CONSERVATION of cattle

CONSERVATION OF CATTLE : 

CONSERVATION OF CATTLE BY, SACHIN BHOSALE

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1980- FAO & UNDP –considered jointly technical aspect of conservation & laid down definite procedures for conservation 1984 - India established National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources under ICAR Difference between conservation & preservation: Preservation- maintenance of genetic diversity Conservation- preservation + upgradation

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Breeds at risk: Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Tharparker, Siri, Krishna valley, Mewati, Vachur etc. Factors affecting domestic animal diversity, dilution & declining trend of population of breeds: Breeding systems & breed dilution: (a) Upgrading (b) Cross- breeding

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2. Geographical reorganization 3. Purpose based farming system (Use of few breeds) 4. Economic viability 5. Modern agricultural practices 6. Other factors: e.g. -Increase in livestock population causing problems of feeding, healthcare etc. -flood, avalanches etc.

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Endangered level (Risk) of a breed of cattle: Normal:- population > 25000 Insecure:- 15000 -20000 Vulnerable:- 5000-15000 Endangered:- 2000-5000 Critical:- <2000

Objectives (Needs) of conservation : 

Objectives (Needs) of conservation Genetic insurance: -Adaptation to local environment -DNA sequences responsible for specific adaptive traits to introduce in highly productive germplasm Scientific study: - useful research material to understand evolution, domestication, effects of artificial & natural selection Economic potential in particular environment Environmental considerations: -Role of organism in ecosystem Cultural & ethical requirements Energy source

Unique features of Indigenous breeds : 

Unique features of Indigenous breeds Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir, Rathi - Milch type, heat & draught tolerant Hariana, Ongole - Dual purpose, heat & draught tolerant Nagori - Excellent draught animal for hot climate Vechur - Miniature cattle Punganur - Dwarf cattle Umblicherry - Excellent for wet ploughing Siri - dual purpose high altitude breeed

Principles of conservation : 

Principles of conservation Population size: above level of risk Characteristics of stock: pure form, having special traits, select diverse stock Environmental conditions: same locality & local conditions Breeding methods -maintenance of genetic merit & diversity

Methods of conservation : 

Methods of conservation In-Situ conservation: -in their adaptive (original & natural) environment (a) Active - Breed development (b) Passive - Maintenance of breeds at risks of loss Limitation High cost involved in maintaining large herds

Conservation & improvement done by the following : 

Conservation & improvement done by the following Effective population size Multi ovulation embryo transfer (MOET) Nuclear herd - ONBS & CNBS Improving mgmt. & environment Population size- minimum 100 bredable females to run selective breeding and to avoid inbreeding & genetic drift

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Farmer’s herds: Herd registration scheme Giving incentives to farmers Use of strategies to increase the fodder production: Maintaining common grassland Migrating grazing system in lean periods Re-seeding wasteland Planting high yielding species of plants

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B. Ex-situ conservation: - useful where in-situ conservation is not economically viable In- vivo method: - at a place away from main breeding tract of breed e.g. organized herd of research station, Central/State govt. research farms, Bull mother farms, Zoo & breeding parks Precaution : Avoid inbreeding

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b. In-vitro method Storage of living cells for long period of time by - deep freezing of sperms, oocytes, embryos - storage of DNA Objectives: Regeneration of endangered species New breed development Supporting In-vivo population Research for determining effect of single major gene DNA studies & genome mapping

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Cryopreservation of sperms & oocytes Cryopreservation of embryos Excellent tool for conservation But it is expensive to obtain embryos, cryopreservation technique need further refinement, 8 to 12 embryos required for one live animal iii. Storage of DNA - Avoids spreading of disease by transportation

Recent Techniques : 

Recent Techniques Embryonic stem cells -Totipotent (undifferentiated) cells obtained from blastocyst -single fertilised zygote gives rise to many cells B. Somatic cell cloning Two methods Roslin method Honololu method

Roslin method : 

Roslin method Donor cells forced to remain in dormant cell stage & cultured In-vitro to produce multiple copies of same nucleus Enucleated recipient cells & nucleated donor cells are fused by electric pulse to develop embryo Survived embryo is incubated in sheep’s oviduct & finally placed in uterus of surrogate mother ewe

Honololu method : 

Honololu method Unfertilized mouse egg cells are used as recipient of donor nucleus egg cell after acceptance in new nucleus is grown in a chemical culture Developing embryo is then transplanted in surrogate mother

Thank you. : 

Thank you.