aids

A thesis on AIDS: 

A thesis on AIDS CAUSES;SYMPTOMS;TREATMENT;PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND SOMETHING NE BY DR. AMAN KAILASH SETIYA

What is AIDS? AIDS stands for: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS is a medical condition. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when their immune system is too weak to fight off infections. Since AIDS was first identified in the early 1980s, an unprecedented number of people have been affected by the global AIDS epidemic. Today, there are an estimated 33.4 million people living with HIV and AIDS.: 

What is AIDS? AIDS stands for: A cquired I mmune D eficiency S yndrome AIDS is a medical condition. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when their immune system is too weak to fight off infections. Since AIDS was first identified in the early 1980s, an unprecedented number of people have been affected by the global AIDS epidemic . Today, there are an estimated 33.4 million people living with HIV and AIDS.

What causes AIDS? : 

What causes AIDS? AIDS is caused by HIV . HIV is a virus that gradually attacks immune system cells. As HIV progressively damages these cells, the body becomes more vulnerable to infections, which it will have difficulty in fighting off.  It is at the point of very advanced HIV infection that a person is said to have AIDS. It can be years before HIV has damaged the immune system enough for AIDS to develop.

What are the symptoms of AIDS? : 

What are the symptoms of AIDS? A person is diagnosed with AIDS when they have developed an AIDS related condition or symptom, called an opportunistic infection , or an AIDS related cancer. The infections are called ‘opportunistic’ because they take advantage of the opportunity offered by a weakened immune system. It is possible for someone to be diagnosed with AIDS even if they have not developed an opportunistic infection. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of an HIV positive person drops below a certain level.

Is there a cure for AIDS? : 

Is there a cure for AIDS? Worryingly, many people think there is a 'cure' for AIDS - which makes them feel safer, and perhaps take risks that they otherwise wouldn’t. However, there is still no cure for AIDS . The only way to stay safe is to be aware of how HIV is transmitted and how to prevent HIV infection .

How many people have died from AIDS? : 

How many people have died from AIDS? Since the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981, more than 25 million people have died from AIDS. An estimated two million people died as a result of AIDS in 2008 alone. Although there is no cure for AIDS, HIV infection can be prevented, and those living with HIV can take antiretroviral drugs to delay the onset of AIDS. However, in many countries across the world access to prevention and treatment services is limited. Global leaders have pledged to work towards universal access to HIV treatment, prevention and care, so that millions of deaths can be averted.

How is AIDS treated? : 

How is AIDS treated? A community health worker gives an HIV positive patient antiretroviral drugs, Kenya Antiretroviral treatment can prolong the time between HIV infection and the onset of AIDS. Modern combination therapy is highly effective and someone with HIV who is taking treatment could live for the rest of their life without developing AIDS. An AIDS diagnosis does not necessarily equate to a death sentence. Many people can still benefit from starting antiretroviral therapy even once they have developed an AIDS defining illness. Better treatment and prevention for opportunistic infections have also helped to improve the quality and length of life for those diagnosed with AIDS.

Why do people still develop AIDS today? (4 main reasons): 

Why do people still develop AIDS today? (4 main reasons) In many resource-poor countries antiretroviral treatment is not widely available . Even in wealthier countries, such as America, many individuals are not covered by health insurance and cannot afford treatment. Some people who became infected with HIV in the early years of the epidemic before combination therapy was available, have subsequently developed drug resistance and

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Many people are never tested for HIV and only become aware they are infected with the virus once they have developed an AIDS related illness. These people are at a higher risk of mortality, as they tend to respond less well to treatment at this stage. Sometimes people taking treatment are unable to adhere to, or tolerate the side effects of drugs.

HIV & Other Diseases and Conditions : 

HIV & Other Diseases and Conditions HIV can damage your immune system - making it harder for your body to fight infection. A weakened immune system can put you at a higher risk for other medical conditions and diseases.

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The volume of information about medical conditions and diseases related to HIV can be overwhelming. But it is important to understand the relationship between HIV and these conditions, because HIV can affect your body's response to a condition, and likewise, the condition can affect the progression of your HIV .

HIV and AIDS misconceptions : 

HIV and AIDS misconceptions A number of misconceptions have arisen surrounding HIV/AIDS. Three of the most common are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS, and that HIV can infect only homosexual men and drug users. Other misconceptions are that any act of anal intercourse between gay men can lead to AIDS infection, and that open discussion of homosexuality and HIV in schools will lead to increased rates of homosexuality and AIDS.

Brief discription : 

Brief discription The pathophysiology of AIDS is complex, as is the case with all syndromes . [64] Ultimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4+ T helper lymphocytes. This weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections . T lymphocytes are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells. The mechanism of CD4+ T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases. [65]

Cause : 

Cause A major cause of CD4+ T cell loss appears to result from their heightened susceptibility to apoptosis when the immune system remains activated. Although new T cells are continuously produced by the thymus to replace the ones lost, the regenerative capacity of the thymus is slowly destroyed by direct infection of its thymocytes by HIV. Eventually, the minimal number of CD4+ T cells necessary to maintain a sufficient immune response is lost, leading to AIDS

Effected cells : 

Effected cells Effected cells- helper-t cells +CD4 ,macrophage,monocytes,B-lymphocytes,certain endothelial cells and microglia, neuroglia ,astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of neurons may effected

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The virus has cytopathic effects but how it does it is still not quite clear. It can remain inactive in these cells for long periods, though. This effect is hypothesized to be due to the CD4-gp120 interaction. [70]

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The most prominent effect of HIV is its T-helper cell suppression and lysis. The cell is simply killed off or deranged to the point of being function-less (they do not respond to foreign antigens ). The infected B-cells can not produce enough antibodies either. Thus the immune system collapses leading to the familiar AIDS complications, like infections and neoplasms (vide supra).

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Infection of the cells of the CNS cause acute aseptic meningitis , subacute encephalitis , vacuolar myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy . Later it leads to even AIDS dementia complex. The CD4-gp120 interaction (see above) is also permissive to other viruses like Cytomegalovirus , Hepatitis virus , Herpes simplex virus, etc. These viruses lead to further cell damage i.e. cytopathy.

Structure of virus: 

Structure of virus HIV is different in structure from other retroviruses . It is around 120 nm in diameter (around 60 times smaller than a red blood cell) and roughly spherical. HIV-1 is composed of two copies of single-stranded RNA enclosed by a conical capsid comprising the viral protein p24 , typical of lentiviruses . The RNA component is 9749 nucleotides long [5] . This is in turn surrounded by a plasma membrane of host-cell origin. The single-strand RNA is tightly bound to the nucleocapsid proteins, p6 , p7 and enzymes that are indispensable for the development of the virion , such as reverse transcriptase and integrase .

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The nucleocapsid (p7 and p6) associates with the genomic RNA (one molecule per hexamer) and protects the RNA from digestion by nucleases . A matrix composed of an association of the viral protein p17 surrounds the capsid, ensuring the integrity of the virion particle. Also enclosed within the virion particle are Vif , Vpr , Nef , p7 and viral Protease (Figure 1). The envelope is formed when the capsid buds from the host cell, taking some of the host-cell membrane with it. The envelope includes the glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 .

Genome organisation: 

Genome organisation HIV has several major genes coding for structural proteins that are found in all retroviruses, and several nonstructural ("accessory") genes that are unique to HIV. The gag gene provides the basic physical infrastructure of the virus, and pol provides the basic mechanism by which retroviruses reproduce, while the others help HIV to enter the host cell and enhance its reproduction. Though they may be altered by mutation, all of these genes except tev exist in all known variants of HIV; see Genetic variability of HIV .

DIAGNOSIS : 

DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of AIDS in a person infected with HIV is based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms. Since June 5, 1981, many definitions have been developed for epidemiological surveillance such as the Bangui definition and the 1994 expanded World Health Organization AIDS case definition . However, clinical staging of patients was not an intended use for these systems as they are neither sensitive, nor specific. In developing countries, the World Health Organization staging system for HIV infection and disease, using clinical and laboratory data, is used and in developed countries, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Classification System is used.

4 MAIN STAGES OF AIDS BY WHO: 

4 MAIN STAGES OF AIDS BY WHO Stage I: HIV infection is asymptomatic and not categorized as AIDS Stage II: includes minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections Stage III: includes unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections and pulmonary tuberculosis Stage IV: includes toxoplasmosis of the brain , candidiasis of the esophagus , trachea , bronchi or lungs and Kaposi's sarcoma ; these diseases are indicators of AIDS.

PREVENTION: 

PREVENTION The three main transmission routes of HIV are sexual contact , exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to fetus or child during perinatal period. It is possible to find HIV in the saliva , tears , and urine of infected individuals, but there are no recorded cases of infection by these secretions, and the risk of infection is negligible. [86]

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Sexual contact The majority of HIV infections are acquired through unprotected sexual relations between partners, one of whom has HIV. The primary mode of HIV infection worldwide is through sexual contact between members of the opposite sex. [87] [88] [89] During a sexual act, only male or female condoms can reduce the risk of infection with HIV and other STDs.

CONDOMS named after inventor Dr condom: 

CONDOMS named after inventor Dr condom The male latex condom, if used correctly without oil-based lubricants, is the single most effective available technology to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Manufacturers recommend that oil-based lubricants such as petroleum jelly , butter, and lard not be used with latex condoms, because they dissolve the latex , making the condoms porous . If lubrication is desired, manufacturers recommend using water -based lubricants. Oil-based lubricants can be used with polyurethane condoms. [91]

N.B.- CONFIDOM 1st ever female condom : 

N.B.- CONFIDOM 1 st ever female condom Female condoms are commonly made from polyurethane , but are also made from nitrile and latex. They are larger than male condoms and have a stiffened ring-shaped opening with an inner ring designed to be inserted into the vagina keeping the condom in place; inserting the female condom requires squeezing this ring. Female condoms have been shown to be an important HIV prevention strategy by preliminary studies which suggest that overall protected sexual acts increase relative to unprotected sexual acts where female condoms are available. [92] At present, availability of female condoms is very low and the price remains prohibitive for many women.

Mother to child transmission : 

Mother to child transmission Current recommendations state that when replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, HIV-infected mothers should avoid breast-feeding their infant. However, if this is not the case, exclusive breast-feeding is recommended during the first months of life and discontinued as soon as possible. [103] It should be noted that women can breastfeed children who are not their own; see wet nurse .

Education, health literacy and cognitive ability : 

Education, health literacy and cognitive ability The most important way to change risky behavior is health education. Several studies have shown the positive impact of education and health literacy on cautious sex behavior. Education itself does not work, only if it leads to higher health literacy and general cognitive ability. This ability is relevant to understand the relationship between own risky behavior and possible outcomes like HIV-transmission. [104]

Treatment : 

Treatment There is currently no publicly available vaccine for HIV or cure for HIV or AIDS. The only known methods of prevention are based on avoiding exposure to the virus or, failing that, an antiretroviral treatment directly after a highly significant exposure, called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). [105] PEP has a very demanding four week schedule of dosage. It also has very unpleasant side effects including diarrhea , malaise , nausea and fatigue . [106]

Antiviral therapy : 

Antiviral therapy Current treatment for HIV infection consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy , or HAART. [107] This has been highly beneficial to many HIV-infected individuals since its introduction in 1996 when the protease inhibitor-based HAART initially became available. [12] Current optimal HAART options consist of combinations (or "cocktails") consisting of at least three drugs belonging to at least two types, or "classes," of antiretroviral agents.

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Typical regimens consist of two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs) plus either a protease inhibitor or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

HAART: Highly active antiretroviral therapy : 

HAART : Highly active antiretroviral therapy Standard goals of HAART include improvement in the patient’s quality of life, reduction in complications, and reduction of HIV viremia below the limit of detection, but it does not cure the patient of HIV nor does it prevent the return, once treatment is stopped, of high blood levels of HIV, often HAART resistant. [111] [112] Moreover, it would take more than the lifetime of an individual to be cleared of HIV infection using HAART. [113]

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Side effects can also deter people from persisting with HAART, these include lipodystrophy , dyslipidaemia , diarrhoea , insulin resistance , an increase in cardiovascular risks and birth defects . [123] Anti-retroviral drugs are expensive, and the majority of the world's infected individuals do not have access to medications and treatments for HIV and AIDS. Abacavir trade name of such drug

Other treatment measures : 

Other treatment measures The Red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with

Aids prevelance in different age group in india(%): 

Aids prevelance in different age group in india(%) Age group Male Female total 15-19 0.01 0.07 0.04 20-24 0.19 0.17 0.18 25-29 0.43 0.28 0.35 30-34 0.64 0.45 0.54 35-39 0.53 0.23 0.37 40-44 0.41 0.19 0.30 45-49 0.48 0.17 0.33 Total 15-49 0.36 0.22 0.28

Aids in relations of other stds: 

Aids in relations of other stds

HEIRACHIAL ORGANISATION OF AIDS : 

HEIRACHIAL ORGANISATION OF AIDS

Graphical representation : 

Graphical representation

Graph according to race : 

Graph according to race

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project on AIDS AND HIV ( its truth and misconceptions and) PROJECT BY -AMAN SETIYA GROUP 4 NSMU ARKHANGELSK