TIGER CENSUS

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TIGER CENSUS : HOW TO DO IT ? :

TIGER CENSUS : HOW TO DO IT ? BY ARVIND KUMAR MUDGAL 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 1

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6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 2

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6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 3

Slide 4:

6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 4 INDO CHINESE SUMATRAN

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6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 5 SOUTH CHINESE

THE PUGMARKS :

THE PUGMARKS 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 6

Why are pugmarks important? :

Why are pugmarks important? Pugmarks are recorded whenever an animal moves through the jungle over suitable ground If analysed skillfully and honestly, pugmarks can provide reliable data of: 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 7

Why pugmarks :

Why pugmarks Presence of different species in the area of study. Population of large cats. Sex ratio of large cats. Identification of individual animals 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 8

Commonly met animals in a tiger habitat :

Commonly met animals in a tiger habitat 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 9 Chital Sambar Barasingha

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Nilgai Chusingha Barking deer Hog deer 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 10

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Wild boar Wild Dog Wolf Hynea Jackal Indian Fox Bear 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 11

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Tiger Leopard Caracal Caracal cat Wild cat 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 12

WHAT IS THE NEED OF CENSUS :

WHAT IS THE NEED OF CENSUS MEANING OF BEING ENDANGERED : INDIAN GENE POOL 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 13

HOW DO YOU DIFFERNTIATE A CAT & DOG :

HOW DO YOU DIFFERNTIATE A CAT & DOG 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 14

IDENTIFY ? :

IDENTIFY ? 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 15

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6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 16

THE DIFFERENCE :

THE DIFFERENCE While claw marks are visible in a dog’s pugmark, in Cats,unless they are walking over slippery or very steep ground, claw marks are not visible 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 17

IDENTIFY :

IDENTIFY 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 18

TIGER WALK :

TIGER WALK 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 19

PLACEMENT OF PAW :

PLACEMENT OF PAW 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 20

DESIGN :

DESIGN 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 21 DEW CLAW

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A tiger’s paw consists of a pad and four toes. A fifth toe commonly called the dew claw, is placed high Dew claws are retractable Ordinarily, the dew claw does not touch the ground The pad is 3-lobed at the rear end. 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 22

Measuring a pugmark :

Measuring a pugmark 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 23

Distinguishing the hind from the front pugmark :

Distinguishing the hind from the front pugmark 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 24

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Front pugs are larger than hind pugs. In a front pug, the Forward most points of the two middle toes are almost at the same level In hind paws, the forward most points of the two middle toes are distinctly at different levels 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 25

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In male tigers, the PMB of the front pug is mostly greater than its PML. 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 26

Distinguishing the hind pugmark of male and female :

Distinguishing the hind pugmark of male and female 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 27

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6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 28

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The pugmark of a male almost fits into a square. The pugmark of a female fits I The shape of toes in a male is more rounded.nto a rectangle. The shape of toes in a female is elongated. 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 29

The walk sequence :

The walk sequence 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 30 NORMAL SLOW

FAST :

FAST 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 31

Where to search for tiger pugmarks :

Where to search for tiger pugmarks 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 32

WHERE TO SEARCH :

WHERE TO SEARCH 1. Dusty or damp ground. 2. Forest paths and roads. 3. Animal trails. 4. River and stream beds. 5. Near water holes. 6. Dry nala beds. 7. In the vicinity of natural salt licks 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 33

Techniques for obtaining good pug impressions :

Techniques for obtaining good pug impressions 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 34 PIPIPP Pug Impression Pads (PIPs)

PugImpression Pads (PIPs) :

PugImpression Pads (PIPs) A PIP is 2m long along the length of the track and covers the entire width. A PIP is large enough to allow the registration of 3 to 4 pugmarks. 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 35

Laying of a PIP :

Laying of a PIP 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 36 Dig upto 10cm of the path / track to make a strip 2m long x total width.

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6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 37

A simple ‘tiger tracer’ :

A simple ‘tiger tracer’ 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 38

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6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 39

How to make a plaster cast :

How to make a plaster cast 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 40

Distinguishing pugmarks of tiger cubs from adultleopard :

Distinguishing pugmarks of tiger cubs from adultleopard The tracks of the mother tigress will invariably occur alongside those of her cub. Tiger cubs of that age do not move independently. The pug impression of an adult leopard is compact. The pad and the toes are held closer together 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 41

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6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 42 CUB leopard

DNA FINGERPRINTING :

DNA FINGERPRINTING SCAT HAIR MICROSATELLITE 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 43

UNGULATE ANALYSIS :

UNGULATE ANALYSIS PREDATOR PREY RELATIONSHIP NO OF UNGULATES NEEDED NUMBER OF KILL/ATTEMPTS TOTAL BIONASS NEEDED 6/13/2010 KNOW TIGER TO SAVE TIGER 44