COMPUTER BASICS PART 1 :1 COMPUTER BASICS PART 1 .


FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP) :2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP) WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING ?


Slide 3:3 DATA : Collection of facts Raw information   INFORMATION : Useful Information Facts in organised manner DATA PROCESSING : Sequence of actions required to be performed on data to convert it into results.


Slide 4:4 Data Processing Operations Recording and Storage Verifying Duplicating Classifying Sorting Merging Calculating Searching and Retrieving Summeriging and report writing Communication


METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING :5 METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING 1. Manual Data Processing Pencil and paper Work sheets Journals Ledgers


Slide 6:6 2. Mechanical Data Processing Calculators Adding Machines Type writers


Slide 7:7 3. Electromechanical Data Processing Card punch machines Electric type writers Accounting machines – Unit Record Equipment


Slide 8:8 4. Electronic Data Processing (EDP) Calculators Computers


Slide 9:9 1. First Generation Computers (1946 – 1959) Major Components : Vacuum tubes. First large scale vacuum tube computer (1946) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was completed in 1946 by John Manchly and Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (1500 Square feet, weight 30 tons, 19,000 tubes).


Slide 10:10 EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computer) (1949) Completed in 1949 at Cambridge University, England. First Computer to use the stored Program concept. EDVAC First American Computer to have stored program feature. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) completed in 1952. 1951 UNIVAC – I become operational at Census Bureau


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Slide 12:12 Second Generation Computers (1959-65) Solid – state devices (Transistors) 1000 times faster than First Generation Computers.


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Slide 14:14 Third Generation Computer (1965 - 1970) IC - Integrated Circuits Microsecond – 10 -6 Nanosecond 10 -9 Seconding storage devices, terminals


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Slide 16:16 Fourth Generation Computers (Since 1970) Chip Technology LSI - Large Scale Integrator Circuits MSI – Mass Scale Integrated Circuits Size of Chip - ¼ square inch Semiconductor Technology


Slide 17:17 Fifth Generation Computers AI – Artificial Intelligence Parallel Processing


What is a Computer? :18 What is a Computer? Computer A device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions


Slide 19:19 How to use a computer and not lose your mind


Slide 20:20 TERMINOLOGY


Slide 21:21 Hardware vs. Software


Slide 22:22 Hardware-The electronic circuits, memory and input/output components of a computer system; the “tangible objects”


Hardware :23 Hardware Memory RAM Hard Disk/Floppy Disk/CD Tape CPU/Motherboard Modem Power Supply


RAM- Random Access Memory :24 RAM- Random Access Memory


ROM- Read Only Memory :25 ROM- Read Only Memory


CPU- Central Processing Unit :26 CPU- Central Processing Unit


Looking at the CPU :27 Looking at the CPU CD Rom drive 3 ½ inch floppy disk drive On/Off button Restart button


Computer Structure :28 Computer Structure Arithmetic Logic Unit Process Control Unit Input Devises Keyboard Mouse Joystick Output Devices Monitor Printer Main Memory (RAM) External Storage Hard disk Floppy The Box CPU


Computer Organization :29 Computer Organization Six logical units in every computer: Input unit Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse) Output unit Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices) Memory unit Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information


Slide 30:30 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions Central processing unit (CPU) Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer Secondary storage unit Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage, stores inactive programs


Slide 31:31 CPU Monitor (screen) Mouse Keyboard


Units of Time :32 Units of Time


Slide 33:33 Software- A general term for computer programs and documentation involved in the operation of the computer


Software :34 Software Program Operating System (OS) DATA


Slide 35:35 Program- A sequence of instructions directing a computer to perform a particular function; a statement of an algorithm in a programming language.


Slide 36:36 Operating System- Interface between the Computer and User. A collection of programs for operating the computer. Operating systems perform housekeeping tasks such as input/output between the computer and peripherals, and accepting and interpreting information from the keyboard.


Evolution of Operating Systems :37 Evolution of Operating Systems Batch processing Do only one job or task at a time Multiprogramming Many jobs or tasks sharing a computer’s resources Timesharing Perform a small portion of one user’s job then moves on to service the next user


BOOTING1. Operating System is loaded from Secondary Memory to the Main Memory. After loading of the OS, the computer is ready for use. 2. ROM Bios instructions get executed. Hardware check is performed.3. IO.SYS and MS.SYS system files get read from hard/ floppy disk. Then CONFIG.SYS gets read and executed. :38 BOOTING1. Operating System is loaded from Secondary Memory to the Main Memory. After loading of the OS, the computer is ready for use. 2. ROM Bios instructions get executed. Hardware check is performed.3. IO.SYS and MS.SYS system files get read from hard/ floppy disk. Then CONFIG.SYS gets read and executed.


Data Representation :39 Data Representation Computer memory Millions of switches (relays) Two possible states on or off open or closed charged or discharged (like a capacitor) Each switch is a “bit” – one binary digit The “on” state is binary 1 The “off” state is binary 0


Data Representation :40 Data Representation Bits – when grouped together can Be used to represent any number using the binary (base 2) number system Bytes – 8 bit groupings Most fundamental measure of memory 256 Megabytes of memory 2,048,000,000 bits 1 Byte = 1 Character K = 1024 bytes (K means Kilo) M = 1024 x 1024 bytes (M means Mega) G = 1024 x1024 x 1024 (G means Giga)


Units of Size :41 Units of Size How do hard drive manufactures “cheat” you?


Number Systems :42 Number Systems People work in base 10 Computers work in base 2 Engineers often work in other groupings of computer bits Octal – base eight Hexadecimal – base sixteen


Number Systems :43 Number Systems Base 10 12210 2 x 100 2 x 101 1 x 102 Base 2 1012 1 x 20 = 110 0 x 21 = 010 1 x 22 = 410 510


Number Systems :44 Number Systems 3 binary digits can be used to represent eight possible values (octal) 010 = 0002 = 08 710 = 1112 = 78


Slide 45:45 4. Computer Language : Why we need computer language ? Because, computer understands only the computer language, the computer don’t understand our languages like English, Hindi, Punjabi etc. So we have to give instructions in one of the computer languages ? Program – Instructions written in computer language.


Slide 46:46 Types of Computer Languages :- Low – level languages High – level languages Data Base languages


Slide 47:47 A) Low-level languages – Historically Low-level languages were developed first. Low – level languages are machine dependent. Every manufactures develop their own language. The low-level languages vary from machine to machine. If one learns and works on one machine, after changing the computer, one has to learn again new language for the new machine. That is why the computer remains with the manufactures or with the universities and with the research institutes. Low – level languages are of two types Machine languages Assembly languages


Slide 48:48 a) Machine language : Strings of numbers giving specific instructions. Example : + 1300042774 + 1450212674 + 1303245574 These codes vary from machine to machine. Learning of the machine language is difficult.


Slide 49:49 b) Assembly Language : (Symbolic Language) Instead of numeric code, some symbols are used. Examples : LOAD BASEPAY ADD OVERPAY STORE GROSSPAY Symbols also vary from machine to machine.


Slide 50:50 B) High Level Languages : High Level languages are machine independent. These are more near to our problems. Easy to learn and with less time. We can learn anyone high level language and that will work on any computer of any company in any part of the world.


Slide 51:51 The various High – Level Languages are :- BASIC – Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code FORTRAN – Formula Translation COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language PASCAL – Named after Blaisé Pascal C – The latest and most powerful language.


TRANSLATORS :52 TRANSLATORS Actual Processing is done in only in machine languages. All Assembly language and High level language programs have to be translated into the machine language of that particular machine.


Slide 53:53 Translators are provided by the manufacturers. There are three types of translators Assembler Interpreter Compiler Translator first finds the grammatical mistakes and if there is no grammatical mistake then translate it into the machine language.


Slide 54:54 i) Assembler : Assembler translates only the assembly language program into the machine language. ii) Interpreter : Check and translate the high – level language programs into the machine language line by line. Interpreter is available only for BASIC language iii) Compiler : Reads the whole high – level program, if there is no grammatical error, then it translates the whole program into the machine language.


Slide 55:55 Source Code : Program written in High- level languages. Object Code : Translated program in machine language from high level languages. There are two types of Errors i) Syntax Errors ii) Logic Errors


Slide 56:56 Syntax Errors : Every computer language has its own grammer and the rules of the language. If the program is not according to the rules of the language, those errors are called Syntax errors (Grammatical Errors). Syntax Errors are easy to detect and easy to remove.


Slide 57:57 Logic Errors – If there is no Syntax error, still program may or may not work. If our method or logic is wrong, the program won’t work (GIGO). eg. - Diversion by zero. - Square root of negative numbers. - Number out of range, etc.


Slide 58:58 5. Execution and Results :- Object Program + Data ? Results Actual processing is done with the object program. Any change or correction in the problem, has to be made first in the source program, then source program is translated into the object program. No direct change in the object program.


Slide 59:59 If some logic error is there, you may not get the result. You have to first correct logic and then make the necessary correction in the source program and then translated into the object program and finally execution.


Slide 60:60 C) Data Base Languages : DBASE-III, IV FOXPRO ORACLE


Slide 61:61 Data Base Languages are : - Easy to use - Much simpler - Popular among non-professional - Learning with less time - Language as well as package


Slide 62:62 Language – Database languages have all the features of high-level languages. Package – Database languages have some command to do some jobs. Commands can be used directly and there is no need of any programming. Other packages are : - MS-WORD - MS-EXCEL - MS-ACCESS


Slide 63:63 What is Data Base ? Characters - A – Z, 0 – 9 Special Characters (Any character on the key board) Field / Data item - Collecting of Characters Record - Collection of Data items File - Collection of Records Data Base - Collection of Files


Slide 64:64 Example – Data Base of Students : Data Base Structure : Field Name Type Width NAME Character 20 D-O-B Date 8 Address Character 30 City Character 15 PIN Numeric 6


Slide 65:65 Example of Data Base : Student NAME D-O-B ADDRESS CITY PIN 1. RAM 15/10/93 145/Sec. – 15 Chandigarh 160015 2. SHAM 10/05/92 165/Sec.- 19 Chandigarh 160019 3. SITA 10/06/93 989/Sec.- 45 Chandigarh 160045


Slide 66:66 Facilities available in Database Languages Creation of Data Base and Data-Base Structure Entering the Data Records Editing the Data Records Adding New Records Deleting Records Retrieving and Searching the records Displaying the records Preparing the reports Quarries Sorting etc.


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