SET TOP BOX presentation

Set Top Box(STB)Presentation : 

Set Top Box(STB)Presentation By Chetan Nakum

Introduction : 

Introduction A digital Set Top Box is a consumer electronics device that convert an incoming digital signal to Audio/Video formats interpreted by current televisions and audio devices. A Set Top Box is typically connected between a television and a content provider such as Direct Broadcast Satellite operator, Cable operator or Terrestrial operator. The device provides digital audio and video sources after decoding the incoming digital signals. It then separates audio and video data streams for presenting them to respective displays. The function of Set Top Box is to provide more TV channels on the same limited number of frequencies.

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Set Top Box can also be use for Broadband Applications like Interactive television, web browsing through Television, VOD, Video Telephony, Home networking, DSNG etc. In future Set Top Box will be looking like a PC and PC with the receiver card will be looking like Set Top Box. The convergence is also a result of digital standards such as DVB and IP. All these advanced broadband services are presently used at various countries of Europe and America. In India all these services will start in next few years.

Basic Features And Functions of STB : 

Basic Features And Functions of STB The basic features of Set Top Box are to Receive, Demodulate, Demultiplexer and Decode the incoming Digital signal and convert it into analog format. Input digital stream to STB may be from Satellite, Cable or Terrestrial medium. It can also descramble the received signal and thus provide the conditional access to the STB. Conditional Access is key feature for Pay TV system. Input digital Signal contains audio, video and High speed and low speed data contents, which is reproduced by the Set Top Box. In future the STB will have features like Internet on cable, interactive TV, VOD (Video On Demand), music on demand etc.

Basic Operation of STB : 

Basic Operation of STB Set Top Box can be operated using either front panel switches or using Remote control. The various functions which can be operated, using front panel control or remote control are tuning of particular channel, feeding frequency, symbol rate and other useful data, generating test patterns, DiSEq control. User can feed type of Modulation, error rate-FEC ( forward error correction), and convolution rate and choice of decryption also. All the functions available in the Set Top Box are displayed on the TV screen using On Screen Display (OSD). It is Graphical User Interface (GUI) for ease of operation. Remote control and front panel switches are the main input console for Set Top Box.

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Input to the Set Top Box is RF signal and its range and type of Modulation depends upon its application. If Set Top Box is used for Satellite application then Input frequency range is 950 to 2150 MHz and Modulation technique used is QPSK. For Set Top Box for cable application the input frequency range is 110 to 862 MHz and type of Modulation is QAM. While frequency range for Set Top Box for terrestrial is 47 to 860 MHz and type of Modulation use for it is COFDM.

BASIC TECHNOLOGY USED IN STB : : 

The basic technology use in Set Top Box is DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) and MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group). Modern compression technique allows a TV signal to be compressed and transmitted at rate 1.5 to 15 Mbps. The standardization process initiated in 1988 and almost completed in 1994 – which develop MPEG 1, MPEG 2 up to MPEG 7. DVB is recently created DTV transmission standard, which allows Inter- operability between different system manufactures. DVB group establishes a set of transmission parameters for compression, error correction and channel coding. DVB technology leads to transformation of basic analog transmission system into digital, which will be used for all transmission and communication application in future. Application of digital compression technology and system include satellite TV, Cable TV, Terrestrial TV transmission, Internet, Two way interactive TV, Distance learning, Video conferencing etc. BASIC TECHNOLOGY USED IN STB :

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MPEG stands for Moving Picture Expert Group. Name was given to the ISO (International Standards Organization) committee that specified the standard compression, transmission and decompression scheme for Video and Audio. Today MPEG refers to a series of a standard documents officially known as ISO/IEC 11172 (MPEG 1) and ISO/IEC 13818 (MPEG 2). MPEG actually specifies syntax of the compressed video and audio bit streams, which enables great deal of flexibility at the Encoder. The basic job of MPEG is to take an analog or digital video signal and convert them into packets of Digital information that are more efficiently transported on modern networks. MPEG compresses the video into much less information, consuming less transmission Bandwidth - Only 1/6 to 1/13 of the original bandwidth and maintains quality at end to end.

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In Digital video broadcasting all the information such as video audio and other high speed and low speed data are in digital format. All this digital data are multiplexed in single stream and is called MPEG Transport Stream (TS). In transport stream all this data are arranged in some predefined method. On the receiving side all this multiplexed data is received, demultiplexed and decoded using Set Top Box.

Types of STB: : 

Types of STB: There are various types of STB and there classification is done as per its application and features 1. According to application IRD for satellite application IRD for cable application IRD for terrestrial application IRD for combination of services IRD for multiple applications and combination of services 2. According to features Free to air application (FTA) Conditional Access IRD IRD with NMS (Network Management System)

Types of STB on advance Application : 

Set Top Box is versatile equipment that has number of basic and advanced applications as described below: Interactive services Internet web browsing Multimedia Smart Home Application (home networking) Distance learning Video on demand Electronic Program Guide DNGS (Digital News Gathering Services) Video Telephony Types of STB on advance Application

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A FREE TO AIR (FTA) TYPE SET TOP BOX (IRD)

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SET TOP BOX (IRD) WITH CI SLOT MPEG-2 DECODER TS DEMUX FLASH MEMORY SDRAM SMART CARD INTERFACE AUDIO DAC DVB S/C/T Front End L R AUDIO PAL TV SIGNAL INPUT PAL/NTSC Encoder CI SLOT

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VIDEO DAC AUDIO DETAILED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A SET TOP BOX (IRD) WITH CI SLOT SMART CARD INTERFACE CI SLOT FRONT END DVB S/C/T NOTE : DECODER BOARD AND POWER SUPPLY ARE COMMON FOR FREE TO AIR (FTA) TYPE DVB S/C/T SET TOP BOX (IRD) AS WELL AS WITH COMMON INTERFACE (CI) SET TOP BOX (IRD). RS232 CONTROLLER DEMOD. & FEC SMART CARD INTERFACE IS ADDITIONAL DECODER / TS DEMUX CHIP SET

Basic DVB Standard : 

DVB-S Set Top Boxes are used for satellite TV operators, home users and others for receiving satellite channels. DVB-T Set top Boxes will find application for reception of direct TV terrestrial transmission signal. DVB-C Set Top Boxes has greatest utility, as this will be used for all cable homes as Government has introduced Conditional Access System (CAS) in four metros and subsequently throughout India. Basic DVB Standard

Specifications for Set Top Box for Satellite : 

Specifications for Set Top Box for Satellite RF Input frequency range : 950 to 2150 MHz Input level range : 30 to 65 dBm Satellite type : C or Ku Band Demodulation : QPSK IF Bandwidth : 36 MHz Variable FEC : ½, 2/3, ¾, 5/6, 7/8 Symbol Rate : 2000 to 45000 MS/s VIDEO TV standard : PAL/NTSC Output level : 1 Vpp +/- 10% S/N : 55 dB Video Decompression : ISO/IEC 13818-2(MPEG 2) & ISO/IEC 11172-2(MPEG 1) AUDIO Connector : RCA & SCART Peak Output Level : 2.0 V rms into 600 ohm Dynamic Range : 0.3% max Cross Talk : 60 dB at 1 KHz min Frequency Response : +/- 2 dB max Audio Decoding Standards: ISO/IEC 11172-3(MPEG 1 Layer 2) Audio Mode : Stereo/Mono-L/Mono-R Sampling Frequency : 32, 44.1, 48 AC POWER Input Voltage : 100~240 VAC +/- 10% Input Frequency : 50 Hz Input Rating : 1.5 A max

Specification For STB For Cable : 

Specification For STB For Cable RF Input frequency range : 110 to 862 MHz Input level range : 49 to 74 dBuV Demodulation : 16, 32, 64, 128 QAM Variable FEC : ½, 2/3, ¾, 5/6, 7/8 Symbol Rate : Variable 5 to 7 Mbauds Input Output Loop through VIDEO TV standard : PAL/NTSC Output level : 1 Vpp +/- 10% Aspect ratio : 4:3, 16:9 Video Decompression : ISO/IEC 13818-2(MPEG 2) & ISO/IEC 11172-2(MPEG 1) AUDIO Connector : RCA & SCART Audio Decoding Standards: ISO/IEC 11172-3(MPEG 1 Layer 2) Audio Mode : Stereo/Mono-L/Mono-R Sampling Frequency : 16, 22, 24, 32 KHz AC POWER Input Voltage : 100~240 VAC +/- 10% Input Frequency : 50 Hz Input Rating : 1.5 A max

Specification For STB For Terrestrial Application : 

Specification For STB For Terrestrial Application RF Input frequency range : 47 to 860 MHz Input level (max) : -20 dBm Demodulation : 2K/8K COFDM Channel Bandwidth : 7 MHz Variable FEC : ½, 2/3, ¾, 5/6, 7/8 Symbol Rate : 2000 to 45000 MS/s VIDEO TV standard : PAL/NTSC Output level : 1 Vpp +/- 10% S/N : 55 dB Video Decompression : ISO/IEC 13818-2(MPEG 2) & ISO/IEC 11172-2(MPEG 1) AUDIO Connector : RCA & SCART Peak Output Level : 2.0 V rms into 600 ohm Dynamic Range : 0.3% max Cross Talk : 60 dB at 1 KHz min Frequency Response : +/- 2 dB max Audio Decoding Standards: ISO/IEC 11172-3(MPEG 1 Layer 2) Audio Mode : Stereo/Mono-L/Mono-R Sampling Frequency : 32, 44.1, 48 AC POWER Input Voltage : 100~240 VAC +/- 10% Input Frequency : 50 Hz Input Rating : 1.5 A max

STB for Satellite Application : 

Up converter HPA Encoder Modulator DVB-S Receiver Television V/A input STB for Satellite Application

STB Front Panel Back Panel Function : 

STB Front Panel Back Panel Function Front panel function 1. STAND BY: This key allows you to turn your STB on or off (stand by). 2. CHANNEL UP & DOWN: These keys are used to change the channels. 3. VOL UP & DOWN: buttons decrease or increase the volume. They are also used to change values for menu options. 4. TV/STB lamp lights up while your video recorder operates instead of the digital receiver. REMOTE lamp lights up whenever you press a button on the remote control. STANDBY lamp lights up while the digital receiver is in standby mode.

BACKPANEL OF CABLE TYPE STB : 

BACKPANEL OF CABLE TYPE STB 1. Cable In 1: For a TV aerial. 2. Cable Out 1 Loop: Used for a connection to another STB. 3. Cable In 2: For a TV aerial. 4. Cable Out 2 Loop: Used for a connection to another STB. 5. Video out Connector: Connect this terminal to the corresponding video input terminal of TV. 6. Audio R/L Connectors: Stereo outputs. Connect these terminals to audio L/R input terminals of TV system. 7. SCART Connector 8. RS-232C Serial Port: A customer services representative can use this port to re-load preprogrammed channel information to the STB.This port can also be used for upgrading software. 9. S/PDIF: Dolby digital output socket for the audio system.

BACKPANEL OF IP TYPE STB : 

BACKPANEL OF IP TYPE STB 1. Antenna IN: For a TV aerial. 2. Antenna OUT: Used for a connection to another STB. 3.Video Connector: Connect this terminal to the corresponding video input terminal of TV. 4. Audio R/L Connectors: Stereo outputs. Connect these terminals to audio L/R input terminals of TV system. 5. Component: For the YPbPr output. 6. S-VIDEO Port: For Video S-VIDEO output 7. Ethernet Connection: For IP input 8. USB Connection: For Fast interfacing with PC. 9. SCART Connector

Smart Card & CAM Modules : 

Smart Card & CAM Modules Some broadcasts are scrambled so that only paid subscribers can enjoy them. Scrambled services can only be viewed with a Conditional Access Module (CAM) and a subscription card belonging with the scrambling system. Common Interface (CI) is the slot on a digitial receiver into which a conditional access module may be insterted. The front of the digital receiver has two common interfaces. To watch a pay service, you should take the following steps: 1. Purchase a conditional access module and a subscription card for the pay service you want to watch. 2. Insert the subscription card into the conditional access module. 3. Insert the conditional access module into a common interface on the front of the digital receiver.

REMORT CONTROL UNIT : 

REMORT CONTROL UNIT

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Description 1. button switches the digital receiver between standby mode and operation mode. 2. mutes the sound. Press again to switch it back on. 3. Numeric buttons are used to enter a service number for service change or to specify values for menu options. 4. switches between the current service and the previously viewed one. 5. FAV displays the favourite lists. 6. MENU displays the main menu. It is also used to return to the previous menu from a submenu. 7. EXIT is used to exit the current screen. 8. EPG displays the electronic programme guide. 9. displays the service information box. It is also used to display more information about a programme. 10. buttons switch to previous or next service. They are also used to navigate in menus and interactive screens. 11.buttons decrease or increase the volume. They are also used to change values for menu options. 12. OK displays the services list. It is also used to select a menu item. 13. switches between television services and radio services.

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14 .SAT is not used in this model. 15. V- or V+ buttons decrease or increase the volume. They are also used to change values for menu options. 16. P- or P+ buttons switch to previous or next service. They are also used to navigate in menus and interactive screens. 17. These buttons have different functions per menu. They will be guided by on-screen help. 18. button is used to select an audio track and sound mode, or a video track of multifeed programme. Button is used to select a subtitle track. Button displays teletext. 19. pauses live television. 20. UHF is not used in this model. 21. switches the output of the TV SCART socket between the digital receiver and the device connected to the VCR SCART socket22.M1 is not used in this model. 23.N/P switches television standard between PAL and NTSC. However, this button may not be used in some models. 24. is used to set a sleep timer.

Digital Broadcast Technology : 

Digital Broadcast Technology FEATURES Electronic Program Guide Push Services (News/Weather) Pay-Per-View SERVICES LOWEST COST ENTRY POINT FOR BASIC SERVICES