COMPUTER BASICS PART 2 :1 COMPUTER BASICS PART 2 .


FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP) :2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP) WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING ?


Slide 3:3 DATA : Collection of facts Raw information   INFORMATION : Useful Information Facts in organised manner DATA PROCESSING : Sequence of actions required to be performed on data to convert it into results.


Slide 4:4 Data Processing Operations Recording and Storage Verifying Duplicating Classifying Sorting Merging Calculating Searching and Retrieving Summeriging and report writing Communication


METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING :5 METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING 1. Manual Data Processing Pencil and paper Work sheets Journals Ledgers


Slide 6:6 2. Mechanical Data Processing Calculators Adding Machines Type writers


Slide 7:7 3. Electromechanical Data Processing Card punch machines Electric type writers Accounting machines – Unit Record Equipment


Slide 8:8 4. Electronic Data Processing (EDP) Calculators Computers


Slide 9:9 1. First Generation Computers (1946 – 1959) Major Components : Vacuum tubes. First large scale vacuum tube computer (1946) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was completed in 1946 by John Manchly and Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (1500 Square feet, weight 30 tons, 19,000 tubes).


Slide 10:10 EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computer) (1949) Completed in 1949 at Cambridge University, England. First Computer to use the stored Program concept. EDVAC First American Computer to have stored program feature. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) completed in 1952. 1951 UNIVAC – I become operational at Census Bureau


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Slide 12:12 Second Generation Computers (1959-65) Solid – state devices (Transistors) 1000 times faster than First Generation Computers.


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Slide 14:14 Third Generation Computer (1965 - 1970) IC - Integrated Circuits Microsecond – 10 -6 Nanosecond 10 -9 Seconding storage devices, terminals


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Slide 16:16 Fourth Generation Computers (Since 1970) Chip Technology LSI - Large Scale Integrator Circuits MSI – Mass Scale Integrated Circuits Size of Chip - ¼ square inch Semiconductor Technology


Slide 17:17 Fifth Generation Computers AI – Artificial Intelligence Parallel Processing


What is a Computer? :18 What is a Computer? Computer A device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions


Slide 19:19 How to use a computer and not lose your mind


Slide 20:20 TERMINOLOGY


Slide 21:21 Hardware vs. Software


Slide 22:22 Hardware-The electronic circuits, memory and input/output components of a computer system; the “tangible objects”


Hardware :23 Hardware Memory RAM Hard Disk/Floppy Disk/CD Tape CPU/Motherboard Modem Power Supply


RAM- Random Access Memory :24 RAM- Random Access Memory


ROM- Read Only Memory :25 ROM- Read Only Memory


CPU- Central Processing Unit :26 CPU- Central Processing Unit


Looking at the CPU :27 Looking at the CPU CD Rom drive 3 ½ inch floppy disk drive On/Off button Restart button


Computer Structure :28 Computer Structure Arithmetic Logic Unit Process Control Unit Input Devises Keyboard Mouse Joystick Output Devices Monitor Printer Main Memory (RAM) External Storage Hard disk Floppy The Box CPU


Computer Organization :29 Computer Organization Six logical units in every computer: Input unit Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse) Output unit Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices) Memory unit Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information


Slide 30:30 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions Central processing unit (CPU) Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer Secondary storage unit Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage, stores inactive programs


Slide 31:31 CPU Monitor (screen) Mouse Keyboard


Units of Time :32 Units of Time


Slide 33:33 Software- A general term for computer programs and documentation involved in the operation of the computer


Software :34 Software Program Operating System (OS) DATA


Slide 35:35 Program- A sequence of instructions directing a computer to perform a particular function; a statement of an algorithm in a programming language.


Slide 36:36 Operating System- Interface between the Computer and User. A collection of programs for operating the computer. Operating systems perform housekeeping tasks such as input/output between the computer and peripherals, and accepting and interpreting information from the keyboard.


Evolution of Operating Systems :37 Evolution of Operating Systems Batch processing Do only one job or task at a time Multiprogramming Many jobs or tasks sharing a computer’s resources Timesharing Perform a small portion of one user’s job then moves on to service the next user


BOOTING1. Operating System is loaded from Secondary Memory to the Main Memory. After loading of the OS, the computer is ready for use. 2. ROM Bios instructions get executed. Hardware check is performed.3. IO.SYS and MS.SYS system files get read from hard/ floppy disk. Then CONFIG.SYS gets read and executed. :38 BOOTING1. Operating System is loaded from Secondary Memory to the Main Memory. After loading of the OS, the computer is ready for use. 2. ROM Bios instructions get executed. Hardware check is performed.3. IO.SYS and MS.SYS system files get read from hard/ floppy disk. Then CONFIG.SYS gets read and executed.


Data Representation :39 Data Representation Computer memory Millions of switches (relays) Two possible states on or off open or closed charged or discharged (like a capacitor) Each switch is a “bit” – one binary digit The “on” state is binary 1 The “off” state is binary 0


Data Representation :40 Data Representation Bits – when grouped together can Be used to represent any number using the binary (base 2) number system Bytes – 8 bit groupings Most fundamental measure of memory 256 Megabytes of memory 2,048,000,000 bits 1 Byte = 1 Character K = 1024 bytes (K means Kilo) M = 1024 x 1024 bytes (M means Mega) G = 1024 x1024 x 1024 (G means Giga)


Units of Size :41 Units of Size How do hard drive manufactures “cheat” you?


Number Systems :42 Number Systems People work in base 10 Computers work in base 2 Engineers often work in other groupings of computer bits Octal – base eight Hexadecimal – base sixteen


Number Systems :43 Number Systems Base 10 12210 2 x 100 2 x 101 1 x 102 Base 2 1012 1 x 20 = 110 0 x 21 = 010 1 x 22 = 410 510


Number Systems :44 Number Systems 3 binary digits can be used to represent eight possible values (octal) 010 = 0002 = 08 710 = 1112 = 78


:45 Three types of programming languages - Machine Languages, - Assembly Languages, - High-level Languages Machine languages Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions Example: +1300042774+1400593419+1200274027 Assembly languages English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers) Example: LOAD BASEPAYADD OVERPAYSTORE GROSSPAY COMPUTER LANGUAGES


COMPUTER LANGUAGES :46 COMPUTER LANGUAGES High-level languages Similar to everyday English, use mathematical notations (translated via compilers) Example: Fortran, Basic, COBOL, C and C++ grossPay = basePay + overTimePay


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