The Scientific Revolution

The Age of Reason : 

The Age of Reason The Scientific Revolution Compiled by: ARVIND TIRKEY 1

Enlightenment and Revolution : 

Enlightenment and Revolution Why do you think historians use the word revolution to describe this period of change? Why would the people and animals of Africa open Europeans to new ideas?

Enlightenment and Revolution…….continued……. : 

Enlightenment and Revolution…….continued……. Link the following with enlightenment and revolution: Light Revolve ---------- St. Petersburg – the Enlightenment center in Russia Enlightenment ideas spread outside Europe – England’s North American colonies Enlightenment center in Brandenburg-Prussia – Berlin BUT main Enlightenment ideas came from Western Europe and spread far away in North America (colonization)

How would you react to a revolutionary idea? : 

How would you react to a revolutionary idea? Examining the issues Why might people have difficulty accepting new ideas or ways of thinking? What are the risks of embracing a different idea? What are some risks of always refusing to do so? Examining the issues People often become set in their ways of thinking and thus are reluctant to try new methods. Not knowing if new ideas will work; missing out on progress/growth/development and possibly better solution.

The Scientific Revolution : 

The Scientific Revolution Between 1300 and 1600 The Renaissance started in Europe – rebirth of learning and the arts, inspired a spirit of curiosity in many fields. In the mid-1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation and observation.

The Medieval View Vs The Scientific Ideas : 

The Medieval View Vs The Scientific Ideas Earth – immovable object. The moon, the sun and the planets all moved in perfectly circular paths around the earth. (common sense) Sun – immovable object. The stars, the earth and the other planet revolved around the sun.

The Medieval View Vs The Scientific Ideas : 

The Medieval View Vs The Scientific Ideas Geocentric Theory (Aristotle, Greek philosopher 4th century B.C.) – The Earth centered view of the Universe. Heliocentric Theory (Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish cleric and astronomer, early 15th century) – The Sun centered view of the Universe. Continued…….

The Medieval View Vs The Scientific Ideas : 

The Medieval View Vs The Scientific Ideas Greek astronomer Ptolemy supported the Geocentric theory of Aristotle in 2nd century B.C. Tycho Brahe (Danish astronomer) recorded movements of planets and produced accurate data. continued…….

The Scientific Ideas : 

The Scientific Ideas continued……. Tycho Brahe’s assistant Johannes Kepler, mathematical law govern planetary motion. He said the Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles. Italian scientist Galileo Galilei built his own telescope and studied heavens in 1609. Galileo announced – Jupiter had 4 moons, Sun had dark spots and Earth’s moon had rough & uneven surface. This contradicted Aristotle’s idea – moon and stars – made of pure and perfect substance.

Critical Thinking……. : 

Critical Thinking……. In what way did Copernicus’s Theory contradict religious views? Why do you think that Galileo chose to recant? How was scientific method of exploring ideas different from looking to history for answers? Why might the Church dislike the ideas of Copernicus and Galileo?

The Scientific Method : 

The Scientific Method

Major Steps in Scientific Revolution (during 1600s) : 

Major Steps in Scientific Revolution (during 1600s) Francis Bacon (an English statesman & writer) Rene Descartes (French scientist) Empiricism/Experimental Method Criticized medieval scholars for relying too much on the conclusions of Aristotle and other ancient thinkers (Roman, Greek books & Bible). Negated reasoning from abstract theories. Urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions. Mathematical Reasoning / Deductive Method Believed in rejecting old assumptions and teachings. Relied on mathematics & logic. Believed that everything should be doubted until proved by reason. Followed a train of strict reasoning to arrive at other basic truths.

Newton – Law of Gravity : 

Newton – Law of Gravity Studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge University. At the age of 26 – all physical objects are affected equally by some force. Great discovery – same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space. The Law of Universal Gravitation – Every object in the universe attract every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. 1968 – published – The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Described universe like a giant clock – all movements can be explained mathematically.

Scientific Instruments : 

Scientific Instruments

Medicine and the Human Body : 

Medicine and the Human Body

Discoveries in Chemistry : 

Discoveries in Chemistry The notion of reason and order spurred many breakthroughs in science and soon moved into other fields of life. Philosophers and scholars across Europe began to rethink long-held beliefs about human condition. These thinkers helped to usher in a movement/revolution that challenged the age-old relationship between a government and its people. Rights and liberties of ordinary citizen was given importance. Political setup changed in numerous societies.

Causes of Scientific Revolution : 

Causes of Scientific Revolution Influence of great masters – Aristotle & Ptolemy – generated interest in mathematics. Modern Science did not start from scratch but from breaking old models of the world. Medieval Intellectual Life and Medieval Universities. Expansion of trade - Navigational problems of long sea voyages. Better scientific instruments. Reformation - The Reformation divided Europe. Science could go on in other countries when Catholic Hierarchy opposed it.

Consequences of the Scientific Revolution : 

Consequences of the Scientific Revolution Negation of the views in Roman and Greek books. End of misinterpretation of the Bible by the religious authorities. Rise of the “Scientific Community” -- Royal Society of London (1662) -- Academy of Royal Sciences (1666) The Modern Scientific method. A universe ordered according to natural laws. Laws discovered by human reason. De-spiritualized and De-mystified the Universe. Deistic view of God. Experimentation method/Empiricism.

Annexure/Bibliography : 

Annexure/Bibliography Flemish – the people of Flanders, a region divided between Belgium, France and the Netherlands. Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, and Dahia Ibo Shabaka. World History - Patterns of Interaction. 1st. USA: McDougal Littel, 2005. 620-628. Print.