ENERGY

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NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS Dr.N.Bayapa Reddy (NBR) Asst. Professor Department of Community Medicine

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 2 MAN IS A MASS OF PROTEINS (MUSCLES), BUILT UPON MINERALS (BONES) PROTECTED BY FATS(ADIPOSE TISSUE), ENERGIZED BY CARBOHYDRATES & ACTIVATED BY VITAMINS

Basic concepts Nutritional Requirements:

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 3 Basic concepts Nutritional Requirements Promotion, Protection and maintenance of health in all groups of population Optimum intake Minimum intake Recommended intake or allowances Safe level of intake Out of all Recommended daily intake or allowances has been widely accepted

Recommended daily allowances:

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 4 Recommended daily allowances Def: Amount of nutrient sufficient for the maintenance of health in all people Minimum requirement + safety margin, individual variation and stress of every day life RDA does not apply to sick persons

ENERGY:

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 5 ENERGY It is a prime requisite for body function and growth Food intake low-reduction in wt and ht Reduced ability to do work, to resist infection and weakened will to enjoy the satisfaction in life

Measurement of Energy:

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 6 Measurement of Energy Kcal kJ Proteins Fat Carbohydrate

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 7 If adequate energy supply is not provided some protein will be burnt to provide energy Reference Man and Reference Woman Energy intake recommendations - FAO

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 8 INDIAN REFERENCE MAN: Aged between 20-39 years Weight 60kg Free from disease & physically fit & mentally alert Employed for 8 hours in occupation, 8 hours in bed & 4 to 6 hours in sitting & recreation Such a person requires light worker- 2400 kcals/ day moderate worker- 2900 kcals/ day heavy worker- 3800 kcals/ day

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 9 INDIAN REFERENCE WOMAN: Age between 20-39 years Weight 50 kg Engaged for 8 hours in occupation, 8 hours in bed, 4 to 6 hour in sitting & moving 2 hours in walking or household duties Such a woman require light worker- 1900 kcals/ day moderate worker- 2200 kcals/ day heavy worker- 2900 kcals/ day

Consumption unit/Calorie Coefficient:

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 10 Consumption unit /Calorie Coefficient Age group (yr) 1 – 3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-12 Calorie Coefficient 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 12 - 21 yrs for both sex 1.0 category Male Female Sedentary 1 0.8 Moderate 1.2 0.9 Heavy 1.6 1.2

CARBOHYDRATES :

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 11 CARBOHYDRATES Constitute main bulk of Indian diet Consists of C,H,O

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 12 TYPES Mono saccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose Disaccharides: lactose, maltose, sucrose Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose Mono & disaccharides are soluble in water & sweet Polysaccharides are not sweet & water soluble Eg: cereals, millets, roots & tubers

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 13 FUNCTIONS: main source of energy (1gm=4kcals) Essential for the oxidation of fat Stored as glycogen in liver & muscles Excess of CHO stored as fat in body Add flavor & taste to the food. SOURCES: Cereals, pulses, fruits, roots & tubers Sugar, jaggery, & honey are 100% CHO

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 14 RDA -50-70% of total energy intake Most of the Indian diet contains more than this around 90% of total energy intake CHO & DISEASE: High intake of sweets predispose to obesity (e.g. candy, cake, ice cream etc.) High intake of sucrose exerts more work on β-cells Sucrose favour bacterial growth in oral cavity ( dental caries)

Dietary fiber:

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 15 Dietary fiber Dietary fiber (R oughage ): non-nutritious, indigestible portion of plant foods two main components: cellulose and noncellulose soluble fiber that is readily fermented in the colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts, Eg : Pectins , Gums & Mucilages insoluble fiber that is metabolically inert, absorbing water throughout the digestive system and easing defecation . Eg : cellulose, hemi cellulose &Lignin Soluble fiber absorbs water to become a gelatinous, viscous substance and is fermented by bacteria in the digestive tract. Insoluble fiber has bulking action and is not fermented

Advantages :

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 16 Advantages Reduced incidence of Coronary heart diseases Decrease cholesterol level Decrease post-prandial cholesterol Disadvantages : Decrease the absorption of Minerals and vitamins RDA : 40grams/day: Indian diet provide 50-100g

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 17 PROTEINS: (Prime importance) Complex compounds of carbon, H, O, N, S They only contain Nitrogen Made up of units : Amino acids (22) 8 are essential amino acids Infants require Histidine TYPES: 1) Complete protein/First class protein/protein of high biological value 2) Incomplete /second class protein/protein of low biological value

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 18 SUPPLEMENTARY ACTION OF PROTEIN Cereal proteins are deficient in lysine & threonine pulses deficient in methionine Maize in lysine tryptophan (limiting amino acids) Cereals & pulse taken together (rice & dal) limiting amino acids supplement each other Resulting in a protein comparable to first class protein

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 19 RDA Group Daily requirement in gm/kg Adult man 1 Adult woman 1 Pregnancy 1gm/kg+15gm Lactation (0-6 months) 7-12 months 1gm/kg+ 25gm 1gm/kg+ 18gm Infant 0-6 months 2.2 6-12 month 1.6 Children 1-5 years 1.7 6-11 years 1.4 Adolescents 1.3

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 20 SOURCES: A) Animal sources: e.g ., meat, milk, egg-white, fish, cheese etc B) Vegetable sources: e.g . pulses, cereals, beans, nuts, oil-seed cakes etc., Reference-protein : Egg proteins considered to be best animal protein High biological value & digestibility It is called as ‘REFERENCE PROTEIN’

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 21 PROTEIN QUALITY 1) Digestibility coefficient (DC) % of ingested proteins absorbed in to blood stream 2) Biological value (BV) % of Nitrogen retained out of Nitrogen absorbed from the diet ( Absorbed Nitrogen – Nitrogen Excreted in urine) BV = x 100 ASSESSMENT OF PROTEINTS

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 22 3) Net protein Utilization (NPU ) Proportion of ingested protein retained in the body Product of DC & BV/100 Directly related to dietary intake NPU is low, requirement will high NPU above 50 is satisfactory NPU = x 100

Amino Acid Score:

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 23 Amino Acid Score Measure of Concentration of each essential Amino acid in test protein expressed as a percentage of that amino acid in the reference protein AAS = x 100 50-60 for starches, and 70-80 for animal foods number of mg of one amino acid per g of protein number of mg of same amino acid per g of Egg protein

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 24 Protein Energy Ratio : PE percent = x100 PE <5% for adult & < 8% for child not meet the requirement Ideally PE should be 15-20% of total daily energy intake PROTEIN QUALITY

Fats:

7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 25 Fats Requirement of fats varies with age Infancy -50% of total energy intake Adult – 20% total energy intake ICMR recommended 20% total energy intake In that 50% Vegetable oils Essential Fats 3-5.7% of total energy intake Fat rich foods

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 26 Balanced diet: Diet consisting of right kinds of food in right proportions as to provide the required energy and proximate principles for maintaining the health, vitality & well-being and makes smaller provision to withstand short duration of illness.

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7/20/2011 NBR CMCH & RC 29 RELAX !!!

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