breeding onion for dehydration purpose

Welcome:

Welcome 1

Breeding onion for dehydration purpose:

Breeding onion for dehydration purpose 2 Name of speaker : Barad Yogendra M Reg no. : 04-0286-2006 Major advisor : Dr. A. R. Pathak Date & Time : 16-4-08 ; 16.00 hrs Degree : M.Sc. (Agri.) Course no : PBG 699

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Content Introduction Traits suitable for dehydration Variability and correlation Inheritance Breeding approaches Achievements Conclusion Future thrusts 3

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Common name : Onion Class : Monocotyledones Order : Asperagales Family : Alliaceae Tribe : Allieae Genus : Allium Species : cepa Chromosome no : 2n=16 4

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Onion is classified as vegetable, it has special qualities, which add taste and flavour It is mainly used in Indian cuisine and culinary preparations. Onion is widely grown in different parts of the country. It is used as salad or cooked in various ways in all curries, fried, boiled or baked. Onion is also used in processed forms e.g. flakes, powder paste, pickles etc. It has very good medicinal value. Nutritive value of onion varies from variety to variety. Its major value is in its flavour . The perpetual demand of onions within the country and for the export has made it essential to supply onions round the year either from fresh harvest or from stocks. 5

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A global review of area and production of major vegetable crops shows that onion ranks 2 nd in area under vegetables and third in production in the world. The world production of onion was 57.91 million tonnes from 3.18 million ha area, China being first in area and production ( 0.90 million ha and 19.05 million tonnes ) and India ranks second ( 0.46 million ha and 6.22 million tonnes . The main reason for low productivity in India is following of traditional cultivation methods and use of local varieties. Country Productivity ( tonnes /ha) Korea Republic 62.50 Ireland 55.92 Netherlands 53.33 USA 51.19 Chile 48.72 Japan 47.09 Spain 46.34 India 10.38 6 Anonymous FAO(2006)

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Table 1 . Area , production and productivity Sr no State Area Production (' 000 tons MT) Productivity ( tons/ ha) 1. Andhra Pradesh 22.05 197.00 8.93 2. Bihar 24.05 265.65 11.05 3. Gujarat 49.23 984.75 20.00 4. Karnataka 41.64 306.60 7.36 5. Madhya Pradesh 25.50 303.80 11.91 6. Maharashtra 84.48 1661.00 19.66 7. Orissa 55.50 473.00 8.52 8. Rajasthan 28.35 380.60 13.43 9. Tamilnadu 24.00 251.10 10.46 10. Uttar Pradesh 53.65 562.00 10.48 11. Haryana 13.05 257.00 19.69 12 Other state 33.10 391.75 11.84 Total 454.60 6034.25 - Anonymous(2006) 7

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Sr. No Year Quantity ( Lakh M.T.) Value (crores Rs) 1 2001-2002 5.07 412.00 2 2002-2003 5.45 445.20 3 2003-2004 8.29 672.35 4 2004-2005 9.44 817.49 5 2005-2006 7.70 620.27 FAO (2006-07) Table 2 Onion export from India 8

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Most of the dehydration plants of India are situated at Mahuva, Bhavnagar district of Gujarat state. There is no domestic consumption of dehydrated onion (100% export). Only white onion is preferred for dehydration. In Gujarat, white onion contributes to 30 to 35% of total onion production. Local varieties available for dehydration have uneven size and low TSS(up to 13%) and dry matter, which are not suitable for dehydration purpose. Exotic varieties have TSS up to 20 %. So there is a need to develop white onion varieties suitable for dehydration purpose to earn high export value. 9

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Onion Dehydration Units in Gujarat 10 Currently, the total number of onion dehydration plants in the country is 56, of which Gujarat has 50, while the rest are in Maharashtra, Haryana and Delhi . At present, Mahuva houses 34 such plants, with production capacity of 150 tons per day. Mahuva in Bhavnagar is the main centre of onion dehydration plants and exports onion powder worth Rs 125 - Rs 130 crore per annum. These plants have production capacity of 185 to 190 tons per day in Mahuva alone.

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Table 3 The chemical composition of Onion (per 100 g onion) Particulars Big Onion Small Onion Onion stalks Dehydrated Onion Moisture (g) 86.6 84.3 87.6 4.60 Protein(g) 1.2 1.8 0.9 10.6 Fat(g) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.80 Minerals(g) 0.4 0.6 0.8 3.50 Fibre (g) 0.6 0.6 1.6 6.40 Carbohydrate(g) 11.1 12.6 8.9 74.1 Energy (K cal) 50.0 59.0 41.0 - Calcium (mg) 0.6 40.0 50.0 300 Phosphorus (mg) - 60.0 50.0 290.0 Iron (mg) 0.6 1.2 7.43 2.00 Contd… 11

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Particulars Big Onion Small Onion Onion stalks Dehydrated Onion Thiamine (mg) 0.08 0.08 - 0.42 Carotene (µg) - 15.0 595.0 - Riboflavin (mg) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 Niacin (mg) 0.4 0.5 0.3 - Folic acid (mg) 6.0 - - - Vitamin C (mg) 11.0 2.0 17.0 147.0 Magnesium (mg) 16.0 - 104.0 - Sodium (mg) 4.0 - 2.2 40.0 Potassium (mg) 127.0 - 109.0 1000.0 Copper (mg) 0.18 - 0.45 - Manganese (mg) 0.18 - 0.74 - Molybdenm (mg) 0.03 - 2.29 - Zinc (mg) 0.41 - - - 12

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Traits determining the dehydration quality of onion 13

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Table 4 Character associated for dehydrated onion Sr. no Character Remark 1 Total Soluble Solids (TSS) and dry matter High TSS ( >15 %) 2 Colour White 3 Size and Shape (Tailing & Toppling) Full globe to tall globe 4 Pungency High 5 Storage life High 6 Density Firmness 7 Bolting and twins Lower 14

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TSS and dry matter The non structural or storage carbohydrates of onion make most of the dry matter. Onion is totally lacking in starch but store carbohydrates as fructans . The non structural dry matter content of onion bubs consists of fructose, glucose, sucrose and fructans. Fructans are stored in the vacuoles of plant cells and their hydrolysis yield fructose and glucose Fructans derived from the trisaccharides 1- kestose (1F- fructosyl sucrose) and neokestose (6G- fructosyl sucrose). The dry matter and soluble carbohydrate content of onion bulbs can vary as 7% in sweet types up to about 21% in cultivars grown for dehydration. 15

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Plate 1 Effect of Day and night temperature on (a) The dry weight as % of fresh weight (b) The concentration of glucose+ sucrose+ fructose 16 Steer. (1990)

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17 Plate 2 Separation of nonstructural carbohydrates extracted from bulbs. (a) White Spanish hybrid (7.5%), (b) Australian Brown (10.6), (c) F1 White Creole x Southport White Globe (17.2%) Darbyshire and Steer (1990) Low Medium High

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Plate 3 Relationship between carbohydrate and dry weight x Dai-maru White Spanish Hybrid Bronze Wonder Valdez Early Lockeyer Brown Australian Brown Lemon Skinned Creamgold Dehyso White creole X Southport White Globe Southport White Globe 18 Darbyshire and Steer (1990)

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Bulb colour : White colour is preferable for dehydration because pigmented dehydrated products are not preferred. Bulb shape : Globe shape is preferred as it leads to reduced waste during tailing and toppling. Bulb size : 5.0 to 7.5 cm bulb diameter is preferable 19

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Onion is characterized by the remarkable sulfur containing compounds, which give them distinct smell and pungency. In onion, most of the sulfur is in the various non-protein amino acids which include the precursors of the volatile flavor compounds. This precursors are odourless, non-volatile amino acids of the S-alkyl cysteine sulfoxides. O R – S– CH 2 – CH(NH 2 )COOH Allinase is the enzyme responsible for the development of the flavor compound. 20 Pungency: High pungency is preferred.

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Storage life Fructan levels decrease and fructose concentrations increase during sprout development in onion bulbs. Onion skin contain large amounts of pectin and are suitable sources for the extration of pectic substances for processing. Density : Firm bulbs with higher TSS, dry matter are preferred. Bolting and twins : Low bolting and twins is preferred as it leads to firm bulbs. 21

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Variability and correlation 22

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Selection No (Source) TSS (%) Moisture % Sugar Pyruvic Acid (%) Yield q/ha Water insoluble Matter (%) Reducing Total 44 (Ludhiana) 12.5 85.4 2.8 8.7 0.58 364.8 1.80 96 ( Calculta ) 15.2 82.4 2.9 9.9 0.51 207.8 2.24 106 (Nasik) 12. 5 85.6 3.4 7.9 0.41 362.1 1.17 126 (Egypt) 13.5 84.7 2.5 9.2 0.53 275.0 2.08 133 (Poona) 11.5 87.3 3.4 7.4 0.35 317.2 0.44 134(Poona) 15.2 83.3 2.2 8.5 0.50 190.6 1.88 155 (Nasik) 12.5 87.4 2.2 10.2 0.64 261.4 2.20 158 (Nasik) 14.2 83.5 3.7 9.7 0.67 251.8 2.57 159 (Nasik) 13.2 84.0 3.2 7.0 0.43 268.2 1.95 169 (USA) 16.0 82.3 1.1 11.2 0.60 196.0 2.80 170 (USA) 13.0 84.7 2.3 9.5 0.58 240.9 1.90 172 (USA) 18.0 81.2 1.9 12.1 0.64 - 2.20 175 (NSC) 18.5 78.1 1.8 14.3 0.57 138.8 2.60 36-1-3-4 (IARI) 15.8 82.4 2.2 10.3 0.61 362.0 2.40 23 Table 5 Quality parameters of onion varieties New Delhi, IARI V. Sethi et al. (1973)

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Sr no Genotype 1978 1979 Kharif Summer Kharif Summer 1 Bellary Red 11.26 16.36 14.90 17.09 2 Yadugiri Red 11.80 15.00 14.22 16.16 3 N 53 12.00 14.69 14.62 14.19 4 N 2-4-1 10.38 16.24 14.22 12.43 5 N-257-9-1 11.22 19.16 12.84 13.13 6 Junagadh White 10.68 18.38 17.43 18.20 7 Junagadh Red 10.62 18.36 14.32 17.80 8 Pusa red 11.86 16.53 15.01 11.99 9 Hissar-2 10.36 16.50 14.34 14.96 10 Telagi light Red 13.50 18.06 17.77 13.43 11 Telagi white 10.72 - - 12.43 12 VL-67 - 12.83 12.76 10.20 13 U-102 - 15.40 13.92 11.63 14 Nasik Red Globe - 12.63 15.51 15.26 15 Pooona Red - 11.83 14.64 11.83 24 Dharvad Madalageri et al . (1986) Table 6 Total soluble solid (%) of onion genotypes in different seasons and years

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Table 7 Components of genetic variation, heritability and genetic advance for TSS 25 Components 1978 1979 Kharif Summer Kharif Summer σ 2 g 0.847 1.8442 3.6119 9.361 σ 2 p 1.026 2.6678 4.5542 10.22 GCV 7.455 10.893 24.119 62.66 PCV 9.027 15.757 30.412 68.45 Expected genetic gain 172.332 232.59 348.66 603.01 H 2 (%) 82.578 69.128 79.309 91.531 Dharvad Madalageri et al .(1986)

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Genotype Mean TSS (%) Regression (b) S 2 d Bellary Red 14.92 0.9889 1.3035** Yadugiri Red 14.29 0.6399 5.1393* N 53 13.88 0.5179 1.3646 N 2-4-1 13.32 1.0141 3.1400 N-257-9-1 14.09 1.2596 15.4741** Junagadh White 16.17 1.4928 6.8946** Junagadh Red 15.28 1.4108 9.1358** Pusa red 13.85 0.7745 8.9478** Hissar-2 14.04 1.1202 0.9478 Telagi light Red 15.69 0.7827 14.2022** 26 Dharvad Madalageri et al. (1986) Table 8 Stability parameters for total soluble solids

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Experiments Stage of sampling (Days after planting) 30 60 90 Kharif 1978 7.94 12.72 11.37 Summer 1978 14.45 17.11 16.93 Kharif 1979 10.10 11.70 14.98 Summer 1979 15.24 15.56 14.94 Mean 12.01 14.27 14.56 27 Dharvad Madalageri et al. (1986) Table 9 Developmental changes in total soluble solids (%) in onion

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Bulb firmness Soluble solids Bulb weight No of leaves/ plant Length of longest leaf Width of longest leaf Leaf area of longest leaf Heritability (%) Bulb firmness 0.0079 (0.495)** -0.0845 (0.095) 0.0579 (0.376)** -0.0618 ( 0.830)** -0.0161 (0.188) -0.0267 (0.137) 32 Soluble solids 0.311* 0.263* (0.044) 0.0152 (0.321)** -0.0813 (0.390)** 0.0547 (0.382)** -0.066 (0.068) 72 Bulb weight 0.136 0.041 -0.0380 (0.035) -0.0488 (0.120) 0.0454 (0.018) -0.002 (0.704)** 19.9 No of leaves/plant 0.305* 0.020 0.042 0.0192 (0.286) 0.0650 (0.531)** 0.048 (0.049) 25 Length of longest leaf 0.931** 0.292 0.145 0.287* 0.420** (0.156) 0.700** (0.101) 27 Width of longest leaf 0.141 0.453** 0.019 0.459* 0.112 0.821** (0.011) 5.8 Leaf area of longest leaf 0.145 0.045 0.942** 0.042 0.008 0.007 46 28 Table 10 Phenotypic and genotypic (in parenthesis) correlations for onion Nigeria Kadams nad Nwasike . (1986) Lower diagnosis represent error variance

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Cultivar TSS June July August White creole 20.4 20.0 19.5 Creoso 18.6 20.0 20.1 S707A 18.3 19..2 19.1 S719A 17.3 19.1 19.8 YO1 18.9 18.4 18.2 White Harla 19.0 18.2 17.9 Dehyso 18.8 18.3 17.9 S718B 18.2 16.4 17.6 Hysol 23-24 15.9 16.0 16.0 F1 Dehydrator 8 17.6 17.2 17.0 Primero 17.1 16.7 17.2 YO4 16.3 17.4 15.5 YO6 16.6 16.5 15.8 29 Table 11 Total Soluble Solid content of white onion Australia Rogars and Henderson . (1989)

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Onion variety Fresh bulb TSS Pyruvic acid (micromoles/g) Hot water insoluble % Optical index Kalyanpur Red 18.0 3.0 2.14 20 Pusa red 14.0 2.0 1.25 16 Pusa Ratnar 13.5 2.0 1.00 4 Punjab Selection 14.5 2.0 1.76 6 Hissar-2 17.0 2.0 1.40 8 Udaipur Red 12.0 3.0 0.70 20 Udaipur White 13.0 3.0 1.16 0 Nasik SI (106) 14.0 4.0 0.54 10 SI 131 13.5 3.0 0.44 0 SI 133 13.0 2.0 1.14 0 SI 134 14.0 2.0 2.50 0 259-9-1 14.5 1.5 3.00 0 5111-12-Red 15.5 1.0 1.76 6 6308-Red 14.0 2.0 1.00 6 30 Kanpur Kapur et a l. (1994) Table 12 Physio-chemical composition of onion varieties

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Varieties Shape of bulbs Yield (q/ha) Dry matter (%) Dry matter (q/ha) Moisture (%) Optical Index Reducing sugar (%) Non redicing (%) Agrifound Light Red Global 326.96 14.75 48.22 85.25 15.0 5.95 8.48 Arka Niketan Global 365.44 13.37 48.85 86.37 17.0 3.85 8.84 Punjab-48 Global 345.74 15.65 53.99 84.35 6.0 4.46 5.26 N-2-4-1 Global 360.00 13.56 48.81 86.44 20.0 2.24 4.65 Arka Pragati Global 246.00 13.47 33.13 86.53 14.0 4.55 11.51 Pusa White Flat Flat 308.33 15.45 47.63 84.55 4.0 3.70 5.05 Arka kalyan Global 245.91 13.38 32.90 86.62 16.0 4.17 5.88 N-257-9-1 Global 300.00 15.39 46.17 84.61 8.0 5.32 6.25 31 Table 13 Quality parameters of different varieties of onion Nasik Verma et al. (1999)

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Trait Location Mean ± SE H 2 b MSU611-1B (C1) MSU8155B (C2) BYG15-23 (P1) AC43 (P2) F 3 M SSC Palmyra 97 8.3±0.6 7.1±0.6 8.3 ±0.4 5.5 ±0.6 8.8±0.7 Palmyra 98 11.6±1.1 9.3±0.5 8.7 ±0.7 5.2 ±0.8 7.8±0.9 Randolph 98 10.6±0.8 7.9±1.0 8.4 ±0.7 5.0 ±0.6 7.6±0.7 combined 10.2±1.6 8.1±1.1 8.5 ±0.6 5 . 3±0.6 7.8±0.7 0.81 DM% Palmyra 97 13.2±2.1 13.5±0.5 11.0 ±0.5 7.0 ±0.7 11.7±1.0 Palmyra 98 14.7±2.1 13.0±0.8 12.7 ±1.3 7.5 ±0.7 11.9±01.0 Randolph 98 14.5±2.1 11.1±0.7 11.6 ±0.4 8.6 ±0.7 11.7±1.0 combined 2.6±0.7 12.5±1.3 11. 8±1.0 7.7 ±0.9 11.8±0.9 0.83 PUN Palmyra 97 6.2±0.9 4.0±1.0 4.7 ±1.5 2.8 ±0.7 4.5±0.9 Palmyra 98 3.7±1.5 4.0±1.2 6.7 ±2.2 3.4 ±1.5 6.1±0.8 Randolph 98 4.3±1.8 4.1±2.0 5.3 ±1.7 2.9 ±0.9 5.4±0.8 combined 4.3±1.8 4.0±1.3 5.6 ±1.8 3.1 ±1.0 5.3±0.6 0.38 32 Table 14 Bulb quality traits among F 3 M families, parents and controls measured 30 days after harvest Wisconsin, USA Galmarini et al, (2001)

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33 Trait Location Mean ± SE H 2 b MSU611-1B (C1) MSU8155B (C2) BYG15-23 (P1) AC43 (P2) F 3 M SSC Palmyra 97 9.4±0.6 - 9.5±1.1 5.3±0.7 8.3±0.9 Palmyra 98 8.4±0.6 6.1±1.2 6.4±3.3 3.8±1.4 6.0±0.8 Randolph 98 8.4±1.5 5.0±0.5 7.4±0.5 3.8±0.7 6.3±0.7 combined 8.7±1.1 5.6±1.0 7.7±1.5 4.3±1.1 6.9±0.7 0.77 DM% Palmyra 97 14.8±0.7 - 12.4±0.9 7.8±0.8 12.1±1.1 Palmyra 98 15.5±0.2 12.6±0.7 11.1±0.8 8.9±0.1 12.5±1.2 Randolph 98 15.9±0.3 12.1±0.6 12.6±0.6 8.8±0.9 13.1±1.2 combined 15.4±0.7 12.3±0.6 12.1±3.1 8.3±0.8 12.5±0.9 0.80 PUN Palmyra 97 10.7±1.1 - 6.9±3.3 6.7±0.5 8.6±1.5 Palmyra 98 5.8±2.2 5.6±1.4 7.0±0.8 4.9±3.0 8.7±0.9 Randolph 98 6.5±2.5 3.6±0.9 8.7±3.5 5.1±1.1 6.9±0.8 combined 7.7±2.8 4.6±1.6 12.5±10.7 5.6±1.8 8.0±0.7 0.53 Table 15 Bulb quality traits among F 3 M families, parents and controls measured 90 days after harvest Wisconsin, USA Galmarini et al, (2000)

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Traits SSC DM% Pungency Antiplatelet activity SSC - 0.78** 0.51** 0.41** DM% 0.93 - 0.46 0.34** Pungency 0.61 0.71 - 0.41** Antiplatelet activity 0.66 0.49 0.69 - 34 Table 16 Phenotypic and genetic correlations (lower diagonal) for bulb-quality traits among F 3 Wisconsin, USA Galmarini et al, (2000)

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35 Table 17 Least-square means ± standard error for carbohydrate concentrations in bulbs from AC43 and BYG15-23 and ranges of progenies from segregating family of BYG15-23 × AC43 Madison, USA Havey et al. (2004) Entry SSC Glucose Fructose Sucrose Kestose Neo- kestose Nystose AC43 4.6±0.8a 16.2 ± 2.3a 13.3 ± 2.2a 2.4 ± 1.9a 0.3 ±0.2a 1.4 ±0.1a 0.4 ±0.3a BY15-23 8.7 ±0.6b 15.4 ±1.6a 19.7 ±1.6b 12.8 ±1.4b 0.7 ±0.2b 5.9 ±1.0b 0.4 ±0.2a Progeny range 5.6 to 8.9 11.7 to24.4 14.0 to 25.3 2.5 to 17.5 0.0 to 2.3 0.4 to 10.5 0.0 to 2.0 SSC Glucose Fructose Sucrose Kestose Neo- kestose Nystose Families 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Environments <0.001 0.866 <0.001 0.042 0.002 0.003 <0.001 F x E interaction 0.948 0.257 0.968 0.989 0.497 0.072 0.365

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36 Table 18 Phenotypic correlations carbohydrates, flavor, and onion-induced antiplatelet activities of onion juice from the segregating family of BYG15-23 × AC43 . SSC Pyruvate Antiplatelet activity Glucose Fructose Sucrose Kestose Neo kestose Pyruvate 0.575 Antiplatelet activity 0.381 0.573 Glucose -0.104 -0.006 0.177 Fructose -0.049 0.187 0.235 0.726 Sucrose 0.648 0.358 0.447 0.06 0.025 Kestose 0.588 0.311 0.289 0.06 0.287 0.778 Neo kestose 0.66 0.39 0.37 0.128 0.034 0.807 0.871 Nystose 0.487 0.487 0.233 0.125 0.265 0.605 0.953 0.796 Madison, USA M J Havey et al. (2004)

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Population Colossal X ELK P12 F 2 1999 Colossal X ELK P12 F 2 2000 W202A X Texas Grano 29F F 2 W202A X Texas Grano 29F F 2:3 W429A X Houston F 2 BYG15-23 X AC43 F3 Basis for phenotypes Fresh weight Dry weight Dry weight Dry weight Dry weight Dry weight % of variation by PC1 58 65 72 71 68 61 No of plants/lines 51 46 93 58 106 48 Weightings of PC1 Fructose 0.45 0.60 0.47 0.58 0.58 0.24 Glucose 0.37 0.43 0.41 0.58 0.53 0.12 Sucrose -0.44 -0.35 0.17 -0.21 -0.29 -0.45 Total fructan - -0.58 - -0.55 -0.56 - Neokestose -0.49 - -0.46 - - -0.80 1-Kestose -0.48 - -0.46 - - -0.51 Nystose -0.04 - -0.39 - - -0.48 37 New Zealand McCallum et al. (2006) Table 19 Principle component of bulb carbohydrate composition

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SSC DM(%) Fructan Fructose Glucose DM (%) Colossal X ELK P12 F2 bulbs 0.80 W429A X Houston Grano F2 bulbs 0.45 W202A X Texas Grano F2 bulbs 0.89 W202A X Texas Grano F2:3 families 0.92 Fructan Colossal X ELK P12 F2 bulbs 0.62 0.43 W429A X Houston Grano F2 bulbs 0.59 0.59 W202A X Texas Grano F2 bulbs 0.78 0.80 W202A X Texas Grano F2:3 families 0.80 0.70 Fructose Colossal X ELK P12 F2 bulbs -0.54 -0.42 -0.88 W429A X Houston Grano F2 bulbs -0.47 -0.59 -0.90 W202A X Texas Grano F2 bulbs -0.72 -0.77 -0.98 W202A X Texas Grano F2:3 families -0.75 -0.64 -0.97 Glucose Colossal X ELK P12 F2 bulbs -0.39 -0.41 -0.45 0.72 W429A X Houston Grano F2 bulbs -0.15 -0.30 -0.71 0.69 W202A X Texas Grano F2 bulbs -0.55 -0.63 -0.78 0.82 W202A X Texas Grano F2:3 families -0.72 -0.61 -0.91 0.94 Sucrose Colossal X ELK P12 F2 bulbs 0.17 0.01 0.56 0.40 0.02 W429A X Houston Grano F2 bulbs 0.01 -0.10 0.19 -0.35 -0.30 W202A X Texas Grano F2 bulbs -0.30 -0.37 -0.30 0.14 0.18 W202A X Texas Grano F2:3 families 0.00 -0.12 0.19 -0.28 -0.33 38 New Zealand McCallum et al. (2006) Table 20 Correlation coeficients for carbohydrate phenotypes

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Inheritance 39

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Table 21 Genetic control of character Sr no Charater Type Gene action 1 Male sterility Qualitative determined by the interaction of cytoplasmic and nuclear factors 2 Bulb colour Qualitative complementary epistatic genes Dowker.(1990) 40

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Three colour classes, white, yellow, and red were examined and a series of complementary epistatic genes were shown to control colour. I – inhibitor – first color gene, dominant Prevents color in scale, must be recessive to get color production, II, Ii ii - white color C - color gene, must have dominant allele for colored bulbs when homozygous recessive no color, CC and Cc color, while cc white regardless of other genes R - red, when dominant allele is present, get red or pink when homozygous recessive give yellow RR – red Rr – pink or red, rr – yellow Bulb colour 41 Dowker.(1990)

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Gene interaction Colour cc White RC Red rC Yellow II White IiCCrr Cream or buff IICCrr White iiCCRR Red iiCCrr Yellow iiccRR White Iiccrr White Dowker (1990) 42

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Male sterility : In 1943 Jones and Clarke published a classical paper on inheritance of male sterility in onion, in which they demonstrated that male sterility was determined by the interaction of cytoplasmic and nuclear factors. M J Havey (1999) transfer the new sterile cytoplasm from the galanthum spicies ( Galanthum cytoplasm G) with absence of fertility restoration source such as ‘Texas early Grano 502 PRR’ which can be act as maintainer for G cytoplasm. 43 Cytoplasm Chromosomal gene Phenotype S msms Pollen sterile S MsMs or Msms Pollen fertile N MsMs , Msms or msms Pollen fertile

Breeding approaches:

Breeding approaches 44

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The breeding of onion is relatively unsophisticated compared with many important crops because of a comparative lack of fundamental genetic and molecular genetic information. The genetic base of hybrid cultivars is narrow and they contain less variability than open pollinated cultivars. The 20 quantitative genes so far identified in edible onion. When onions are self-pollinated (inbred), some variation in traits is lost. Alleles at loci become fixed. Plants become weaker, produce lower yields, smaller bulbs, less seed. 45

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Introduction Mass selection Half sib family selection Backcross Heterosis breeding and Interspecific hybridization Marker assisted selection 46

Mass selection:

Mass selection 47

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When onions are self-pollinated (inbred), some variation in traits is lost. Alleles at loci become fixed. Plants become weaker, produce lower yields, smaller bulbs, less seed. 48 Generations Line compared Bulb weight (%) 0 -- 100 1 25 82.6 2 45 78.2 3 22 72.0 4 11 70.4 5 14 72.0 6 6 49.0 Jones and Clarke. (1943)

Half sib family selection:

Half sib family selection 49

Heterosis breeding:

Heterosis breeding 50 Advantages of hybrids Higher TSS Uniformity Restorer is not required

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51 Plate 4 Hybrid seed production scheme

Interspecific hybridization:

Interspecific hybridization A number of species has been tried for interspecific hybridization in to Allium cepa such as A. galanthum , A. pskemense , A. oschaninii and A. vavilovii but only few success with A. fistulosum (Japanese bunching onion). A. fistulosum is a potential donor of resistance to biotic stresses, high soluble solids and folic acid content. Ever since the 1 st attempt to transfer desirable genes from A. fistulosum in 1935, several efforts have been made but onion cultivar possessing desirable genes have not been released. 52

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53 A. cepa A. fistulosum F 1 Pate 5 Chromosome structure

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Bank et al. ( 1994 ) generated interspecific hybrids ( Ishikura X NuMax Sunlite ) to transfer disease resistance from bunching onion, but they were sterile due to chromosome rearrangements. Progeny from the cross were either like bunching onion or the viviporous hybrids, no NuMax Sunlite like progeny observed. For the interspecific hybrid and three putative backcross plants, the presence of cpDNA- 2 and absence of cpDNA- 41 established that all four plant possessed bunching onion cytoplasm, because cpDNA is maternally inherited. 54

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Plants No. of probes detecting χ 2 Bulb and bunching onion fragment Bulb onion fragment 2523 32 25 0.860 5519 38 19 6.333 7163 43 14 14.754 55 Table 22 No of cDNAs detecting RFLPs between bulb and bunching onions and goodness of fit to the expected 1:1 ratio for three putative backcross plants. Wisconsin, USA Havey et al .,(1994)

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Sr no Characters Fistulosum (VRJBO-77) cepa (Agri found Dark Red ) F 1 1 Foliage colour Light green Dark green Light green 2 Flower colour Light yellow Green Greenish yellow 3 Shape of bulb Not firm bulb Flat globe Broad elliptic 4 Bulb Skin colour White Dark red Light red 5 Leaf waxiness Strong Weak Medium 6 Pollen shedding Very high Very high Negligible 7 Bulb development Swollen stem Bulb Intermediate size 8 Plant height 70 (65-77) 75 (75-85) 85 (82-86) 9 Leaf number /plant 5.3 (4-7) 3 (2-6) 7 (5-9) 10 Flower head/plant 3 (2-5) 2 (1-2) 2 (1-2) 11 TSS (%) 9.1 6.8 11.1 12 Pollen fertility (%) 92.0 95.4 16.67 Table 23 Morphology and pollen fertility of parents and the interspecific F 1 IIVR, Varanasi Singh et al. (2004) 56

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57 Marker assisted selection

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Trait Linkage group Interval LOD score R 2 (%) Genetic effect Additive Dominance SSC F AJB072-API54 2.81 21.3 0.025 -0.039 DM% A AOB-302-AOB077 2.52 19.3 0.016 -0.032 E API66-AOB271 4.06 29.3 0.033 0.011 PUN B AJB037-AOB241 2.63 20.1 -0.007 -0.045 OIAA None Wisconsin, USA Galmarini et al, (2001) Table 24 Quantitative trait detected by composite interval mapping for bulb-quality traits among F 3 58

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59 Plate 6 Segregation and correlation of bulb Fructan and fructose content in onion gene mapping population New Zealand McCallum et al. (2006)

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60 Plate 7 Segregation and correlation of bulb Fructan and fructose content in onion gene mapping population New Zealand McCallum et al. (2006)

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61 Plate 8 Frc locus to chromosome 8 of onion by QTL and linkage analysis in inter and intraspecific Allium gene mapping population

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Marker Chromosome χ 2 (2df) Dry matter (%) Sucrose Fructan Pukekohe Lincoln Pukekohe Lincoln Pukekohe Lincoln ACM 171 3 10.57*** 16.15**** 9.20** 4.19 0.024 1.53 API189 5 0.31 0.98 4.30 4.95* 6.09** 2.01 ACM235 8 5.18* 1.82 6.10** 3.08 22.9**** 22.93**** 62 Table 25 Association between genoypes of markers and bulb composition traits evaluated in ‘ W202A X Texas Grano 438 ’ F2:3 families in 2 environments. New Zealand McCallum et al. (2006) *0.1 **0.05 ***0.01 ****0.005

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Phenotype Soluble solid content Brix % EPA µmol pyruvic acid/g FW LF nmol /g Generation F2 F3 F3 F2 F3 F3 F3 F3 Environment Lincoln Lincoln Pukekohe Lincoln Lincoln Pukekohe Lincoln Pukekohe Texas Grano 438 9.80 N=15 9.88 N=9 7.86 N=9 5.07 N=15 5.27 N=9 4.40 N=9 405 N=9 211 N=9 47 family 10.78 N=82 11.4 N=45 9.8 N=58 5.93 N=82 5.92 N=45 5.19 N=58 383 N=45 339 N=58 F1 bulbs 5.46 N=15 ND ND 6.39 N=15 ND ND ND ND W202A 10.00 N=15 12.14 N=9 11.09 N=9 7.08 N=15 6.23 N=9 6.31 N=9 562 N=9 489 N=9 63 New Zealand McCallum et al. (2007) Table 26 Generation means of soluble solids and pungency in ‘W202A X Texas Grano 438’ used for QTL mapping N= no of bulb analyzed, ND=Not determined

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64 Plate 9 Mean bulb pungency of patental lines ‘ Texas Grano 438 ‘ and ‘ W202’A and F3 families plotted by ATPS2 marker genotype Homozygous for ‘Texas Grano 438 Homozygous for ‘W202’A Cross heterozygous

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65 Plate 10 QTL mapping for bulb pungency on onion chromosome 3 in ‘W202a’ X ‘Texas Grano’ and alignment with ‘ BYG15-23 X AC43 ’ linkage map

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Chromosome Marker interval Generation Environment Trait LOD 3 ACM169 F 2 Lincoln SSC 2.59 3 ACM169 F 2 Lincoln EPA 4.56 3 ATPS/ SiR F 2 Lincoln EPA 2.46 3 ATPS/ SiR F 3 Lincoln EPA 3.7 3 ATPS/ SiR F 3 Lincoln LF 3.87 3 ATPS/ SiR F 3 Pukekohe EPA 5.59 3 ATPS/ SiR F 3 Pukekohe LF 8.65 5 ACM133-ACM171 F 3 Lincoln EPA 2.51 5 ACM133-ACM171 F 3 Lincoln SSC 4.4 5 ACM133-ACM171 F 3 Pukekohe LF 2.50 66 New Zealand McCallum et al. (2007) Table 27 QTL for pungency and solids detected by interval mapping on chromosome 3 and 5 of ‘ W202A’ X ‘Texas Grano 438’.

Achievements:

Achievements An early attempt at chromosome doubling with colchicine has been reported by workers, In the U.S. the A. cepa X A. fistulosum cross has given rise to the amphidiploid bunching onion “ Beltsville Bunching”. Indian varieties like GWO-1, AFW, PWR developed through selection having higher TSS which is suitable for dehydration. Exotic varieties like White Creole, creoso ,Southport White globe having higher TSS (>18 %) which make it suitable for dehydration. The cross of White Creole x Southport White Globe contained 17.2% dry matter had approximately 3% glucose plus fructose, 7% as sucrose and 90% as fructans. [ 67

Conclusion:

Conclusion As onion is one of the widely cultivated vegetable and having higher percentage share in export market, it is essential to improve its dehydration qualities. Use of wide range of onion germplasm for isolation of genotypes with good dehydration qualities for their future use in breeding programme. A. fistulosum is a good source for TSS contents. So it should be utilized through interspecific crosses. TSS is influenced by environment and selection pressure, So more stable genotypes are to be identified for consistence performance. QTL based studies help to improve particular character in a faster way than the conventional approaches. 68

Future thrust:

Future thrust Development of CMS based hybrids keeping one parent with high TSS. Marker assisted breeding needs to be a routine way of selection for desired traits to help the breeding programs for dehydration quality traits in short time. Increased diversification is necessary in order to meet the current and future market demands of onion. Carbohydrate and sulfur metabolism determine the quality of onion bulb. However, for improved control of these pathways our knowledge is insufficient. Focusing on the evaluation of gene pool for variations in carbohydrate and flavours . Carbohydrate and sulfur metabolism needs to be analyzed from genetic, biochemical and physiological point of view. 69

THANK YOU:

THANK YOU 70