logging in or signing up Pharmacokinetics amolpharma Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 730 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: March 24, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: sunilceutics (11 month(s) ago) a good presentation can you send me this presentation to sunilceutics@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: yuppieraj369 (18 month(s) ago) thank u friend you have done a very appreciative job , can u plz send me this ppt so that i can present to my students Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: mukundhandral (18 month(s) ago) good slides Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sonalikar (21 month(s) ago) a very nice ppt......i want this ppt. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Mr. Amol Khedkar B. Pharm M.Tech(Biotech) A Presentation on ……. Pharmacokinetics Slide 2: What is Pharmacology? Derived form Greek word Pharmakon Logos Drug Study + + } Pharmacology Why Study Pharmacokinetics (PK) : Why Study Pharmacokinetics (PK) Individualize patient drug therapy Monitor medications with a narrow therapeutic index Decrease the risk of adverse effects while maximizing pharmacologic response of medications Evaluate PK/PD as a diagnostic tool for underlying disease states Slide 4: Branches of Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics: Study of ADME i.e. What body does to drug 2) Pharmacodynamics: Study of Mechanism of action of drug i.e. what drug does to the body 3) Therapeutic Index = 4) Toxicology: Study of poisons 5) Chemotherapy: Concerned with the effect of drug upon microorganism and parasites Slide 5: Sources of DRUG: I) Plant: e.g. Morphine, digoxin II) Animal: e.g. Insulin, Heparin III) Synthetic:e.g. Aspirin, Procaine IV) Mineral: e.g. Liquid paraffin, Kaolin V) Microorganism: e.g. Penicillin VI) Genetic Engineering: rDNA e.g. Human insulin and hGH Slide 6: Routes of Administration Slide 7: Routes of Administration 1) Enteral: a) Oral b) Sublingual c) Enema: i) Evacuant ii) Retention 2) Paraenteral: a) Inhalation b)Injection: Intradermal Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous Intraarterial Intrathecal Intraperitoneal Intramedullary Intraarticular 3) Local Application Absorption : Absorption Passive diffusion : 1) Diffusion Slide 10: 2) Facilitated diffusion Slide 11: 3) Filtration Slide 12: 4) Osmosis Slide 13: http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/BIOLOGY1111/animations/active1.swf Active Transport Slide 14: Pinocytosis Slide 15: Pharmacokinetics Time to Peak Concentration : Time to Peak Concentration Slide 17: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zYIEiXvSZY Drug Distribution: Drug distribution refers to the movement of drug to & from the blood & Various tissues of the body e.g. fat, muscle, brain tissue & the relative proportions of drug in the tissue. Drug dissolves in water (water soluble drug) e.g atenolol tend to stay within blood and fluid surrounds the cells. Drug dissolves in fat (fat soluble drug) e.g halothane tend to concentrate in fatty tissue. Some drug molecule bound to plasma protein, deposit in muscle, bone Distribution : Distribution Membrane permeability cross membranes to site of action Plasma protein binding bound drugs do not cross membranes malnutrition = albumin = free drug Lipophilicity of drug lipophilic drugs accumulate in adipose tissue Volume of distribution Metabolism : Metabolism Drugs and toxins are seen as foreign to patients bodies Drugs can undergo metabolism in the lungs, blood, and liver Body works to convert drugs to less active forms and increase water solubility to enhance elimination Metabolism : Metabolism Liver - primary route of drug metabolism Liver may be used to convert pro-drugs (inactive) to an active state Types of reactions Phase I (Cytochrome P450 system) Phase II Phase I reactions : Phase I reactions Cytochrome P450 system Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to the CYP450 system undergoes oxidation or reduction Enzyme induction Drug interactions Phase I reactions types : Phase I reactions types Hydrolysis Oxidation Reduction Demethylation Methylation Alcohol dehydrogenase metabolism Phase II reactions : Phase II reactions Polar group is conjugated to the drug Results in increased polarity of the drug Types of reactions Glycine conjugation Glucuronide conjugation Sulfate conjugation Elimination : Elimination Pulmonary = expired in the air Bile = excreted in feces Renal glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion Pharmacokinetic Principles : Pharmacokinetic Principles Steady State: the amount of drug administered is equal to the amount of drug eliminated within one dosing interval resulting in a plateau or constant serum drug level Drugs with short half-life reach steady state rapidly; drugs with long half-life take days to weeks to reach steady state Steady State Pharmacokinetics : Steady State Pharmacokinetics Half-life = time required for serum plasma concentrations to decrease by one-half (50%) 4-5 half-lives to reach steady state Loading Doses : Loading Doses Loading doses allow rapid achievement of therapeutic serum levels Same loading dose used regardless of metabolism/elimination dysfunction Linear Pharmacokinetics : Linear Pharmacokinetics Linear = rate of elimination is proportional to amount of drug present Dosage increases result in proportional increase in plasma drug levels Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics : Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics Nonlinear = rate of elimination is constant regardless of amount of drug present Dosage increases saturate binding sites and result in non- proportional increase/decrease in drug levels Pharmacogenetics : Pharmacogenetics Science of assessing genetically determined variations in patients and the resulting affect on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Useful to identify therapeutic failures and unanticipated toxicity Slide 33: :- References:- 1) Pharmacology and Pharmacotheraprutics by Satoskar & Bhandarkar, 15th edition, Popular publication, Mumbai. 2) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics by Goodman & Gilman 9th edition, International publication. 3) Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi, 5th edition, by Jaypee brothers, New Delhi. 4)http://www.youtube.com 5)http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/BIOLOGY1111/animations/active1.swf 6) http://www.wikipedia.org Slide 34: THANK YOU You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Pharmacokinetics amolpharma Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 730 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: March 24, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: sunilceutics (11 month(s) ago) a good presentation can you send me this presentation to sunilceutics@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: yuppieraj369 (18 month(s) ago) thank u friend you have done a very appreciative job , can u plz send me this ppt so that i can present to my students Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: mukundhandral (18 month(s) ago) good slides Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sonalikar (21 month(s) ago) a very nice ppt......i want this ppt. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Mr. Amol Khedkar B. Pharm M.Tech(Biotech) A Presentation on ……. Pharmacokinetics Slide 2: What is Pharmacology? Derived form Greek word Pharmakon Logos Drug Study + + } Pharmacology Why Study Pharmacokinetics (PK) : Why Study Pharmacokinetics (PK) Individualize patient drug therapy Monitor medications with a narrow therapeutic index Decrease the risk of adverse effects while maximizing pharmacologic response of medications Evaluate PK/PD as a diagnostic tool for underlying disease states Slide 4: Branches of Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics: Study of ADME i.e. What body does to drug 2) Pharmacodynamics: Study of Mechanism of action of drug i.e. what drug does to the body 3) Therapeutic Index = 4) Toxicology: Study of poisons 5) Chemotherapy: Concerned with the effect of drug upon microorganism and parasites Slide 5: Sources of DRUG: I) Plant: e.g. Morphine, digoxin II) Animal: e.g. Insulin, Heparin III) Synthetic:e.g. Aspirin, Procaine IV) Mineral: e.g. Liquid paraffin, Kaolin V) Microorganism: e.g. Penicillin VI) Genetic Engineering: rDNA e.g. Human insulin and hGH Slide 6: Routes of Administration Slide 7: Routes of Administration 1) Enteral: a) Oral b) Sublingual c) Enema: i) Evacuant ii) Retention 2) Paraenteral: a) Inhalation b)Injection: Intradermal Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intravenous Intraarterial Intrathecal Intraperitoneal Intramedullary Intraarticular 3) Local Application Absorption : Absorption Passive diffusion : 1) Diffusion Slide 10: 2) Facilitated diffusion Slide 11: 3) Filtration Slide 12: 4) Osmosis Slide 13: http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/BIOLOGY1111/animations/active1.swf Active Transport Slide 14: Pinocytosis Slide 15: Pharmacokinetics Time to Peak Concentration : Time to Peak Concentration Slide 17: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zYIEiXvSZY Drug Distribution: Drug distribution refers to the movement of drug to & from the blood & Various tissues of the body e.g. fat, muscle, brain tissue & the relative proportions of drug in the tissue. Drug dissolves in water (water soluble drug) e.g atenolol tend to stay within blood and fluid surrounds the cells. Drug dissolves in fat (fat soluble drug) e.g halothane tend to concentrate in fatty tissue. Some drug molecule bound to plasma protein, deposit in muscle, bone Distribution : Distribution Membrane permeability cross membranes to site of action Plasma protein binding bound drugs do not cross membranes malnutrition = albumin = free drug Lipophilicity of drug lipophilic drugs accumulate in adipose tissue Volume of distribution Metabolism : Metabolism Drugs and toxins are seen as foreign to patients bodies Drugs can undergo metabolism in the lungs, blood, and liver Body works to convert drugs to less active forms and increase water solubility to enhance elimination Metabolism : Metabolism Liver - primary route of drug metabolism Liver may be used to convert pro-drugs (inactive) to an active state Types of reactions Phase I (Cytochrome P450 system) Phase II Phase I reactions : Phase I reactions Cytochrome P450 system Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to the CYP450 system undergoes oxidation or reduction Enzyme induction Drug interactions Phase I reactions types : Phase I reactions types Hydrolysis Oxidation Reduction Demethylation Methylation Alcohol dehydrogenase metabolism Phase II reactions : Phase II reactions Polar group is conjugated to the drug Results in increased polarity of the drug Types of reactions Glycine conjugation Glucuronide conjugation Sulfate conjugation Elimination : Elimination Pulmonary = expired in the air Bile = excreted in feces Renal glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion Pharmacokinetic Principles : Pharmacokinetic Principles Steady State: the amount of drug administered is equal to the amount of drug eliminated within one dosing interval resulting in a plateau or constant serum drug level Drugs with short half-life reach steady state rapidly; drugs with long half-life take days to weeks to reach steady state Steady State Pharmacokinetics : Steady State Pharmacokinetics Half-life = time required for serum plasma concentrations to decrease by one-half (50%) 4-5 half-lives to reach steady state Loading Doses : Loading Doses Loading doses allow rapid achievement of therapeutic serum levels Same loading dose used regardless of metabolism/elimination dysfunction Linear Pharmacokinetics : Linear Pharmacokinetics Linear = rate of elimination is proportional to amount of drug present Dosage increases result in proportional increase in plasma drug levels Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics : Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics Nonlinear = rate of elimination is constant regardless of amount of drug present Dosage increases saturate binding sites and result in non- proportional increase/decrease in drug levels Pharmacogenetics : Pharmacogenetics Science of assessing genetically determined variations in patients and the resulting affect on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Useful to identify therapeutic failures and unanticipated toxicity Slide 33: :- References:- 1) Pharmacology and Pharmacotheraprutics by Satoskar & Bhandarkar, 15th edition, Popular publication, Mumbai. 2) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics by Goodman & Gilman 9th edition, International publication. 3) Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi, 5th edition, by Jaypee brothers, New Delhi. 4)http://www.youtube.com 5)http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/BIOLOGY1111/animations/active1.swf 6) http://www.wikipedia.org Slide 34: THANK YOU