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Preview Starting Points Map: Asia Main Idea / Reading Focus Independence and Conflict Map: Religious Groups in India and Pakistan India after Independence Challenges in South Asia South Asia after Empire

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Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

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Reading Focus What events led to independence and conflict in India? What happened to India after the nation won its independence? What challenges face the countries of South Asia? Main Idea India gained its independence from Great Britain, but the region entered an era of conflict and challenges. South Asia after Empire

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Great Britain had controlled India for nearly two hundred years, but by the early 1900s the British control of the region was starting to weaken. At the same time, religious tensions were pulling India apart. Independence and Conflict

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Religious Groups India had long had two main religious groups: Hindus, Muslims 1940, home to 255 million Hindus, 92 million Muslims Smaller numbers of Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists Muslim League Muhammad Ali Jinnah led Muslim League, worked for interests of India’s Muslims 1940, Muslim League called for a partition, division of India, creation of separate Muslim, Hindu countries Muslim Fears As hopes for Indian independence rose, so did religious tensions Some Muslims feared large Hindu population would dominate independent democratic India, wanted separate nation to protect their rights Religious Conflict and Partition

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British Favored Partition

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Gandhi Victim of Violence As millions crossed subcontinent, violence between religious groups flared; over a million people died Gandhi also victim of bloodshed January 1948, shot, killed by fellow Hindu who blamed Gandhi for partition, believed he sacrificed Hindu interests to protect Muslims Violence After Partition Division of India also divided religious groups living there Most Pakistan residents Muslim; most in India were Hindu Followers of other religions lived in each new country as well Millions of people on each side decided to move

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War over Kashmir Not all border issues had been settled at partition Major point of conflict, region of Kashmir, near northern border of India, Pakistan India, Pakistan began to fight over control of Kashmir Continued until 1949 cease-fire divided region into two parts, one controlled by each nation Later China claimed control of part of Kashmir as well

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Identify Cause and Effect How did India’s independence lead to conflict? Answer(s): When India gained independence, new nations were formed along religious lines, leading to conflicts between the groups.

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India became the world’s largest democracy when the nation won its independence in 1947. India after Independence

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1964, Nehru died; two years later, daughter Indira Gandhi elected prime minister; served four terms Rise to power showed role of women in India society improved after independence Faced challenge from a Sikh independence movement in state of Punjab After Nehru

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Modern India

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Summarize How did India change after winning its independence? Answer(s): focused on economic development; increased rights for women and the poor; became the world's largest democracy

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After India sent troops to support East Pakistan, Pakistan was forced to accept the independence of the East—now called Bangladesh. The history of other nations in South Asia has been as turbulent as that of India. Today, those nations face a range of challenges. Challenges in South Asia

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Bangladesh and Pakistan

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Nuclear Weapons Relations between India, Pakistan usually tense War near-constant threat 1974, India’s testing of nuclear weapon caused alarm around world 1998, after another Indian test, Pakistan tested own nuclear bomb Threat of nuclear war has kept tensions high Musharraf 1999, General Pervez Musharraf overthrew elected government, took power Musharraf’s government has worked with U.S. to fight al Qaeda, Taliban in neighboring Afghanistan Continuing Issues

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Conflict in Region Region continues to experience powerful divisions, conflict Based on religious, ethnic differences Sri Lanka Ethnic fighting also plagues India’s neighbor, Sri Lanka As Ceylon, island was British colony until late 1940s Hindu, Muslim Hostility Much stems from longstanding hostility between Hindus, Muslims Continues to cause conflicts between India, Pakistan Ethnic Fighting Fighting between Buddhist Sinhalese majority, Hindu Tamil minority killed thousands Religious tension intensified struggle between ethnic groups Ethnic and Religious Tensions

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Identify Supporting Details What challenges do the nations of South Asia face today? Answer(s): poverty, religious and ethnic tensions, nuclear weapons, famine, political upheaval