APUS MAIN UNIT 2 AMSCO Chp 4 2011-2012 UPLOAD

Chapter 4 AMSCO: 

Chapter 4 AMSCO Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest

Chapter 4 - THEME:: 

Chapter 4 - THEME: Between 1763 and 1776, British attempts to exert control over the colonies led to violent, organized, successful resistance.

Deep Roots of the American Revolution…: 

Deep Roots of the American Revolution… Republicanism – a just society in which citizens gave up for the common good. stability of society and the authority of government depended on the VIRTUOUS citizens. " Radical Whigs “ – LIBERALS a group of British political commentators warned against corruption. DISTANCE: “ Rags to riches ” – possibility of changing their own destiny Property ownership, political participation is normal

Regulator Movement in the Carolinas: 

Regulator Movement in the Carolinas WHAT: South Carolina PROBLEM: groups of vigilantes who organized to fight outlaw bands along the Western frontier in 1767-1769 SOLUTION: They fought an opposing group called the “moderators” in 1769. Later called vigilantes RESULT: stopped when regular courts were established in the backcountry North Carolina PROBLEM: Backcountry population elected only 17 of 78 assemblymen yet made up over half the population SOLUTION: Regulators refused to pay taxes Wanted the secret ballot, fixed salaries for public officials, and land tax instead of a poll tax Fought against the state militia and lost SIGNIFICANCE: Example of class tensions (rich v. poor)

Mercantilism: 

Mercantilism WHAT: Goal to get more gold and silver=power HOW: Export more than you import Get colonies for raw materials and markets EFFECT: Competition leads to conflicts between European powers King William’s War (1689-1697), Queen Anne’s War1702-1713), King George’s War (1744-1748), and The Seven Years War (1754-1763) aka French and Indian War SIGNIFICANCE: Changes in British policy lead to the American Revolution

The Seven Years War: 

The Seven Years War a.k.a The French and Indian War Fought in North America - 1754-1763 Started when George Washington fought with French troops in Ohio Country (Fort Necessity) Ben Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union (1754): British colonies work together militarily and economically (defense against France) “Join or Die” Delegates voted for it, colonies turned it down Early defeat Braddock’s Blunder – 2000 Defeated by smaller French and Indian army near Fort Duquesne (George Washington was a volunteer) 72 French, 146 Canadians, and 637 Indians killed or wounded 977 of the 1,850 British forces Victory: British (under Prime Minister William Pitt) finally victorious by capturing the fortress of Lewisburg and the cities of Quebec and Montreal Treaty of Paris officially ends war, 1763

Treaty of Paris, 1763: 

Treaty of Paris, 1763 WHAT: ended the French and Indian War in America (Seven Years’ War in Europe) RESULTS: Britain got French Canada Britain got French lands east of Mississippi River. Britain gave Cuba to Spain in exchange for Florida. French gave Spain its western claims and Louisiana

Change in views as a result of French and Indian War: 

Change in views as a result of French and Indian War British View: COLONISTS poorly trained some unwilling and unable to contribute Colonial View: proud of their record gained confidence BRITISH poor leadership

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763): 

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) WHO: Chief Pontiac UNITED tribes on western frontier WHAT: major attack against western settlements goal: stop westward movement RESULTS: Forts and settlements from NY to Virginia destroyed British used regular troops – not colonial militia

Results: The French and Indian War: 

Results: The French and Indian War British gained: all French lands east of the Mississippi River Top naval power in world! BIG DEBT: 140,000 Pounds! American colonials gained: confidence in their own abilities Ottawa Chief Pontiac’s unsuccessful rebellion (1763) Convinced British to continue stationing (10,000) troops in North America Paxton Boys : A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians (1763). resented paying taxes to distant gov. that provided few benefits easterners viewed the west as a backwoods With foreign threats gone: colonists unwilling to pay taxes for British protection resented Britain’s authority over them Colonists upset over Proclamation of 1763

Proclamation of 1763: 

Proclamation of 1763 WHAT : British prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains: To stabilize the western frontier To not antagonize the Indians EFFECT : angered the colonists wanted to reap the benefits in western lands Colonists defied the imaginary boundary line and moved west!

Molasses Act - 1733: 

Molasses Act - 1733 WHAT : taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. 6 pence per gallon, colonists paid bribe of 1 pence to get it certified British RESULT: angered the New England colonies imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade British had difficulty enforcing the tax most colonial merchants ignored it.

“Salutary Neglect”: 

“ Salutary Neglect ” Before: (French and Indian War) the British exercised little direct control over the colonies The British government was lax in enforcing the Navigation Acts

THE END OF SALUTARY NEGLECT: New Revenues and Regulations: 

THE END OF SALUTARY NEGLECT: New Revenues and Regulations Molasses Act - 1733 Sugar Act -1764 Currency Act - 1764 Quartering Act – 1765 Stamp Act – 1765 Declaratory Act – 1766 Revenue Act - 1766 Townshend Acts – 1767 Britain argued that these policies were reasonable and just. WHY? AFTER 1763 !

Quebec Act - 1774: 

Quebec Act - 1774 After the French and Indian War, “salutary neglect” ended and the British increased control over it’s colonies Be sure to provide an accurate description for each of the following acts Also, identify and explain the ways in which colonists protested each

Prime Minister George Grenville (1763-1765): 

Prime Minister George Grenville (1763-1765) Time to put the smack down, yo!

Sugar Act - 1764: 

Sugar Act - 1764 WHO : Prime Minister George Grenville Purpose : to raise money for the crown for defense stricter enforcement of Navigation Acts aimed to stop smuggling What : dropped existing tax on foreign-produced sugar to 3 pence, but led to strict enforcement encouraged use of vice-admiralty courts

Currency Act, 1764: 

Currency Act, 1764 WHAT: Forbade colonists to issue paper money Duties paid in specie (gold or silver) PROBLEM: wartime had inflicted a currency shortage ALL THE GOLD WENT TO PAY TAXES! WHY: When colonies printed more money, inflation occurred (more of something lowers the value because it is more common)

Quartering Act - 1765: 

Quartering Act - 1765 What : ordered colonial assemblies to provide food (beer), candles, and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies Public buildings (taverns, village greens) EFFECT: created resentment Got Acts?? Got Protest??

Stamp Act - 1765: 

Stamp Act - 1765 PURPOSE : raise revenue (money) WHAT : Required a stamp on most printed paper in the colonies Ex: legal documents, pamphlets, and advertisements (even playing cards and dice) 1 st direct tax : collected from those who used the goods PEOPLE DON”T LIKE CHANGE: Colonists used to paying indirect taxes (paid by merchants)

Stamp Act Argument: 

Stamp Act Argument Colonists protested : Legislation… OK Taxes… NO WAY! “No Taxation Without Representation” Patrick Henry, House of Burgesses James Otis, Massachusetts Was this a fair plea? Crown’s answer… “Virtual Representation” – …without representation No taxation…

Virginia Resolves, 1765: 

Virginia Resolves, 1765 WHO: Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses WHAT: to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament’s right to tax the colonies. WHY: To protest the Stamp Act EFFECT: They persuaded other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions. "Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and George III may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it."

Stamp Act Congress: 

Stamp Act Congress STARTED BY: James Otis (Mass.) WHAT: Representatives (27) from nine colonies convened in New York (1765). “Please repeal the Stamp Act” ARGUED: external taxes were ok, but argued that only colonial legislatures had the authority to tax the colonists RESULT: step toward unity No taxation…

Sons and Daughters of Liberty: 

Sons and Daughters of Liberty Radical protest groups formed: Sons and Daughters of Liberty - formed to intimidate tax agents: burned customs houses tarred and feathered revenue officials hung and burned effigies of stamp agents incited riots Some leaders: Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, and John Adams RESULTS: British machinery for collecting taxes is “broken”

Stamp Act Boycotts: 

Stamp Act Boycotts Non-importation agreements : Boycotts (refusal to buy British goods) had the most lasting impact Colonists didn’t buy items shipped from Britain but bought American goods instead Allowed everyday people to participate Petitions, spinning bees RESULTS super successful!, hit’em where it hurts

Results of Stamp Act Protests: 

Results of Stamp Act Protests London Merchants hurt Colonists bought ¼ of all British exports ½ of British shipping devoted to colonial trade 3 things that ended the Stamp Act Crisis! Declaratory Act of 1766 Stamp Act repealed in 1766 PROBLEM: 7.5 million Britons paid heavy tax colonial defense 2 million colonists refused to pay for only third of the cost for their defense

Declaratory Act - 1766: 

Declaratory Act - 1766 Declaratory Act : Stated Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever” A “line in the sand”… Do it now! Why, because I told you so…

The Townshend Acts - 1767: 

The Townshend Acts - 1767 What : An INDIRECT tax on colonial imports of tea, glass, paper, lead, and paint PROBLEM: Money used to pay crown’s officials in colonies crown’s officials had been paid by the colonial assemblies Writs of assistance general search warrants that allowed the search of private homes Let’s change our strategy…they’ll pay!

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer: 

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer WHAT: 12 letters published by John Dickinson against Townshend Act Parliament could regulate commerce BUT: colonies had power over their own internal affairs taxes for raising revenue, rather than regulating trade, were a violation of English law. EFFECT: inspired anti-British sentiment throughout the colonies. You can regulate commerce, but not tax for revenue without consent!

Massachusetts Circular Letter, 1768 : 

Massachusetts Circular Letter, 1768 WHO: James Otis and Samuel Adams WHAT: written in Boston and circulated through the colonies urged colonies to petition for repeal of Townshend Acts Parliament threatened to dissolve all colonial legislatures which did not rescind letter. RESULT: more non-importation agreements (boycotts) Boston, New York, and Philadelphia increased smuggling

What is this?: 

What is this? The Boston Massacre 1770

Boston Massacre - 1770: 

Boston Massacre - 1770 WHAT : British soldiers worked for low wages taking jobs from the colonists Crowd of Bostonians harassed British soldiers soldiers fired into the crowd and killed five people Crispus Attucks was first to die, became a martyr PROPAGANDA : Paul Revere’s engraving played up the brutality of the British soldiers

Repeal of the Townshend Acts 1770: 

Repeal of the Townshend Acts 1770 WHO: New prime minister Lord North called for repeal of the Townshend duties WHY: 295 Pounds (Revenue) = 170,000 Pounds = Cost? All taxes except for the one of tea were repealed A matter of principle…

A look at the numbers…: 

A look at the numbers…

Burning of the Gaspee , 1772: 

Burning of the Gaspee , 1772 Gaspee : British warship enforcing unpopular trade regulations ran aground off of Rhode Island burned by American patriots.

Committees of Correspondence 1772: 

Committees of Correspondence 1772 What : Wrote letters to keep alive opposition to the British Organized groups in towns and cities Purpose : keep each other posted on British activities Started by : Samuel Adams in Massachusetts spread all through the colonies became “first congress” Enquiring minds want to Know…These policies suck!

Tea Act, East India Company: 

Tea Act, East India Company When: 1773 What: Repealed import duties on tea in England But kept townshend duty in the colonies Made British tea the cheapest available Gave British East India Co. monopoly on tea trade Made it illegal to buy non-British tea Forced 3 cent tea tax Response???

Boston Tea Party - 1773: 

Boston Tea Party - 1773 Colonists boycotted tea because of its tax When: 1773 What: British tea ship entered Boston Harborbut the colonists refused to unload it! WHO: A group of Bostonians disguised as Indians boarded the ship dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor Salty tea brewed for the fish!

Coercive Acts - 1774: 

Coercive Acts - 1774 Known to the colonists as the “Intolerable Acts” When : 1774 What : series of four acts passed in response to the Boston Tea Party Port Bill – closed port of Boston until the tea was paid for Massachusetts Government Act – reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature (appointed v. elected) Administration of Justice Act – (took away local justice system) allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England Quartering Act – enabled British troops to be quartered in private homes (in all colonies)

Quebec Act - 1774: 

Quebec Act - 1774 WHAT: Established Roman Catholicism as official religion of Quebec Allowed Quebec to keep much of their way of life (did not include a representative assembly or trial by jury in civil cases) Extended Quebec’s boundary to the Ohio river EFFECTS: Protestant colonists mad! (didn’t want Britain to recognize the Catholic French) Colonists feared their assemblies would be shut down by the British Made land speculators mad by extending “French” area

How should the colonies react to the British Intolerable Acts????: 

How should the colonies react to the British Intolerable Acts????

The Age of Enlightenment: 

The Age of Enlightenment WHAT: Movement to use reason to solve humanity’s problems WHY: Born out of Scientific Revolution

Thinkers of the Enlightenment - 101: 

Thinkers of the Enlightenment - 101 JOHN LOCKE: People have natural rights, gov.’s job = protect them If gov. doesn’t do its job, then throw it out… MONTESQUIEU: Separation of powers, checks and balances ROUSSEAU: Gov. is contract between people & rulers. People can break it (rebel) VOLTAIRE: Freedom of speech & religion, separation of church & state