Occupational Hazards NBR

Occupational Hazards: 

Occupational Hazards Dr.N.Bayapa Reddy MD Assistant Professor Community Medicine 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Definition: 

Definition Promotion and maintenance of physical, mental and social well-being of the workers Protection from risks, Prevention departures from health amongst workers by Placing and maintenance WHO (1977) has defined the hazard as the potential of a pollution to induce harm to the workers. 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Occupational Hazards: 

Occupational Hazards The occupational hazards can be studied under the following headings: Physical Chemical Biological Mechanical Psychological &Social 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Physical Hazard: 

Physical Hazard Heat : the common physical hazard. Exposure may occur when there is a lack of proper maintenance of machine hot spots in the industry – ovens, boilers and furnaces Radiant heat – radiates in to surrounding area Eg foundry, Steel, and Glass factories Heat stagnation – jute and cotton textile industry Effect  Painful burns , Heat Exhaustion, Heat stroke and heat cramps. Physical work under such conditions is very stress full and impairs the health and efficiency. Optimum (20-27 o C) 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Cold: 

Cold Exposure to the cold will cause some of the important health hazards E.g. :- Chilblains, erythrocyanosis, immersion foot and frost bite Causation : - cutaneous vasoconstriction 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Light: 

Light Poor illumination Acute effects- eye pain and strain, headache, fatigue Chronic effects - Miner’s nystagmus Excessive brightness discomfort, visual fatigue, annoyance and blurring of vision accidents 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Noise: 

Noise Use of high speed turbines, compressor, suction, ultrasonic scaler . Effect  Auditory- temporary or permanent hearing loss Non auditory – nervousness, fatigue, interference with communication by speech and decreased efficiency 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Radiation : 

Radiation Ultraviolet radiation - arc welding Effect  Eyes are affected causing intense conjunctivitis and keratitis ( Eg;Welders arc) Ionizing Radiation : X-rays and radio active isotopes somatic and genetic damage and it is painless but life threatening. Susceptible organs : Bone marrow, Gonads, WBCs and Skin 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Radiation : 

Radiation Hazards : Acute Erythema and dermatitis, chronic skin cancer, bone marrow suppression, genetic effect may be congenital defect in offspring International Commission of Radiological Protection has set maximum exposure permitted will be 5 rad / year to wholebody . 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Vibration : 

Vibration Usually 10-50Hz may encountered in work Pneumatic tools such as drills and hammers Fine blood vessels of the hand and arms effect White fingers Injuries of the joint 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Chemical Hazard: 

Chemical Hazard Depends upon the duration of exposure , quantity, and susceptibility Local Reaction : aromatic nitro and amino Occupational cancers of skin, lung, bladder Occupational dermatitis: Dermatitis, eczema Inhalation Dusts: 0.1-150 microns, crushing, grinding, abrading, loading and unloading <5microns size dusts called “ respirable dust” (organic/ inorganic) : Pneumoconiosis MC Silicosis and Anthracosis 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Slide 12: 

Gases : Asphyxiating: CO, SO2, Chlorine & cyanide gas Anesthetic gas: Chloroform, Ether, trichloroethylene CO : Steel industry and coal gas industry Metals and chemicals : lead, Zn, Cr, Hg, Ar , Co Ingestion : ingestion of chemical substances through the contaminated hands lead, Zn, Cr, Hg, Ar , Co 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Biological Hazard: 

Biological Hazard It is constituted by infectious agents of human origin or in Raw material, it include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Infection get through: Cut or wound Needle stick injury Natural organic dust particles 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Biological Hazard: 

Biological Hazard Entry points of infection : Epidermis of hand Oral epithelium Nasal epithelium Respiratory Epithelium Conjunctival epithelium 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Biological Hazard: 

Biological Hazard Communicable disease : Hepatitis B (HBV) Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Hepatitis C (HCV) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Zoonotic diseases: Brucellosis, leptospirosis , anthrax, hydatidosis etc Infections due to injuries: tetanus 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Mechanical Hazard: 

Mechanical Hazard Machinery and its moving parts 10% of the accidents in industry are due to mechanical cause 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Psycho Social Hazards: 

Psycho Social Hazards Failure to adoption to an alien psychological environment frustration, job satisfaction, insecurity, poor human relationship Psychological and behavioural changes Aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, alcoholism and drug abuse Psychological Diseases Headache Pain in back, neck and shoulder Hypertension, peptic ulcer 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Slide 18: 

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Physical Hazards: 

Physical Hazards Prevention: Handle with care, disposed sharp waste in hard waste containers and follow waste management rules. Temperature of the working Environment should be kept under 22 0 c-27 0 c by using cooling operation should avoid the heat stagnation by keeping ventilators. Workers should be taken the Personal protection working under cold area 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Radiation protection and Prevention: 

Radiation protection and Prevention Goal is to minimize the radiation exposure. 1. Use of standard radiographic equipment usually recommended by (national Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement NCRP). 2. Well-collimated and filtered beam of at least 1.5 mm of aluminum filtration. 3. Use of lead barriers with minimum thickness of the Lead sheet should be 2 mm. 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Radiation protection and Prevention: 

Radiation protection and Prevention 4. lead aprons (0.5mm) should be routinely used for all workers who are working in nuclear reacter operators 5. Use personnel monitoring badge or Dosimeter. 6. During construction of room barium plaster should be used which absorbs the scattered radiation. 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Chemical Hazards: 

Chemical Hazards Protective Measures like wearing gloves Plenty of water for washing the hands Mechanization Periodic medical examination of the workers Health education 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Mechanical Hazard: 

Mechanical Hazard Ergonomics Fitting the job to the worker Designing machines, tools, equipment, processes Layout Methods of works and environment Ergon = work Nomos=

Biological Hazard: 

Biological Hazard Periodic medical examination of the workers Health education Self protection 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Psychosocial Hazard: 

Psychosocial Hazard Prevention: Space out professional work Sufficient rest Social interaction Family interaction Attend course to overcome stress 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Slide 26: 

Summary OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Occupational diseases: 

Occupational diseases Physical agents heat, cold, light, pressure, noise, radiation, mechanical factors, electricity Chemical agents Gases, dusts (organic/ inorganic), metals, chemicals , solvents Biological agents Brucellosis, leptospirosis , anthrax, tetanus etc. Occupational cancers Occupational dermatitis Of skin, lung, bladder Dermatitis, eczema Mechanical Machinery and its moving parts Psycho- logical origion Psychological and behavioural changes Hypertension, peptic ulcer 9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC

Slide 28: 

9/20/2011 Dr.N.B.Reddy Com Med CMCH & RC Tan Q