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Unit 1 Coursepack: 

Unit 1 Coursepack 2011-2012

Change Over Time…: 

Change Over Time… Ask yourself, what is the most significant change over time.

EXPLORATION THROUGH FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: 

EXPLORATION THROUGH FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Organizing Theme - Between 1607 and 1763, the British North American colonies developed experience in, and the expectation of self-government in the political, religious, economic, and social aspects of life. Topics: (exploration, colonization, governmental development, economic development, religious development, colonial wars, salutary neglect, social development)

The Shaping of North America: 

The Shaping of North America Appalachians 350 million years ago Rockies, Cascades, Sierra Nevada 135 to 25 million years ago

Great Lakes?: 

Great Lakes?

Who discovered America?: 

Who discovered America? Hunters/gatherers from Asia (circa 35,000 years ago) crossed “land bridge” between Asia and North America Descendents become Native Americans, or Indians (over 2,000 distinct groups).

What was their motivation?: 

What was their motivation?

Major Civilizations: 

Major Civilizations Mayas (300 A.D.- 900 A.D.) Aztecs (1428 A.D. 1521 A.D.) Incas (15 th – 16 th Century A.D.)

Corn/Maize: 

Corn/Maize Staple crop of many Native American societies Spread out of Mexico

North American Life: 

The North The Inuit and Aleut peoples were skilled at hunting on ice and snow. Other nomadic groups hunted, fished, and gathered food in present-day Canada and Alaska. The Northwest Coast Waterways were the primary source of food for the Native Americans of the Northwest Coast. California The Chumash, Yurok, and other Native American groups ate deep-sea fish, food products made with flour from acorns, and beans from the mesquite plant. The Plateau The Chinook and Cayuse survived on salmon and edible roots. They built villages on high riverbanks. The Great Basin People worked together in small groups to hunt and gather food, including roots, pine nuts, rabbits, and insects. North American Life

North American Life: 

The Southwest The Hopis and Zuñis farmed this dry region. The Plains Mandans, Wichita, Pawnee, and other groups farmed corn, beans, and squash, and hunted buffalo. They used dogs as pack animals when they traveled. The Northeast Native Americans in this region fished, hunted, and farmed. Iroquois groups formed an alliance—the Iroquois League—to settle tribal matters. The Southeast Inhabitants of the Southeast region hunted and grew corn for survival. North American Life

Who else discovered America?: 

Who else discovered America? Native Americans 25,000 -10,000 years ago… Vikings, circa 1,000 A.D…

Why did Chris Columbus “discover” America?: 

Why did Chris Columbus “discover” America?

Key Events in Europe, circa 500–1600: 

Key Events in Europe, circa 500–1600 Breakup of the Roman Empire opens Europe to invasions circa 500–1000 Rise of the Muslim empire 600s Feudal system evolves; trade and money economy dissolve 700s Norman Conquest leads to blending of Anglo-Saxon and French cultures 1066 Crusades draw Europe from isolation and help revive trade 1096-1291 Rise of universities 1100s 1215 King John signs the Magna Carta 1275 Merchants including Marco Polo arrive in China 1347 Bubonic plague reaches Europe 1300s Renaissance begins in Italy 1418 Prince Henry of Portugal starts navigation school 1455 Gutenberg prints Bible text using movable type 1469 Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand unites kingdoms in Spain 1488 Portugal’s Bartolomeu Dias sails around the tip of Africa 1492 Muslims and Jews driven from Spain 1500s Northern Renaissance begins 1517 Reformation begins

Supply and Demand???: 

Supply and Demand??? Prince Henry of Portugal - established a mariners’ school in Portugal. They developed the caravel, a ship that could sail against the wind as well as with it. Bartholomeu Dias – Southern tip of Africa in 1488 Vasco da Gama - sailed from Portugal to India, opening the first sea route from Europe to Asia 1498.

What enabled Europeans to explore the world (3)?: 

What enabled Europeans to explore the world (3)? Creation of powerful nation-states Spain – Ferdinand and Isabella Wealth Technology caravel – new type of ship that could sail into the wind (3-12 knots per hour) Compass - used to determine direction Astrolabe - used to determine approximate location

The Treaty of Tordesillas: 

The Treaty of Tordesillas

What was the motivation for Europeans (4)?: 

What was the motivation for Europeans (4)? Establish a colonial empire Wealth – gold, silver, spices Spread Christianity Glory

Why were Europeans so successful in conquering the native population?: 

Why were Europeans so successful in conquering the native population? Guns Horses Military tactics/training Disease

Misunderstandings…: 

Misunderstandings… Religion War Gender Matrilineal Land Ownership

Columbian Exchange: 

Columbian Exchange Europeans brought: crops: wheat, rice, coffee, bananas, and olives; and animals: horses, cows, pigs, and chickens Diseases: yellow fever, smallpox, and malaria Americas contributed: crops: corn, potatoes, tomatoes, lima beans, squash, peanuts, cassava, cacao, and pineapple a virulent form of syphilis

Slide 25: 

"when syphilis was first definitely recorded in Europe in 1495, its pustules often covered the body from the head to the knees, caused flesh to fall from people's faces, and led to death within a few months.“ Jared Diamond - Guns, Germs, and Steel

Ponce de Leon – 1513, Spain, discovered Florida - Fountain of Youth : 

Ponce de Leon – 1513, Spain, discovered Florida - Fountain of Youth

Hernan Cortes – 1521, Spain, Conquered the Aztecs: 

Hernan Cortes – 1521, Spain, Conquered the Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro – 1532, Spain, conquered Incas: 

Francisco Pizarro – 1532, Spain, conquered Incas

Hernando de Soto – 1539-1542, Spain, explored Florida and Mississippi: 

Hernando de Soto – 1539-1542, Spain, explored Florida and Mississippi

Francisco Coronado – 1540-1542, Spain, Southwest North America : 

Francisco Coronado – 1540-1542, Spain, Southwest North America

Who’s who in Spanish colonies…: 

Who’s who in Spanish colonies… Peninsular – Born in Europe Creole – European descent, born in colonies Native – Born in Americas Mestizo – 1 parent European, 1 parent Native American Mulatto – 1 parent European, 1 parent African

How did the Spanish deal with Native Americans?: 

How did the Spanish deal with Native Americans? Encomienda WHAT: Labor system of Spanish in the New World HOW: crown granted a person a specified number of natives (Encomendero’s job) to instruct the natives in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith. What they got: tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products, such as in corn, wheat or chickens. WHY DID IT WORK? Similar to earlier Aztec and Inca institutions Haciendas WHAT: Large Spanish estates in the New World with crops and herds

Black Legend: 

Black Legend THE SPANISH WERE BAD! TRUTH: Tried to build an actual empire The Spanish set up infrastructure Missions helped transition Native Americans They allowed Native Americans to assimilate to some degree They intermarried with the Native Americans

End PART 1: 

End PART 1

Who dominated the New World during the 1500s?: 

Who dominated the New World during the 1500s? Why not the Dutch, French, or English?

Trouble for Phil…: 

Trouble for Phil… Protestant Reformation Lutheranism Martin Luther – 1517, German friar - 95 Theses attacking Catholic Church Salvation through faith and God’s grace! Calvinism John Calvin – French PROTESTANT set up a theocracy in Switzerland Beliefs: Predestination – Goad had chosen the “Elect” for heaven and the rest for that hot place! Rejected Pope Catholic sacraments except baptism, Eucharist Clerical celibacy Veneration of the saints Rituals to get to heaven Conversion Experience - Need one (God revealing where you’re going) to be one of the “elect” 3 major Calvinist churches Huguenots in France Dutch Reformed Church, Netherlands Presbyterian Church, Scotland Anglican Church (England) Kept many Catholic rituals but followed Calvinist doctrine =Puritans wanted to “purify” this church so they left for the New World (1620) 3 BIGGEST CHALLENGES TO SPAIN: France the Netherlands England

Competition for Spain…: 

Competition for Spain… France Struggled with Protestant Reformation Catholics v. Huguenots the Netherlands (Dutch) Had to break away from Spain England Struggled with the Protestant Reformation Had to deal w/Spanish Armada

Early French Explorers: 

Early French Explorers Giovanni de Verrazano WHAT: French explorer sent by King Francis I (1524) to find a northwest passage explored coast Jacques Cartier WHAT: French explorer – claimed Canada for France 3 voyages (1534-1543) explored the St. Lawrence valley

Huguenots: 

Huguenots WHO: people in France who converted to Calvinism! fled to the Havana (Cuba) and Florida attacked by Spanish Admiral Pedro Menendez de Aviles

Edict of Nantes: 

Edict of Nantes WHEN: 1598 WHAT: granted by King Henry IV of France politique – believes that survival of the state is more important than any single issue (doesn’t get feelings involved) granted Huguenots (French protestants) limited rights

Samuel de Champlain: 

Samuel de Champlain WHO: Explorer, Catholic, politique Europeanize, convert, even marry Founded Quebec, 1608 Got people settling down!!! Friends with Indians in St. Lawrence valley led to troubles with the Iroquois (Iroquois League/Confederation)

French Dudes…: 

French Dudes… Samuel de Champlain – “Father of New France” Founded Quebec Father Marquette – Missionary who explored Great Lakes and Central part of Mississippi River Antoine Cadillac – Founded Detroit Robert de La Salle – Floated down Mississippi River, Louisiana (for the Sun King)! Jesuits – French Catholic missionaries Made few converts Suffered at hands of Natives Were also geographers and explorers

Business in New France: 

Business in New France WHAT: furs traded coureurs de bois “roamers of the woods” fishing missionary work Jesuits Catholic missionaries strictly opposed Protestants yet worked with non-Christians very well converted 10,000 in 40 years (1600s)

The “Sun King’s” New France: 

The “Sun King’s” New France Louis XIV The Sun King took over wanted colonies to reflect absolute rule Jean-Baptiste Colbert Minister of finance for Louis XIV Bonus for population, fines for not increasing it! Montreal becomes big! governor-general RESPONSIBLE for military and diplomatic stuff in the colony Intendant RESPONSIBLE for justice in the colony Seigneurs Held land and power in new French colonies (sort of like lords!) Militia Armed force made up of members of the community (not professional soldiers) Tithe Tax owed to the church France made more money in the Caribbean sugar and coffee Saint Domingue (Haiti) – richest colony in world Guadalupe Martinique

“If you ain’t Dutch you ain’t much!”: 

“If you ain’t Dutch you ain’t much!” Dutch Finance, shipping, and trade unequaled “Show me the money!” Brought “republicanism” to it’s colonies Local freedoms Religious toleration Tension between merchants and Dutch Reformed Church

East and West India Companies: 

East and West India Companies Dutch East India Company, 1602 traded in SE Asia Richest company in the world! Henry Hudson English explorer, sailed for the Dutch claimed area of New York for the Dutch (Hudson River) Dutch West India Company, 1621 chartered by dutch merchants, it administered the African slave trade among west Africa and the Americas; contributed to Dutch colonization in the Americas

Peter Stuyvesant: 

Peter Stuyvesant WHO: Unpopular governor ( harsh rule and heavy taxes) of New Netherlands WHAT: who swore to defend the city, but the colonists refused to help him. RESULT: he surrendered to the English without firing a shot.

Delaware: 

Delaware WHO: Swedish, Lutherans WHAT: NEW SWEDEN Argued and fought with Peter Stuyvesant and the Dutch Acquired by the Dutch in 1655 UNTIL IT BECAME A COLONY (1703): Given to William Penn (Pennsylvania) to provide access to the Atlantic Ocean

New York (New Netherlands): 

New York (New Netherlands) Founded by Dutch, 1624 Discovered by Henry Hudson in 1609 For quick profit fur trade Swapped Manhattan for “trinkets” (2 boxes of trade goods $24.00) HA HA HA! Dutch NOT INTERESTED IN FREEDOMS, but MONEY! Diversity - cosmopolitan Flemish (think Belgium), Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Finns, Germans, and Scots Patroonships large Dutch and English Hudson Valley estates (bring 50 tenants – THINK FEUDALISM!) Wall Street built for protection against the Native Americans! Conquered by English – (Yankees = land pirates!) Duke of York (1644) given property by Charles II Renames it “New York”

Why did the English take “New York”?: 

Why did the English take “New York”? WHY: It was part of their CLAIM (they thought) New Netherlands was a barrier between N & S The Dutch violated English trade laws England was jealous of profits! It had one of the best harbors (or ports) on the coast!

England Was Too Busy!: 

England Was Too Busy! Henry VIII – Divorce leads to change (Anglican Church)! English Protestant Reformation Protestants v. Catholics Elizabeth I – Puts the smack down! Protestants win WHAT PROBLEM DOES THIS CREATE ? (Hint: Who dominated exploration and colonization in the 1500s?)

Why did England start to get into the colonial game??: 

Why did England start to get into the colonial game?? Reasons for English Colonization of N. America : Population growth Unemployment New Markets Religious freedom

John Cabot: 

John Cabot WHO: Giovanni Caboto Italian explorer who sailed for the English WHAT: explored the northeast coast of North America in 1497 and 1498 CLAIMED: Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Grand Banks for England.

Spanish Armada (Sent by Philip II): 

Spanish Armada (Sent by Philip II) Sea Dogs – English “Pirates” who attacked Spanish ships Sir Francis Drake – 1 st Englishman to sail around world! John Hawkins – smuggled English goods into Spanish colonies WHAT: Spanish Armada 130 ships, over 30,000 men RESULTS: defeated by English in 1588 (WAY TO GO LIZ!): stimulated English nationalism secured Protestantism as England's state religion created the trust in the English navy Spain was nearly bankrupted

English, Roanoke - 1585: 

English, Roanoke - 1585 Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1585, 1587 ½ brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert dealt w/the Irish example of how to deal w/Native Americans Virginia Dare 1 st English child born in America Supply ships delayed by Spanish Armada Mysterious disappearance “Croatan” found carved into a tree

END PART II: 

END PART II Let’s try those questions again…

English, Jamestown, 1607: 

English, Jamestown, 1607 Virginia Company – Joint stock company Pressure for financial success (wanted to turn a profit) Men w/military background to make money Gentlemen who refused to be farmers Harsh conditions: Poor site chosen – swamp (mouth of James River) Limited supplies Tough winter Starving times (1609-1610) – “doggs, Catts, Ratts, and Myce” Numbers go from 400 - 60 “Please pass the salt!” Hostility with Native Americans (Powhatans)

Jamestown (cont.): 

Jamestown (cont.) John Smith – (1608) strong leader, got settlers to farm John Rolfe – Got colony started in tobacco production Land eventually offered to settlers Tobacco becomes a major cash crop Fad in Europe Move to plantation based economy Creates need for labor

Virginia: 

Virginia WHAT: London Company went bankrupt in 1624 Became 1 st royal colony! WHY: Only 1,200 of 6,000 settlers survived (between 1607 and 1624)

Native American Experience with Jamestown: 

Native American Experience with Jamestown Tense Leads to various conflicts 1 st and 2 nd Powhatan Wars (1614, 1644) Defeated and “BANISHED” from their former lands Poison for 200? 1685 - Powhatans are considered to be EXTINCT 

If this is the first model for English colonization, look into your crystal ball and make a prediction for the future of Native Americans in regards to the English.: 

If this is the first model for English colonization, look into your crystal ball and make a prediction for the future of Native Americans in regards to the English.

Life in the Chesapeake: 

Life in the Chesapeake Chesapeake (THINK: Virginia and Maryland) Settlers: Diseases (1607, Jamestown) Single men, late teens, early 20’s Few women! LEADS TO FEW FAMILIES! Change over time: Exposure to disease leads to immunities By end of 1600’s, Virginia is BIGGEST colony! (Maryland 3 rd)

Self-Government: 

Self-Government House of Burgesses (1619, Virginia Company) - first elected legislative assembly in the New World. consisted of the governor, his council, two burgesses (representatives) from each Virginia county burgesses were elected and had the right to create legislation but the governor and the council could veto it. only male landowners could vote

English, Maryland: 

English, Maryland WHEN: 1634 WHO: Founded by George Calvert Lord Baltimore First Proprietor (owner of a colony) – he had power! WHAT: Becomes a haven for Catholics Plantation economy based on tobacco TROUBLE: Catholics outnumbered by Protestant farmers RESULT: Leads to Act of Religious Toleration, 1649

Act of Religious Toleration, 1649: 

Act of Religious Toleration, 1649 1 st colonial law that grants religious freedom to all Christians Called for the immediate death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus Excluded other faiths

Jamestown (cont.): 

Jamestown (cont.) LAND and LABOR: Indentured Servants (75% of population of Maryland and Virginia) “ Headright System ” 50 acres given to those that bring indentured servants (each) “ Freedom Dues ” (barrels of corn, clothes, land) given when indentures are served Better economy -> fewer volunteers -> labor supply dwindles SOLUTION: African Slavery, (1619 – Dutch ship brings 20 Africans to Jamestown by 1650 there are over 300 Africans in Virginia) Lifetime servitude, sustainable slave population, easily identified, no rights Slaves cost more than indentured servants

The English in the West Indies: 

The English in the West Indies Tobacco was to the Chesapeake as ___________ was to the Caribbean. WHAT DO YOU NEED TO PRODUCE A LOT OF SUGAR? Land and Labor DIFFERENCE: Tobacco – poor man’s crop Sugar cane – rich man’s crop

Slaves in the Caribbean: 

Slaves in the Caribbean Barbados Slave Code, 1661 Became model for slave codes in the English Colonies STAT – 316,000 slaves before 1700 (of them only 115,000 were alive then! By 1700, slaves outnumbered white settlers 4 to 1 in.

Carolina (Charles II): 

Carolina (Charles II) English Civil War (1642-1651) – English TOO BUSY AGAIN! Until… monarchy is restored and Charles II takes the throne Carolina (1670) Granted by Charles II to the Lords Proprietors (aristocratic rich guys!) Settlers from Barbados brought slave codes Provide supplies and food to West Indies (Barbados) RICH COLONY!!!!

Which college team is the tar heels?: 

Which college team is the tar heels? Major crops: rice and indigo Close ties to West Indies Used harsh slave codes Large plantation economy North Carolina (separated in 1712) – small farms (tobacco, tar, turpentine) fewer slaves, travel difficult South Carolina – Large slave population, good waterways for transportation Charleston - Busiest seaport in the South BECAME 2 Separate Royal Colonies in 1729

What is a buffer?: 

What is a buffer? Georgia – Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe “Democratic, independent minded, and not very aristocratic” WHY: Served as: a refuge for imprisoned debtors a buffer between valuable SC and Florida RESULT: Became royal colony in 1752 plantations and slavery became major institutions

Motivation and Sectionalism: 

Motivation and Sectionalism

Pilgrims vs. Puritans: 

Pilgrims vs. Puritans Pilgrims - separatists who vowed to break away completely from Church of England Puritans – wanted to “purify” the English Church

Pilgrims, 1620: 

Pilgrims, 1620 WHO: Puritan “separatists” Church of England was too corrupt moved to Holland (1608) to raise families and money “ANTIOCHIFIED” decided to set sail for New World (102 people) intended settle in Virginia Company territory storm blew them off course, they landed in Provincetown and decided to settle in Plymouth (squatters) Tough first winter (1/2 died) Helped by Massasoit, Squanto, and Samoset learned to grow corn, where to hunt and fish Success comes from fur, fish, and lumber

The Mayflower Compact: 

The Mayflower Compact An agreement (some call it 1 st written constitution in North America) to form a “crude self-government”: Based on majority rule just and equal laws for the common good Leads to town meetings Signed by Pilgrims and non-Pilgrims (41 adult males) Willie Bradford – elected governor 30 times!

Purpose of Government in Mass Bay…: 

Purpose of Government in Mass Bay… USE OF GOVERNMENT TO ENFORCE RELIGIOUS RULES! Settlers of Mass. Bay wanted religion and politics to operate closely Preachers powerful, but had to be careful! Challengers to religious orthodoxy were banished! Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams guilty of sedition Not a true democracy Only church members the “visible saints”, could vote for governor Town governments had more “democracy”

Anne Hutchinson: 

Anne Hutchinson WHAT: Antinomianism she preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. If predestined, why follow the church leaders? RESULT: Banished! In 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) went to Rhode Island (Portsmouth).

Rhode Island: 

Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams,1636 freedom of religion separation of church and state relations with Native Americans more on “equal” basis becomes most religiously and politically (liberal) tolerant colony = DIVERSITY! safe haven for unorthodox faiths Squatters until secured charter from parliament (1644)

Connect - I – Cut and New Hampshire: 

Connect - I – Cut and New Hampshire Connecticut Puritan settlement Founded by Reverend Thomas J Hooker (settled Hartford) didn’t like harsh rule of Mass Bay leaders Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) 1 st written constitution in America Elected legislature, choosing governor, term limits, fair taxation Model for later state constitutions Granted charter in 1662 New Hampshire – run by John Mason for trading and fishing Mass. Bay annexed it in 1641 became a royal colony in 1679

New York (New Netherlands): 

New York (New Netherlands) Founded by Dutch, 1624 BUT… Conquered by English Duke of York (1644) given property by Charles II Renames it “New York” GOVERNMENT: Colonial protests of Duke of York’s rule led to: New York Charter of Liberties and Privileges (1683) elected assembly, freedom of worship, trial by jury

Dutch Remnants in “New York”: 

Dutch Remnants in “New York” Harlem, Brooklyn Easter eggs, Santa Claus, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf!

Pennsylvania: 

Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn, 1681 Quaker haven Believed in the power of one’s “inner light” (God resided in the soul of the individual). “Holy Experiment” Philadelphia – “City of Brotherly Love” friendly w/Native Americans Population Large, diverse Great Law of Pennsylvania Appointed gov., elected legislature, religious freedom, fair trials, humane puinshment, education Blue Laws: Prohibited “ungodly revelers”, stage plays, playing cards, dice games, and excessive hilarity!

Mason-Dixon Line: 

Mason-Dixon Line WHAT: a line between four U.S. states, forming part of the borders of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia (then part of Virginia). WHEN: surveyed between 1763 and 1767 WHO: Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon WHY: a border dispute between British colonies in SIGNIFICANCE: symbolically used as boundary between free states and slave states

New Jersey: 

New Jersey HOW: Originally part of New Netherlands Duke of York Gave it to Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkley PROMISED: Land, representative gov., freedom of religion (led to diversity) Purchased by Quakers in 1664

13 colonies: 

13 colonies

Life in the Colonies: 

Life in the Colonies

Diversity in the (English) Colonies: 

Diversity in the (English) Colonies “Melting Pot” – the most mixed anywhere! Germans 6% of pop. In 1775 Mistakenly called “Pennsylvania Dutch” Lutheran Heavy in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia street signs in two languages) Scots-Irish 7% of pop. in 1775 Scots that had been moved to Northern Ireland Restrictions on linen and wool production forced them to move Pennsylvania, Maryland Outstanding frontiersmen Whiskey distilling in Appalachians Other (African, French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots) Africans 20% of pop. In 1775 LEADS TO A NEW DISTINCT “AMERICAN” IDENTITY

Change over time… Population in the colonies: 

Change over time… Population in the colonies By 1700 – 300,000 (20,000 Black) 1775 – 2.5 million (1/2 Black) Doubling…every 25 years 1775 – Average age 16!

New England Colonies: 

New England Colonies WHO: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire FARMS: small, subsistence, and diversity of crops ECONOMY: furs, fishing, timber, ship building, distilling EDUCATION: 1 st public schools, Harvard (1636) founded to train ministers, 1642 – all towns in MASS have to have a writing school

Middle Colonies: 

Middle Colonies WHO: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware Super DIVERSE (ethnically, religiously) and AMERICAN FARMS: “bread basket” colonies – grain crops (wheat, corn) moderate size diverse farms (grew a lot of different stuff) ECONOMY: grain crops, furs, iron, timber EDUCATION: public schools in Pennsylvania, church supported schools

Southern Colonies: 

Southern Colonies WHO: Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia FARMS: small subsistence farmers Plantation Agriculture – w/indentured servants and slaves Cash Crops - tobacco, rice, indigo ECONOMY: Cash crops – tobacco, rice, indigo Naval Stores (pith, tar, turpentine) in North Carolina EDUCATION: Few schools, rich had private tutors and sent children to England for education William and Mary, 1693 (second oldest college) in Virginia

Colonial Politics and Government - TRENDS: 

Colonial Politics and Government - TRENDS Two – House ELECTED Legislature Upper house (appointed by crown) Lower House (popular branch) Self taxation a privilege Colonial assemblies “ power of the purse ” – power to tax and spend public money Difference in colonial administration New England – Town meetings Middle Colonies – Town meetings Southern Colonies – County governments

Women’s rights: 

Women’s rights Southern colonies: Married southern women were given titles to land (dead husbands) New England: women gave up property rights when they married domestic abuse curbed by punishments divorce rare (ways out: abandonment or adultery) adultery “D” for Dumby Midwifery – an escape (all girls club) Developed relationships

Property, Inheritance: 

Property, Inheritance WHAT: two British legal doctrines governing the inheritance of property Primogeniture requried that a man's real property pass in its entirety to his oldest son. Entail requried that property could only be left to direct descendants (usually sons), and not to persons outside of the family. TREND IN COLONIES Inheritance: - different than Europe! some women in Chesapeake could inherit property younger sons gained

Southern Society: 

Southern Society Planters Small Farmers Landless Whites (many former indentured servants) Indentured Servants Black Slaves

From Africa to America: 

From Africa to America CHANGE OVER TIME: In 1670, 7% of population in southern plantation colonies By 1750, 50% of Virginia’s population S. Carolina – slaves outnumbered whites 2 to 1 Middle Passage Journey between Africa and New World 20% death rate

Experience of Africans: 

Experience of Africans Deep South (Carolinas) – Miserable (rice is labor intensive) Plantations spread out Chesapeake – Tobacco easier (less demanding) Plantations closer together (friends and family) More females help create a sustainable slave population

Early Experience: 

Early Experience Few gained freedom 1662 – Virginia statutes made blacks and their children property served for the life of the master Harsh slave codes – Laws against literacy Heavy discrimination

Stono Rebellion: 

Stono Rebellion WHEN: (1739) WHAT: earliest known organized act of rebellion against slavery 60 to 100 slaves burned houses and killed whites Get to Florida…Get Freedom Sad ending… RESULT: Led to more strict slave codes

Not so “Pure” Puritans: 

Not so “Pure” Puritans First Gen – dying out! “Jeremiads” – warned people that they were straying from religion Fewer “conversions” led to…? Half-Way Covenant : Partial membership for children and grandchildren Baptism for admission It backfired! Overall, religious piety began to decrease and secular values began to become more prevalent in colonial society.

The Great Awakening: 

The Great Awakening a revival of religious feeling 1730’s and 1740’s designed to renew religious enthusiasm and commitment (Old Lights vs. New Lights) Jonathan Edwards: Massachusetts minister believed to have started the Great Awakening inspired other ministers to increase their efforts to energize their followers. George Whitefield: an itinerant, or traveling, preacher who toured the colonies seven times between 1738 and 1770. led to growth of institutions of higher learning Creation of new colleges to train "new light" ministers--Princeton, Brown, Rutgers

Heathens…no warriors!: 

Heathens…no warriors! WHAT: Indian Wars almost destroyed New England, New Netherland, and Maryland in mid-1640s Heathens Anyone not a Christian or a Jew “Mourning Wars” Started by “mourning” widows who wanted to replace their losses Captive women and children assimilated, men were tortured Iroquois: Created the Iroquois League/Confederation one of the strongest and longest lasting Native American alliances Nearly wiped out New France Miantonomo Narragansett sachem called for surprise attack on New England in 1642 Didn’t go through with it…WHY? Opechancanough Native American rebel leader in Virginia

Different colonies…common goal…: 

Different colonies…common goal… New England Confederation (1643) 4 N.E. colonies joined together: Mass. Bay, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth military defense against the natives, French, or Dutch help deal with inter-colonial problems encouraged missionary work each colony had 2 votes first step toward inter-colonial cooperation WHY NOT NEW YORK? Covenant Chain of Peace, 1677 Edmond Andros (then gov. of NY) signed this agreement to link New York with Native Americans for business followed the Dutch tradition

Native Americans in New England: 

Native Americans in New England PROBLEMS: Devastated (3/4’S GONE) by disease It was a “New World” for Native Americans too! Cloth, muskets, knives, hatchets, metal pots Land ownership differences!

Missionary efforts: NE: 

Missionary efforts: NE WHAT: Puritan efforts initially successful, but undermined by constant warfare. WHO: Thomas Mayhew Sr/Jr worked with Native Americans to convert as many as possible even with some powwows (medicine men)! John Eliot Missionary Attacked sachems power, powwows, and tribal structure He set up “ Praying Towns ” villages of converted Native Americans

King Philip’s War (1675-1676): 

King Philip’s War (1675-1676) WHO: King Philip (Wampanoag Chief Metacom) and followers were angry about losing more land to colonists Wampanoags and Narragansetts WHAT: tribes united to drive English off of land RESULTS: thousands died, many villages (52) burned 3,000 Native Americans, 1,000 colonists last major attempt to stop colonial spread in New England

Thoughts on King Philips War: 

Thoughts on King Philips War Increase Mather WHO: Boston Minister WHAT: Thought King Philips War was punishment for sinful New Englanders! Long hair and dates to blame! William Hubbard WHO: Boston Minister WHAT: Thought King Philips War was a test Christians vs. heathens! Daniel Gookin WHO: Massachusetts judge WHAT: Thought King Philips War was a tragedy for all!

You want Bacon with those eggs?: 

You want Bacon with those eggs? WHO: Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers Virginia Governor William Berkley kept “friendly” policies w/ Indians Created forts on frontier to deal with hostile Indians Restricted fur trade (to prevent fighting) to only a few of his buddies…oops WHAT: Nathaniel Bacon formed an army: attacked the Indians marched on Jamestown and burned the city RESULT: rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. 38 rebels hung for rebellion

Hold the Bacon!: 

Hold the Bacon! WHY DIDN’T THEY JUST TURN TO SLAVERY ? The were too cheap… Slavery becoming a viable labor option lack of indentured servants (better jobs in England) fear of more “rebellion” more slaves are being brought over (think supply/demand)

Slide 113: 

"That old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father."

Colonial Unity? I thought these people were ENGLISH!: 

Colonial Unity? I thought these people were ENGLISH! James II: Took away New York Charter of Liberties (1683)

Dominion of New England (1686): 

Dominion of New England (1686) WHAT: The British government combined these colonies into a single province : Massachusetts Plymouth Rhode Island New Hampshire Connecticut New York New Jersey HOW: Headed by Edmund Andros NO ELECTIVE ASSEMBLY! imposed new taxes bolster defense against Indians enforced Navigation Laws Merchants hated this… challenged the Puritan control of society Merchants liked this… questioned the legitimacy of all earlier property transactions RESULT: Glorious Revolution helped put an end to it. Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. Cross Dresser!

Glorious Revolution: 

Glorious Revolution King James II’s policies Was a Catholic (last Catholic to rule England) Imposed more royal control Lords of Trade Dominion of New England EFFECT: outraged the people of England RESULT: Parliament asked him to resign: King William III and his wife Queen Mary II (protestants) took the throne without any war or bloodshed hence the revolution was termed "glorious."

Leisler’s Rebellion: 

Leisler’s Rebellion WHAT: Took over lower New York during the Glorious Revolution Supported William and Mary! enacted a government of direct popular representation represented the people with less money PROBLEM: Rival faction which supported rich and James II Leisler failed to turn over New York to new appointed governor RESULT: Tried for treason hanged, drawn, and quartered

Increase Mather: 

Increase Mather WHAT: Boston Minister Tried to get Massachusetts Charter of 1629 re-instituted after James II was deposed Gave Puritans a lot of control! FAILURE: CROWN GOT MORE POWER (Massachusetts Charter of 1691): Mass joined with Plymouth and Maine Could appoint governors, etc Could veto laws, hear appeals Granted toleration to all protestants Based voting rights on property ownership NOT CHURH MEMBERSHIP! VICTORY: General Court: was an elected body still controlled land, not appointed governor

Which Witch is Which?: 

Which Witch is Which? Salem Witch Trials (1692): 19 met hangman’s noose (also 2 dogs) 1 pressed to death (Giles Corey – 2 days) THINK ABOUT IT… Small town, gossip, women are thought to be lustful "children should be seen and not heard“ accused came from “business” families accusers came from subsistence “farming” families Ended in 1693, when Governor’s wife accused Reparations offered to victims families (20 years later)

Power of the Press: 

Power of the Press Few notable authors Ben Franklin – helped establish library in Philadelphia Hand operated presses Place to complain Eventually rally opposition opinion against British John Peter Zenger Trial (1734-1735) Wrote about corrupt royal governor (William Cosby), oops! Freedom of press Responsible criticisms

France: 

France Middle Ground Diplomacy: New France worked with Native Americans to maintain stability Onontio Governor of New France Served as a sort of chief, give to get what you want

Pueblo Revolt, 1680: 

Pueblo Revolt, 1680 WHERE: Spanish New Mexico WHAT: Sometimes called “Pope’s Rebellion” Drought and warfare led pueblo converts to question Christianity Spanish whipped 47 and hung 3 for sorcery! Pueblos UNITE! RESULT: Most successful Indian revolt in U.S. History Over 200 civilians killed…