Java Basics :Java Basics ankush ….


JAVA BASICS I :JAVA BASICS I


Identifiers :Identifiers Keywords Lexical elements (or identifiers) that have a special, predefined meaning in the language Cannot be redefined or used in any other way in a program Ex: public, private, if, class, throws See p. 32 in LL for complete list


Identifiers :Identifiers Other Identifiers Defined by programmer Java API defines quite a few for us e.g. System, Scanner, String, out are used to represent names of variables, methods and classes Cannot be keywords We could redefine those defined in Java API if we wanted to, but this is generally not a good idea Java IDs must begin with a letter, followed by any number of letters, digits, _ (underscore) or $ characters Similar to identifier rules in most programming langs


Identifiers :Identifiers Important Note: Java identifiers are case-sensitive – this means that upper and lower case letters are considered to be different – be careful to be consistent! Ex: ThisVariable and thisvariable are NOT the same Naming Convention: Many Java programmers use the following conventions: Classes: start with upper case, then start each word with an upper case letter Ex: StringBuffer, BufferedInputStream, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Methods and variables: start with lower case, then start each word with an upper case letter Ex: compareTo, lastIndexOf, mousePressed


Literals :Literals Values that are hard-coded into a program They are literally in the code! Different types have different rules for specifying literal values They are fairly intuitive and similar across most programming languages Integer An optional +/- followed by a sequence of digits Ex: 1024, -78, 1024786074 Character A single character in single quotes Ex: ‘a’, ‘y’, ‘q’ String A sequence of characters contained within double quotes Ex: “This is a string literal” See p. 75-77 for more literals


Statements :Statements Units of declaration or execution A program execution can be broken down into execution of the program’s individual statements Every Java statement must be terminated by a semicolon (;) Variable declaration statement , , …; Ex: int var1, var2; Assignment statement = ; Ex. var1 = 100; var2 = 100 + var1; Method call (,,...); System.out.println(“Answer is “ + var1); We’ll discuss others later


Variables :Variables Memory locations that are associated with identifiers Values can change throughout the execution of a program In Java, must be specified as a certain type or class The type of a variable specifies its properties: the data it can store and the operations that can be performed on it Ex: int type: discuss Java is fairly strict about enforcing data type values You will get a compilation error if you assign an incorrect type to a variable: Ex: int i = “hello”; incompatible types found: java.lang.String required: int int i = "hello"; ^


Variables :Variables Note: For numeric types, you even get an error if the value assigned will “lose precision” if placed into the variable Generally speaking this means we can place “smaller” values into “larger” variables but we cannot place “larger” values into “smaller” variables Ex: byte < short < int < long < float < double Ex: int i = 3.5; possible loss of precision found : double required: int int i = 3.5; ^ Ex: double x = 100; This is ok


Variables :Variables Floating point literals in Java are by default double If you assign one to a float variable, you will get a “loss of precision error” as shown in the previous slide If you want to assign a “more precise” value to a “less precise” variable, you must explicitly cast the value to that variable type int i = 5; int j = 4.5; float x = 3.5; float y = (float) 3.5; double z = 100; i = z; y = z; z = i; j = (long) y; j = (byte) y; Error check each of the statements in the box to the right


Variables :Variables In Java, variables fall into two categories: Primitive Types Simple types whose values are stored directly in the memory location associated with a variable Ex: int var1 = 100; There are 8 primitive types in Java: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean See Section 2.3 and ex2a.java for more details on the primitive numeric types var1 100


Variables :Variables Reference Types (or class types) Types whose values are references to objects that are stored elsewhere in memory Ex: String s = new String(“Hello There”); There are many implications to using reference types, and we must use them with care Different objects have different capabilities, based on their classes We will discuss reference types in more detail in Chapter 3 when we start looking at Objects s Hello There


Variables :Variables In Java, all variables must be declared before they can be used Ex: x = 5.0; This will cause an error unless x has previously been declared as a double variable Java variables can be initialized in the same statement in which they are declared Ex: double x = 5.0; Multiple variables of the same type can be declared and initialized in a single statement, as long as they are separated by commas Ex: int i = 10, j = 20, k = 45; cannot resolve symbol symbol : variable x location : class classname x = 5.0; ^


Operators and Expressions :Operators and Expressions Expressions are parts of statements that Describe a set of operations to be performed Are evaluated at run time Ultimately result in a single value, the result of the computation Result replaced the expression in the statement Ex: Consider the assignment statement : x=1+2+3+4; 1+2+3+4 is evaluated to be 10 when the program is run X ultimately gets assigned the value 10 Operators describe the operations that should be done Simple numeric operations Other more advanced operations


Operators and Expressions :Operators and Expressions Numeric operators in Java include +, –, *, /, % These are typical across most languages A couple points, however: If both operands are integer, / will give integer division, always producing an integer result – discuss implications The % operator was designed for integer operands and gives the remainder of integer division However, % can be used with floating point as well int i, j, k, m; i = 16; j = 7; k = i / j; // answer? m = i % j; // answer?


Operators and Expressions :Operators and Expressions Precedence and Associativity See chart on p. 81 and on p. 678 Recall that the precedence indicates the order in which operators are applied Recall that the associativity indicates the order in which operands are accessed given operators of the same precedence General guidelines to remember for arithmetic operators: *, /, % same precedence, left to right associativity +, – same (lower) precedence, also L to R Ok, let’s do another example ex2a.java


Operators and Expressions :Operators and Expressions Java has a number of convenience operators Allow us to do operations with less typing Ex: X = X + 1; X++; Y = Y – 5; Y –= 5; See Sections 2.11 and 2.12 for more details One point that should be emphasized is the difference between the prefix and postfix versions of the unary operators What is the difference between the statements: X++; ++X;


References :References What do we mean by “references”? The data stored in a variable is just the “address” of the location where the object is stored Thus it is separate from the object itself Ex: If I have a Contacts file on my PC, it will have the address of my friend, Joe Schmoe (stored as Schmoe, J.) I can use that address to send something to Joe or to go visit him if I would like However, if I change that address in my Contacts file, it does NOT in any way affect Joe, but now I no longer know where Joe is located However, I can indirectly change the data in the object through the reference Knowing his address, I can go to Joe’s house and steal his plasma TV


Using Objects :Using Objects What do we mean by "objects"? Let's first discuss classes Classes are blueprints for our data The class structure provides a good way to encapsulate the data and operations of a new type together Instance data and instance methods The data gives us the structure of the objects and the operations show us how to use them Ex: A String


Using Objects :Using Objects User of the class knows the general nature of the data, and the public methods, but NOT the implementation details But does not need to know them in order to use the class Ex: BigInteger We call this data abstraction Java classes determine the structure and behavior of Java objects To put it another way, Java objects are instances of Java classes


More References :More References Back to references, let's now see some of the implications of reference variables Declaring a variable does NOT create an object We must create objects separately from declaring variables StringBuffer S1, S2; Right now we have no actual StringBuffer objects – just two variables that could access them To get objects we must use the new operator or call a method that will create an object for us S1 = new StringBuffer("Hello"); S1 now references an instance of a StringBuffer object but S2 does not


More References :More References So what value does S2 have? For now we will say that we should not count on it to have any value – we must initialize it before we use it If we try to access it without initializing it, we will get an error Multiple variables can access and alter the same object S2 = S1; Now any change to S1 or S2 will update the same object S1 S2 Hello


More References :More References Properties of objects (public methods and public instance variables) are accessed via "dot" notation S1.append(" there Java maestros!"); S2 will also access the appended object Comparison of reference variables compares the references, NOT the objects StringBuffer S3 = new StringBuffer("Hello there Java maestros!"); if (S1 == S2) System.out.println("Equal"); // yes if (S1 == S3) System.out.println("Equal"); // no What if we want to compare the objects?


More References :More References We use the equals() method This is generally defined for many Java classes to compare data within objects We will see how to define it for our own classes soon However, the equals() method is not (re)defined for the StringBuffer class, so we need to convert our StringBuffer objects into Strings in order to compare them: if (S1.toString().equals(S3.toString())) System.out.println("Same value"); // yes It seems complicated but it will make more sense when we get into defining new classes


More references :More references Note the difference in the tests: The == operator shows us that it is the same object The equals method show us that the values are in some way the same (depending on how it is defined) References can be set to null to initialize or reinitialize a variable Null references cannot be accessed via the "dot" notation If it is attempted a run-time error results S1 = null; S1.append("This will not work!");


More references :More references Why? The method calls are associated with the OBJECT that is being accessed, NOT with the variable If there is no object, there are no methods available to call Result is NullPointerException – common error so remember it! Let's take a look at ex3.java


Program Input :Program Input We’ve already discussed basic output with the terminal window System.out.println(“Area is “ + area); Standard Output Stream For now, we’ll get input from two sources Standard Input Stream Scanner class Command Line Arguments


Streams :Streams A Stream is a continuous, seemingly infinite supply of or sink for data An ordered sequence of bytes flows in a specified direction in from some source can be sent out to some destination Acts as a pipe connected to your program A channel providing communication to and from the outside world For now, we’ll concern ourselves with the two (three) given to us Standard Input: System.in Standard Output: System.out


Scanner :Scanner Scanner is a class that reads data from the standard input stream and parses it into tokens based on a delimiter A delimiter is a character or set of characters that distinguish one token from another By default the Scanner class uses white space as the delimiter The tokens can be read in either as Strings next() nextLine() Or they can be read as primitive types Ex: nextInt(), nextFloat(), nextDouble()


Scanner :Scanner If read as primitive types, an error will occur if the actual token does not match what you are trying to read Ex: Please enter an int: hello Exception in thread "main" java.util.InputMismatchException at java.util.Scanner.throwFor(Unknown Source) at java.util.Scanner.next(Unknown Source) at java.util.Scanner.nextInt(Unknown Source) at java.util.Scanner.nextInt(Unknown Source) at ex3.main(ex3.java:39) These types of errors in Java are called exceptions Java has many different exceptions We'll look at exceptions in more detail later Let’s try an example: ex4a.java ex4b.java


Command Line Args :Command Line Args Remember the main() method public static void main(String[] args) args is an array of Strings corresponding to the list of arguments typed by the user when the interpreter was executed javalab$ java myProg.class 10 13 Steve Passed in by the operating system User must know the order and format of each argument NOTE: Unlike C/C++, only the actual arguments are passed to the program We’ll discuss arrays in more detail soon For now, let’s do an example: ex4c.java


JAVA BASICS II :JAVA BASICS II


EXPRESSIONS :EXPRESSIONS


MORE EXPRESSIONS :MORE EXPRESSIONS


Slide 35:class DisplayWarning { /** * Displaying a warning program by J M Bishop Aug 1996 * ---------------------------- Java 1.1 October 1997 * Illustrates the form of a program and the use of println. */ public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("-----------------------------"); System.out.println("| |"); System.out.println("| W A R N I N G |"); System.out.println("| Possible virus detected |"); System.out.println("| Reboot and run virus |"); System.out.println("| remover software |"); System.out.println("| |"); System.out.println("-----------------------------"); } }


Slide 36:C:\heinz\examples\TestInit>java DisplayWarning ----------------------------- | | | W A R N I N G | | Possible virus detected | | Reboot and run virus | | remover software | | | -----------------------------


Slide 37:/* Interest Increase Program by J M Bishop Aug 1996 * ------------------------- Java 1.1 Oct 1997 * Calculates the difference in simple interest for two interest * rates for the remainder of the year from a given month. * * Illustrates declarations, assignment, constants, * expressions and printing. */ class InterestIncrease { static final double p = 1000; // in graz static final int m = 4; // for April static final double oldRate = 12.5; // % static final double newRate = 13.00; // % public static void main(String[] args) { // Start with a title System.out.println("SavBank Interest Calculation"); System.out.println("============================");


Slide 38:// perform the preliminary calculation double ptOver100 = p * (12 - m) / 12 / 100; // print out the results System.out.println("Given a change of interest rate from "+ oldRate+"% to "+newRate+"% in month "+m+","); System.out.println("on a principal of G"+p+ " the interest for the rest of the year"); System.out.print("will change by graz and cents: "); System.out.println(ptOver100 * newRate - ptOver100 * oldRate); } }


Slide 39:C:\heinz\examples\TestInit>java InterestIncrease SavBank Interest Calculation ============================ Given a change of interest rate from 12.5% to 13.0% in month 4, on a principal of G1000.0 the interest for the rest of the year will change by graz and cents: 3.3333333333333286


Slide 40:class TemperatureTable { /* Displays a simple table converting Celsius * to Farhenheit for a given range. * * Illustrates using the loop variable * in expressions in the loop */ public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Temperature Conversion Table"); System.out.println("============================"); System.out.println(); System.out.println("C F"); for (int c = 5; c <= 20; c++) { System.out.print(c+"\t"); System.out.println(Math.round(c*9/5 + 32)); } } }


Slide 41:C:\abc\examples\TestInit>java TemperatureTable Temperature Conversion Table ============================ C F 5 41 6 42 7 44 8 46 9 48 10 50 11 51 12 53 13 55 14 57 15 59 16 60 17 62 18 64 19 66 20 68