Resolves ) immediate repeal of the Intolerable Acts and urged boycotts of English goods drafted declaration of rights and grievances Please King…make this right! “ The Association ”: Complete boycott – non-importation, non-exportation, non-consumption “Chickens squawked and tar kettles bubbled…” Called for another congress in May of 1775 if rights weren't recognized

A Midnight Ride… April 18, 1775: 

A Midnight Ride… April 18, 1775 King George III to 1 st Continental Congress: ignored the colonial pleas declared they were in rebellion sent additional troops to maintain order Lexington and Concord: British troops marched to Concord to seize colonial arms/supplies Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott rode to Lexington and Concord to warn the colonists "The regulars are out!" Time to put the smack down! The Campus Supervisors are coming!

Lexington and Concord, April 1775: 

Lexington and Concord, April 1775 WHAT : The shots heard round the world… REDCOATS JOB : To seize gunpowder Arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams MINUTEMEN (colonial militia): met the redcoats in Lexington on the village green Shots were fired and the minutemen retreated (8 killed) Back up minutemen arrived after the Redcoats moved to Concord RETREAT: Redcoats forced to march back to Boston under heavy fire Final tally: Minutemen: 50 killed, 9 wounded Redcoats: 73 killed, 174 wounded

Bunker Hill – June 1775: 

Bunker Hill – June 1775 Bunker Hill : Colonial militia fortified a hill in Boston, called Breed’s Hill Colonists were running low on ammunition “the whites of their eyes” The British won after suffering severe losses Colonists shot 92 officers, 1000 attackers and suffered only 370 casualties! SIGNIFICANCE: Colonists claimed victory b/c of heavy British loses!

Second Continental Congress - May 1775: 

Second Continental Congress - May 1775 WHERE: Met in Philadelphia WHAT: Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms: George Washington (political pick, why?) named Commander-in-Chief of a new colonial army American Navy and Marine Corps. organized Olive Branch Petition July, 1775 final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances “We are loyal yo!” King: declared the colonies in rebellion, ordered all trade stopped Hired “Hessians” – German mercenaries

Thomas Paine: 

Thomas Paine Colonial reluctance: Many were loyal or just plain scared Thomas Paine: Published a popular and widely read pamphlet calling for American Independence entitled “ Common Sense ” He wrote that it was common sense that a large continent should NOT be ruled by a small island Why should a people be loyal to a king and government who were corrupt?

What famous document contains these “enlightened” principles?: 

What famous document contains these “enlightened” principles?

Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776: 

Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Set up by: Richard Henry Lee’s motion (6/7/1776) that “…these united colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states.” Written by: Thomas Jefferson “all men are created equal” Men have rights which cannot be taken away: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Colonies: “are and of right ought to be free and independent states” Provided Rationale: Listed reasons why America was separating from England so the world would understand why they created a new country Invite assistance from other British colonies and the rest of the world Rally resistance at home

The Revolutionary War 1775 – 1783: 

The Revolutionary War 1775 – 1783

Patriots (Whigs): 

Patriots (Whigs) 1/3 rd of Americans were “Patriots” who wanted to create a new nation Most from New England and Virginia Eventually - 5,000 African-Americans! Served in either: colonial army constantly short of supplies and poorly paid state militias

Loyalists (Tories): 

Loyalists (Tories) 1/3 rd of Americans were “Loyal” to British Also called “Tories” Mostly conservatives, city-dwellers, and Anglican They fought w/ British supplied them with food and arms LOYALIST STRONGHOLDS: New York, New Jersey, and Georgia were probably majority loyalist

British Advantages: 

British Advantages Population: 3 to 1 Bigger army – Loyalists, Hessians, Native Americans, African Americans Monetary wealth: Had money to hire “Hessians” (30,000 German mercenaries) Naval power: Most powerful navy in the world I’m losing my head because of this A.P. Class!

British Disadvantages: 

British Disadvantages Distance: 3,000 miles! Geography: Broad expanse (1,000 by 600 miles) tough to conquer Other potential problems: Ireland France (bitter from defeat) Poor, inefficient government Lord North (yes man) British sentiment: Didn’t want to kill their cousins George III might become more powerful British military in America: Second rate generals Miserable conditions for soldiers Lack of good provisions (15 year biscuit)

Colonial Advantages: 

Colonial Advantages Leadership : George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette Defensive war : Colonists new the land Agriculture : Self-sufficient Cause : Moral advantage of believing in a just cause

Colonial Disadvantages: 

Colonial Disadvantages Disorganization : Lacked solid unity States rights v. congress (believe they are sovereign) Money : Little metallic money Continental paper money supply inflated (LOW VALUE): Poorly prepared military : Few guns (1 in 12), bows and arrows… Lack of food, (uniforms) clothing, shoes Poorly trained “plowboys” Eventually trained up by German Baron von Steuben Morale : Profits before patriotism: American profiteers sold to the British (they could pay in gold) Only a “select” minority were committed to the cause of independence

African Americans: 

African Americans The British promised freedom to slaves who fought with them: Lord Dunmore’s Ethiopian Regiment : 300 slaves that joined the British Colonel Tye – Became a Captain and helped British fight the patriots Americans eventually did same About 5,000 African Americans fought for the United States Cooks, guides, spies, drivers, and road builders Some in mixed racial units, some in all African-American units

Native Americans: 

Native Americans WHAT: Most Native Americans supported the British WHY: The British promised to limit western settlements when victorious Iroquois Confederation led by Joseph Brant sided with the British when the Americans won the war it destroyed the confederation

First Phase of the War: 

First Phase of the War From 1775 to 1777 the war went bad for the United States Glimmer of hope: Washington crossed the Delaware Christmas, 1776

Valley Forge, Winter 1777-1778: 

Valley Forge, Winter 1777-1778 WHAT: Harsh winter, 2,500 died. Baron von Steuben Drilled Continental Army Whipped them into shape (39-100 lashes) RESULT: Troops more professional Valley Forge a symbol of American heroism!

Major Turning Point: 

Major Turning Point Battle of Saratoga - October of 1777, Americans defeated a British force under General Burgoyne in New York. Significance: proved to France that the Americans could win the war Got foreign powers to provide aid (French, Spanish, Dutch)!

Alliance with France: 

Alliance with France WHY NOT: Louis XVI (an absolute monarch) didn’t want to support any revolution (he feared for his head). WHY: Help the colonists to weaken their enemy: The British! TREATY: France offered up supplies and naval ships

Second Phase of the War: 

Second Phase of the War CHANGE: The British shifted their military to the South lg. number of loyalists in the South Battle of Yorktown Washington trapped Lord Cornwallis on the peninsula of Yorktown and the French navy cut off his escape RESULT: Cornwallis surrendered and the war ended

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown' (1781) by John Trumbull, American artist (1756-1843): 

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown ' (1781) by John Trumbull, American artist (1756-1843)

Treaty of Paris - 1783: 

Treaty of Paris - 1783 BIG PICTURE : It ended the Revolutionary War Britain recognized the U. S. as independent The Mississippi River is new western boundary of the U.S.A. Americans got fishing rights off of the coast of Canada Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and give back Loyalist property seized during the war

Newburgh Conspiracy: 

Newburgh Conspiracy WHEN: 1783 WHAT: Meeting in NY of Continental Army officers to address Congress about their pay. PROBLEM: They considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government. RESULT: Washington’s comments ended any talk of a coup

African Americans in the New Republic: 

African Americans in the New Republic AFRICAN AMERICANS : embrace Declaration’s stress on natural rights demand right to freedom in petitions, suits Northern states gradually abolish slavery Southerners debate abolition some privately free slaves economic motives overcome republican ideals WOMEN : demand the natural right of equality more assertive in divorce, economic life “Republican Motherhood” Bring up good citizens in the new republic denied political and legal rights NATIVE AMERICANS : Lost more territory, pushed further west…

Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher): 

Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher) WHAT: Helped fight after her husband was injured at the Battle of Monmouth, 1778

Deborah Sampson: 

Deborah Sampson WHAT: dressed as a man to join the Continental Army Tended to her own wounds Discovered when she got sick Honorably discharged TRIVIA: Robert Shurtleff

Got Government?: 

Got Government? During Revolution: 13 colonies worked to create new independent governments 2 nd Continental Congress attempted to define the powers of a new central government Articles of Confederation

New state constitutions TRENDS: 

New state constitutions TRENDS WHAT: power in the legislature not the executive WRITTEN CONSTITUTIONS w/list of RIGHTS! Separation of powers: Executive, legislative, and judicial Voting qualifications: White, male, property owners  Office Holders Had higher property qualifications

Articles of Confederation: 

Articles of Confederation WHO: proposed by John Dickinson WHEN: Adopted in 1777 after states gave up western land claims WHAT: First government of USA STRUCTURE: Unicameral legislature POWERS: Wage war, make treaties, send diplomats, borrow money PROBLEMS: Couldn’t regulate trade or collect taxes! 9 out of 13 votes needed to pass laws Unanimous vote to amend (make changes) No power to enforce laws!

Articles of Confederation: successes: 

Articles of Confederation: successes Successes : Won the Revolutionary war! Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance, 1787

Northwest Ordinance -1787: 

Northwest Ordinance -1787 Creates 3-5 new territories in Northwest Population of 5,000 may elect Assembly Population of 60,000 may petition for statehood Bill of Rights provided Slavery outlawed

Land Ordinance of 1785: 

Land Ordinance of 1785 A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.

Articles of Confederation (post Revolution) : 

Articles of Confederation (post Revolution) Foreign Problems: States failed to pay debts and restore property to Loyalists Weak government couldn’t stop: British restrictions on trade British never left western frontier (kept military forts) Economy Problems: reduced foreign trade, limited credit no power to tax (under weak Articles)! states competed with each other! inflation (too much printed money)

Shays’ Rebellion 1786-1787 (winter): 

Shays’ Rebellion 1786-1787 (winter) Who : Led by Captain Daniel Shays What : Uprising against - high state taxes imprisonment for debt Lack of paper money Where : Shays led 2000 rebels to Springfield, MA to storm the arsenal

“Have We Fought for This?”: 

“Have We Fought for This?” By 1785 the country seemed adrift Washington: “Was it with these expectations that we launched into a sea of trouble?”

Thomas Jefferson, Letter to James Madison, from Paris, Jan. 30, 1787 : 

Thomas Jefferson, Letter to James Madison, from Paris, Jan. 30, 1787 “I hold it that a little rebellion now and then is a good thing, and as necessary in the political world as storms in the physical. Unsuccessful rebellions, indeed, generally establish the encroachments on the rights of the people which have produced them. An observation of this truth should render honest republican governors so mild in their punishment of rebellions as not to discourage them too much. It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of the government."

Lessons learned from Shay’s Rebellion: 

Lessons learned from Shay’s Rebellion Moral : The federal government too weak to help Boston remove the rebels The Articles of Confederation weren’t working effectively. Crisis strengthens support for new central government

END CHAPTER 5 AMSCO: 

END CHAPTER 5 AMSCO