nobel laureates of microbiology.

NOBEL LAUREATES OF MICROBIOLOGY... : 

NOBEL LAUREATES OF MICROBIOLOGY...

Micro biology : 

Micro biology It is the study of organisms called micro-organisms that are too small to perceived clearly by unaided human eyes. In lay man’s word organisms with a diameter of 1mm or less are micro-organisms fall into the broad domain of microbiology..

Emil A. Von Behring : 

Emil A. Von Behring Born: 15/03/1854 Place: Hansdorf, Deutsch Awarded Nobel prize in 1901 for his studies on DIPTHERIAE ANTITOXIN

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He was studying on the problem connected to septic diseases. In 1881-1883, he carried out imp investigations on the action of IODOFORM, stating that it doesn’t kill microbes but may neutralise the poisons given off by them, thus being anti-toxic. Worked under the postulates of KOCH & worked with Paul Ehrlich, Loeffler, Roux, Yersin & others. He is remembered for his work on the Diphtheria & Tuberculosis. He discovered the toxin-antitoxin therapy for the treatment of diseases.

Ronald Ross : 

Ronald Ross Born:13/05/1857 Place: Almora, India He Got Nobel prize on 1902 for his studies on Lifecycle of Malaria Parasite

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In 1894,he investigated the hypothesis of Laveran & Manson that ‘mosquitoes are connected with the propagation of malaria’. After long efforts he finally demonstrated the life cycle of malaria parasites in mosquitoes. He developed the mathematical model for the study of epidemiology. 20th august 1897,in secunderabad, he found out the malaria parasite while dissecting the stomach tissue of an four days fed anopheles mosquitoes, and went on to prove that the role of anopheles mosquitoes in the transmission of Malaria Parasite in humans.

ROBERT KOCH : 

ROBERT KOCH Born : 11/12/1843 Place : Germany Father of BACTERIOLOGY Nobel prize: Physiology and medicine ( 1906)

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1872-1880 was the year to remember due to epidemic caused by Anthrax. Anthrax bacillus was already discovered by Pollender, Rayer, and Davaine. By a series of experiments he proved that, ‘ Anthrax disease can be transmitted by means of blood of infected animals only.’ Proved again that, ‘Anthrax bacillus can still cause the disease , although they had had no contact with any animal.’

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The first Photo micro graphs of BACTERIA, taken by Koch in 1877. Unstained chains of vegetative cells of Bacillus anthraces Unstained chains of Bacillus anthraces; the cells contain retractile spores A stained smear of Bacillus anthraces from the spleen of an infected animal; note the rod shaped cells & the larger tissue cells

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One of the bacteria discovered by Koch.

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Methods of Cultivating cultures of bacteria on solid media, and also use of Petri dish. Developed techniques of staining of bacteria. Discovered Tubercle bacillus, Vibrio cholera. Worked on Malaria and found the importance of Quinine Studied the pathogenic species of Babesia & Trypanosomes and on tick borne spirocheatosis. He discovered the ‘Atoxyl’ for human Trypanosomiasis

Koch's Postulates: : 

Koch's Postulates: Organism should be constantly associated with the lesions of the disease. It should be possible to isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesions of the disease. The isolated organism when inoculated in laboratory should produce a similar disease. It should be possible to re-isolate the organism in pure culture from the lesions produced in the experimental animals. Lepra bacillus doesn’t obey the Koch’s postulate.

Koch's Phenomenon : 

Koch's Phenomenon He found that, Guinea Pigs already infected with tubercle bacillus responded with an exaggerated inflammatory response when injected with the tubercle bacillus or its protein. This Hypersensitivity reaction is called Koch’s Phenomenon.

Alphonso Laveran : 

Alphonso Laveran Born : 18/06/1845 Place: Paris, France Nobel prize in 1907 for his discovery of malaria parasite in unstained preparations of blood

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He gave an excellent Histological description of cerebral malaria. During his studies on Malaria in different times, he found one constant thing, that was the presence of granules of black pigment in the blood. Laveran Concluded that, these pigmented granules were specific to malaria, and that they originated in the blood. During his studies on blood specimens, Laveran noticed spherical bodies, free or adherent to blood cells, some of these bodies were glassy & difficult to see, others contain dark granules and having amoeboid movements. While examining one patients blood, he surprisingly found the ex-flagellation of a male gametocyte, a phase in the life cycle of Malaria Parasite which usually occurs in the stomach of Anopheles Mosquito.

PAUL EHRLICH : 

PAUL EHRLICH Born: 14/03/1854 Place: Germany Father of Chemotherapy Nobel prize : Physiology/Medicine ( 1908)

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He worked on the staining of granules in blood cells laid the foundations of future work on hematology and staining of tissues. Ziehl & Neelson’s work of staining and Gram’s staining was based on the Ehrlich’s concept. Reported the acid –fast nature of tubercle bacillus. Proposed ‘ side chain theory’ of antibody production. Discovered SALVARSAN, an arsenical compound, sometimes called the ‘MAGIC BULLETS’… Introduced the method of standardizing toxin and antitoxin.

Elie Metchnikoff : 

Elie Metchnikoff Born: 16/5/1845 Place: Ukraine, Russia He got noble prize in 1908 for his discovery in animals of amoeba like cells that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria- a phenomenon known as phagocytosis and a fundamental part of the immune response. Proposed Cellular immunity

Charles Richet : 

Charles Richet Born : 26/AUG/1880 Place : Paris, France Nobel Prize in the year 1913 on Anaphylaxis

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The credit of 1st SERO-THERAPEUTIC injection in human being goes to this man only. In 1900, he proved that, feeding milk, raw meat ( Zomo therapy ) might cure tuberculous dogs. He invented the word, ANAPHYLAXIS. It means to the sensitivity developed by an organism after it had been given a parenteral injection of a colloid or protein substance or a toxin. Parenteral injection of protein substances modifies profoundly and permanently the chemical constitution of body fluids.

Jules Bordet : 

Jules Bordet Born : 13th June, 1870 Place : Belgium He got Nobel prize for the development of Complement Fixation test in the year 1928.

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Bordet's early studies showed that, anti-microbic sera included two active substances, * one existing before immunization, known as LEXINE, *other one, a specific antibody created by Vaccination. He developed a method of diagnosing microbes by sera. He discovered haemolytic sera & showed that the mechanism of their action on foreign blood is similar to that by which an anti-microbic serum acts on microbes.

KARL LANDSTEINER : 

KARL LANDSTEINER Born : 14/June/1868 Place: Vienna He added knowledge to immunology of syphilis, Wassermann's reaction & discovered immunological factors which he named the 'HAPTENS'. Studied on Paroxysmal hemoglobulins.

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Along with, Landois, he described the complications of blood transfusions. Proposed the all important ABO blood groups. Nobel prize in 1930 for his description on ABO blood group.

GERHARD DOMAGK : 

GERHARD DOMAGK Born : 30/10/1895 Place : Brandenburg, Germany Field : Bacteriologist Nobel prize for proposing the 1st commercially available antibacterial antibiotic “ PROTONSIL”

ALEXANDER FLEMMING : 

ALEXANDER FLEMMING Born : 06/Aug/1881 Field : Bacteriology, Immunology He discovered enzyme LYSOZYME. Developed, PENICILIN from Penicillium notatum ( Fungus ) He shared Nobel prize in 1945 with Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

MAX THEILER : 

MAX THEILER Born : 30/Jan/1899 Place : Pretoria, South Africa He & his colleagues, in 1927 proved that cause of Yellow fever is not a bacterium, but a filterable virus. He discovered the Vaccine 17 D, for which he got Nobel prize in the year of 1951. He also worked on the Weil’s disease, Dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis.

SELEMAN A. WAKSMAN : 

SELEMAN A. WAKSMAN Born : 22nd July, 1888 Place : Russia He got Nobel prize in the year of 1952 for his discovery of STREPTOMYCIN

His other work: : 

His other work: Microbiological population of soil Sulphur oxidation by Bacteria Micro-organism & soil fertility Decomposition of plant and animal residues Nature and formation of humans Occurrence of bacteria in sea and their role in marine processes. Production & nature of antibiotics Taxonomy, physiology and biochemistry of actinomycets And discovered many antibiotics, such as; Actinomycin, Clavacin, STREPTOMYCIN, Streptothricin, Grisin, Neomycin, Fradicin, Candicidin, Candidin.

CHARLES NICOLLES : 

CHARLES NICOLLES Born : 21/08/1866 Place : Rouen, France Nobel prize : Typhus Fever Other work : Discovery of transmission method of Typhus Fever Discovery of transmission method of Tick fever He studied on cancer, Scarlet fever, Rinderpest, Measles, Influenza, Tuberculosis, Trachoma.

PEYTON ROUS : 

PEYTON ROUS He got Nobel prize for his extensive studies on Viral Oncogenesis ( avian Sarcoma )

Watson & crick : 

Watson & crick Nobel prize in the year of 1962 for his remarkable discovery of Double helix structure of DNA.

FRANCOIS JACOB, ANDRE LWOFF, & JACQUES MONOD : 

FRANCOIS JACOB, ANDRE LWOFF, & JACQUES MONOD Shared Nobel prize for the proposition of Operon Hypothesis & Protein Synthesis in 1965.

ROBERT HOLLEY, HAR GOBIND KHORANA, MARSHALL NIRENBERG : 

ROBERT HOLLEY, HAR GOBIND KHORANA, MARSHALL NIRENBERG Genetic Code ( 1968)

EDELMAN & PORTER : 

EDELMAN & PORTER Chemical structure of ANITBODY ( 1972)

KARY MULIS : 

KARY MULIS Proposer of POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

PETER DOHERTY & ROLF ZINKERNAGEL : 

PETER DOHERTY & ROLF ZINKERNAGEL Cell Mediated immune defenses ( 1996)

STANLEY B. PRUSINER : 

STANLEY B. PRUSINER Discovery of PRIONS ( 1997 )

Other Nobel laureates : - : 

Other Nobel laureates : -

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Thank You… Deepak Kumar Sabat 2nd Year B.M.C.H