Digestive System

Slide 1: 

Different systems in Our body. BY-DEVBRAT RATH CLASS- X A ROLL NO.-- 42

Slide 2: 

2 The Digestive System

Digestion : 

Processing of food Types Mechanical (physical) Chew Tear Grind Mash Mix Chemical Catabolic reactions Enzymatic hydrolysis Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Digestion Phases Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption Further digestion

Anatomy of the Mouth and Throat : 

Anatomy of the Mouth and Throat

Human Deciduous and Permanent Teeth : 

Human Deciduous and Permanent Teeth

Dorsal Surface of the Tongue : 

Dorsal Surface of the Tongue

The Major Salivary Glands : 

The Major Salivary Glands

Peristalsis and Segmentation : 

Peristalsis and Segmentation

Esophagus : 

Sphincters Upper Lower Abnormalities Achalasia Atresia Hernia Barret’s esophagus Esophageal varices Esophagus Usually collapsed (closed) 3 constrictions Aortic arch Left primary bronchus Diaphragm Surrounded by SNS plexus Blood vessels Functions Secrete mucous Transport food

Stomach : 

Stomach Usually “J” shaped Left side, anterior to the spleen Mucous membrane G cells – make gastrin Goblet cells – make mucous Gastric pit – Oxyntic gland – Parietal cells – Make HCl Chief cells – Zymogenic cells Pepsin Gastric lipase Functions Mix food Reservoir Start digestion of Protein Nucleic acids Fats Activates some enzymes Destroy some bacteria Makes intrinsic factor – B 12 absorption Destroys some bacteria Absorbs Alcohol Water Lipophilic acid B 12

Stomach : 

Stomach 3 muscle layers Oblique Circular Longitudinal Regions Cardiac sphincter Fundus Antrum (pylorus) Pyloric sphincter Vascular Inner surface thrown into folds – Rugae Contains enzymes that work best at pH 1-2

Small Intestine : 

12 Small Intestine Extends from pyloric sphincter  ileocecal valve Regions Duodenum Jejenum Ileum Movements Segmentation Peristalsis

Small Intestine : 

13 Small Intestine Histology Intestinal glands – Intestinal enzymes Duodenal glands – Alkaline mucous Paneth cells – Lysozyme Microvilli Lacteals Plica circularis Smooth muscle Lymphatic tissue – GALT Vascular

Small Intestine : 

14 Small Intestine Secretes digestive enzymes Peptidases Amino- Di- Tri- Sucrases Maltase Lactase Saccharidases Di- Tri- Lipase Nucleases Absorbs 80% ingested water Electrolytes Vitamins Minerals Carbonates Active/facilitated transport Monosaccharides Proteins Di-/tripeptides Amino acids Lipids Monoglycerides Fatty acids Micelles Chylomicrons

Large Intestine : 

15 Large Intestine Extends from ileocecal valve to anus Regions Cecum – Appendix Colon Ascending Transverse Descending Rectum Anal canal

Large Intestine : 

16 Large Intestine Functions Mechanical digestion Haustral churning Peristalsis Reflexes Gastroileal Gastrocolic Chemical digestion – Bacterial digestion Ferment carbohydrates Protein/amino acid breakdown Absorbs More water Vitamins B K Concentrate/eliminate wastes

Liver : 

17 Liver Functions Makes bile Detergent – emulsifies fats Release promoted by: Vagus n. CCK Secretin Contains Water Bile salts Bile pigments Electrolytes Cholesterol Lecithin

Liver : 

18 Liver Detoxifies/removes Drugs Alcohol Stores Gycolgen Vitamins (A, D, E, K) Fe and other minerals Cholesterol Activates vitamin D Fetal RBC production Phagocytosis Metabolizes absorbed food molecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Turning food into energy : 

ENERGY Turning food into energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Respiration is the conversion of glucose into energy Glucose is “burnt” with oxygen It takes place in the Mitochondria Glucose Oxygen ENERGY Carbon Dioxide Water

Slide 20: 

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulatory System : 

Circulatory System What is it for ? We need 2 pumps because 1 would not have enough energy to push blood through the lungs and then around the body.

Anatomy of the Heart : 

Anatomy of the Heart Oxygenated blood To the body LHS thicker Deoxygenated blood To the lungs

Blood Vessels : 

Blood Vessels

Structure of Arteries : 

Structure of Arteries Oxygenated blood leaving heart High pressure Thick muscular walls

Structure of Capillaries : 

Structure of Capillaries Carry blood to cells Remove waste Deliver oxygen Deliver food Single file r.b.c. Very thin walls (single cell thick)

Structure of Veins : 

Structure of Veins Deoxygenated blood returning to heart Thin walls Low pressure Valves – allow flow of blood in one direction Muscle contraction

Blood : 

Blood Plasma Liquid carries other components Nutrients Waste like carbon dioxide Red Blood Cells Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide White Blood Cells Fight disease Platelets Clotting

Slide 28: 

THE END