Diabetes mellitus and Hashimoto's Disease

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Presented by: Avinash Kumar Singh BE/1304/09

Immune Disorders: 

Immune Disorders Definition Any dysfunction of the components of the immune system, at cellular, tissue, organ, or organ system level. It may lead to wide variety of diseases.

Classification of Immune Disorders: 

Classification of Immune Disorders It may be done on the various basis. By the component(s) of the immune system affected By whether the immune system is overactive or underactive By whether the condition is congenital or acquired

Types of Immune diseases: 

Types of Immune diseases

Autoimmune diseases: 

Autoimmune diseases Definition Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it. We are going to discuss 2 important and well-known autoimmune diseases: Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Diabetes Mellitus

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: 

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis First disease to be recognized as an autoimmune disease, by Japanese Specialist Hashimoto Hakaru , in Germany in 1912. Chronic thyroiditis is swelling (inflammation) of the thyroid gland that often results in reduced thyroid function ( hypothyroidism ). Caused by a reaction of the immune system against the thyroid gland.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Physiological effects: 

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Physiological effects The thyroid is composed of spherical follicles that selectively absorb iodine (as iodide ions, I - ) from the blood for production of thyroid hormones such as thyroid peroxidases, but also for storage of iodine in form of thyroglobulin . Physiologically, antibodies against thyroid peroxidase and/or thyroglobulin cause gradual destruction of follicles in the thyroid gland. This results in decreased function of thyroid function, which results into swelling of the thyroid.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Pathophysiology: 

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Pathophysiology Lack of negative feedback inhibition leads to uncontrolled growth of thyroid.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Symptoms and Characteristics: 

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Symptoms and Characteristics It can occur at any age, but is most often seen in middle-aged women . The disease begins slowly. It may take months or even years for the condition to be detected . Symptoms Constipation Difficulty concentrating or thinking Dry skin Enlarged neck or presence of goitre Fatigue Hair loss Intolerance to cold Mild weight gain

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Treatment: 

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Treatment Hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is treated with thyroid hormone replacement agents such as levothyroxine or desiccated thyroid extract . A tablet taken once a day generally keeps the thyroid hormone levels normal. In most cases, the treatment needs to be taken for the rest of the patient's life.

Diabetes Mellitus: 

Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes, T1DM, IDDM, or, formerly, juvenile diabetes ) is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. The subsequent lack of insulin leads to increased blood and urine glucose.

Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology: 

Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology

Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms: 

Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

Diabetes Mellitus Causes: 

Diabetes Mellitus Causes It has been proposed that diabetes type 1 results due to genetic susceptibility along with : a diabetogenic trigger exposure to a driving antigen

Diabetes Mellitus Genetics: 

Diabetes Mellitus Genetics Type 1 diabetes is a polygenic disease, meaning many different genes contribute to its onset. Depending on locus or combination of loci, it can be dominant, recessive, or somewhere in between. The strongest gene, IDDM1, is located in the MHC Class II region on chromosome 6, at staining region 6p21.

Diabetes Mellitus Trigger factors: 

Diabetes Mellitus Trigger factors Along with Genetic Susceptibility, some other environmental factors are required to trigger diabetes in an individual. Viral infections (mumps, rubella, coxsackievirus B4) Chemical toxins(certain drugs or medications can trigger degradation of pancreas)

Diabetes Mellitus Treatment: 

Diabetes Mellitus Treatment Medications Insulin Sources : standard practice is use of human insulin prepared by alteration of pork insulin or recombinant DNA therapy Clients who need insulin as therapy: All type 1 diabetics since their bodies essentially no longer produce insulin

Diabetes Mellitus Treatment: 

Diabetes Mellitus Treatment Pancreas transplantation In more extreme cases, a pancreas transplant can restore proper glucose regulation. However, the surgery and accompanying immunosuppression required is considered by many physicians to be more dangerous than continued insulin replacement therapy, and is therefore generally only used together with or some time after a kidney transplant . One reason for this is that introducing a new kidney requires taking immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine.

Diabetes Mellitus Treatment: 

Diabetes Mellitus Treatment Islet cell transplantation Experimental replacement of beta cells (by transplant or from stem cells) is being investigated in several research programs. Islet cell transplantation is expected to be less invasive than a pancreas transplant which is currently the most commonly used approach in humans. In one variant of this procedure, islet cells are injected into the patient's liver , where they take up residence and begin to produce insulin. The liver is expected to be the most reasonable choice because it is more accessible than the pancreas, and islet cells seem to produce insulin well in that environment.