PEDO Presentation for occlusal radiograph

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OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPH AND PANAROMIC RADIOGRAPH BY APARNA.S IVyr

CONTENTS : 

CONTENTS OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPH Introduction Indications Positions and working PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPH Introduction Indications Position and working

OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHS : 

OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHS INTRODUCTION Occlusal radiograph are used in the evaluation of the entire maxillary and mandibular arch. A larger film is used to cover a small area, and when a smaller films are used the procedure is called as CRACKER BITE OR COOKIE BITE. This techniques is ideal for young children because it does not press on the floor of the mouth or tickle the soft palate.

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INDICATIONS:- To locate the supernumerary, interrupted or impacted teeth. To locate retained roots of extracted teeth To locate the foreign bodies in maxilla and mandible To locate the stone in the duct of submandibular gland To locate the boundaries of maxillary sinus

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To evaluate the fractures in maxilla and mandible To aid in the examination of patients who cannot open their mouth even for few millimeters To examine the areas of cleft lip To measure the change in the size and shape of maxilla and mandible.

POSITION AND WORKING : 

POSITION AND WORKING ANTERIOR MAXILLARY OCCLUSAL VIEW RECEPTOR PLACEMENT: Adjust the patients head so that the sagittal plane is perpendicular and the occlusal plane is horizontal to the floor. Place the receptor in the mouth with the exposure side towards the maxilla, the posterior side touching the ramus and the long dimension of the receptor perpendicular to the exposure site.. The patient stabilize the film by closing the mouth slightly.

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PROJECTION OF CENTRAL X-RAY Orient the central ray through the tip of the nose towards the middle of the receptor approximately +45 degree vertical angulations and 0 degree horizontal angulations

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POINT OF ENTRY The central ray enters the patient face approximately through the tip of the nose.

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CROSS SECTIONAL MAXILLARY PROJECTION The child is made to sit upright with the sagital plane in upright position with sagiltal position perpendicular to the floor and occlusal plane. The receptor is placed with its long dimension perpendicular to the sagital plane. Gently push the receptor back war and stabilize the film by closing the mouth

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PROJECTION OF CENTRAL RAYS Direct the central ray at an vertical angulations of+65 degree and horizontal angulations of 0 degree so as to bridge the nose below the nasion, toward the middle of the receptor

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POINT OF ENTRY The central ray generally enters the face through the bridge of the nose

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LATERAL MAXILLARY OCCLUSAL PROJECTION RECEPTOR PLACEMENT The long axis is placed parallel to the sagittal plane on the side of interest. The receptor is pushed until it touches the rami. The child is asked to close the mouth gently for stabilizing the film.

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PROJECTION OF X-RAU Orient the central ray with a vertical angulation of +60 degree to a point 2 cm below the lateral canthus o f the eye, directed towards the receptor POINT OF ENTRY OF THE RAY is 2 cm below the lateral canthus of the eye

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ANTERIOR MANDIBULAR CROSS SECTION PROJECTION The child is being tilted back so that the occlusal plane is 45 degree above the horizontal. The receptor is placed in the mouth with its ling axis perpendicular to the sagittal plane and push it till it touches the rami and the mouth is slightly closed

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PROJECTION OF CENTRAL RAY The ray is oriented to -10 degree to the point on the chin towards the middle of the receptor, this gives -55 degree angulations to the plane POINT OF ENTRY The rays enters via the midline and the tip of the chin.

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CROSS SECTIONAL MANDIBULAR OCCLUSAL PROJECTION RECEPTOR PLACEMENT Seat the child in a semicircleling position with the head tilted so that the ala tragus line is almost perpendicular to the floor. place the receptor in the mouth with its long axis perpendicular to the sagittal plane with the tube side towards the mandible

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PROJECTION OF CENTRAL RAY The central ray is directed toward the floor of the mouth 3cm below the chin at a right angles to the receptor POINT OF ENTRY The ray enters through the floor of the mouth

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LATERAL MANDIBULAR OCCLUSAL PROJECTIO RECEPTOR PLACEMENT Seat the child in semi circling position with the head tilted with the ala tragus line almost perpendicular to the floor. Place the receptor such that the long axis perpendicular to the sagittal plane. Place the receptor as posterior as possible and with the pebbled side down the mandible.

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PROJECTION OF CENTRAL RAY Direct the ray perpendicular to the receptor to the point beneath the chin 3 cm posterior and 3 cm lateral to the mid line. POINT OF ENTRY The ray enters from beneath the chin.

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PANOROMIC RADIOGRAPHS

INTRODUCTION : 

INTRODUCTION It is the most common extra oral radiographic technique. It is based on the body section radiography which uses a mechanism by which the x ray films and the source of the x-ray film move simultaneously in the opposite direction at the same speed.

ADVANTAGES : 

ADVANTAGES It helps in finding the condoyle fracture Traumatic cyst Treatment planning Pattern of eruption of the permanent teeth. TMJ, mandible, maxilla, maxillary sinus and the teeth can be seen in a single radiograph.

RATIONALE : 

RATIONALE OPG helps in the visuvalizationof both the maxilla and mandible together with heir associated structure in one film with considerably less radiation exposure than routine full mouth radiography This examination is obtained without the placement of an film intraoral, this may not alarm the anxious children. The x-ray source will rotate and the structures within the ZONE OF IMAGE LAYER is clearly visible.

PRINCIPLE : 

PRINCIPLE When two adjacent disc are rotating at the same speed in the opposite direction and as the x-ray beam passes through the center of rotation an image is formed in the receptor opposite to it. Previously in an panoramic images the object and the film rotated and the x-ray beam is stationary. But in the recent panoramic images the object is made stationary and the x-rays and receptor rotates.

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movement of the film and the x –ray source about one center Of rotation

POSITIONING : 

POSITIONING RECEPTOR PLACEMENT The intensifying screens are routinely used in panoramic radiographs because they significantly reduce the amount of radiations required for properly exposing the radiograph. Fast films combined with high speed screens are indicated. Thus a receptor in such an x-ray is used in a PSP plate rather as a film. In the panoramic images the receptor is placed after the object but with in the limit of the imaging zone in a straight line.

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PROJECTION OF THE RAY The movement of the x-ray source continuously moves in a center of rotation around the object. The source moves behind the neck and the anterior teeth are imaged, the center of rotation move forward along the arc towards the sagittal plane. The x-ray source continues to move around the patient on the opposite side.

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