Slide 1:1/3/2009 1 Introduction


Electronic Nose Integrated in RFID Tag :Electronic Nose Integrated in RFID Tag Prepared by : Aliyar Attaran(1031194657) Supervisor: Mr. Faisal Mohd.Yasin Moderator: Mr. SK wong 1/3/2009 2 Introduction


Content :Content 1.Overview of the project and objectives 2.overview of combined circuitry 3.identify all blocks of RFID and Sensor 4.analysis of the design topologies 5.simulation results of the blocks 6.discussion about the topologies 7.demonstrate the fabricated sensor 8. Conclusion and recommendation 9. References 1/3/2009 3 Introduction


Overview of the Project :Overview of the Project Combined circuitry of the RFID and Sensor Discuss all topologies of the block diagrams Discuss the results of the schematics Modify the design specifications 1/3/2009 4 Introduction


Project Objectives: :Project Objectives: To study Mentor Graphics tool To investigate methodology of RFID tag To investigate methodology of Gas sensor To evaluate the results of sensor and blocks of RFID To increase the performance of sensor and RFID tag ( operating frequency) 1/3/2009 5 Introduction


Standards :Standards ISO 10374: Freight Containers ISO 10536: Close Coupling Smart cards ISO 11784/5: Animal ID ISO 14443: Contactless Smartcards ISO 15693: Vicinity Cards ISO 18000: Item ID – 18000-2 (125 kHz), -3 (13.56 MHz), -4 (2.45 GHz), -6 (900 MHz), -7 (active tags, assets locating) EPCglobal (supply chain) 1/3/2009 6 RFID Modules


Design specification :Design specification RFID tag operating at 900 MHz Gas sensor operating from 300 to 500 MHz 3 Bit flash ADC VCOs’ operating at 400MHz, 2.06 GHz, 4 GHz, 7 GHz, 10 GHz 1/3/2009 7 RFID Modules


Design Constraints for UHFPassive Transponder :Design Constraints for UHFPassive Transponder Ultra low power (µW range) – Dynamic operating range Regulations: Allocated spectrum, bandwidth, radiated power Transponder complexities Technology – Schottky, DTMOS 1/3/2009 8 RFID Modules


Basic RFID System :Basic RFID System Potential successor to the bar coding technologies: Contactless & rugged. 3 components; an antenna, a reader and a tag. A reader typically contains a radio frequency module (transmitter and receiver), a control unit and an interface to forward the data received to a computer. Backers: DoD, Walmart, Pharmaceutical companies Source: Weber Marking Systems Inc 1/3/2009 9 RFID Modules


Transponder Building Blocks :Transponder Building Blocks Current state: Designed UHF Passive RFID tag, Designed and Fabricated: SAW Gas Sensor 1/3/2009 10 RFID Modules


Principle of Sensor based RFID :Principle of Sensor based RFID SAW Gas sensors are useful in wide areas and gigantic chemical companies in which the possibility of gas leakage is critical. And its essential to identify the source of the gas leakage for further adjustments. SAW gas sensors are very sensitive to a tiny changes of gas ,detecting 100 ^-12 g/cm^2. A change in mass is registered as a frequency change. So now If we can assign the changes in frequency to a DC discrete value, we can identify what kind of gas and how much of it, is present in the area. By integrating this SAW Gas sensor in our RFID tags, the reader can tell the blur location of the gas leakage that is taking place. Another approach is to integrate RFID tags in GPS navigating system to indentify the location of RFID tag exactly. 1/3/2009 11 RFID Modules


How to identify the Gas? :How to identify the Gas? The outputs of the SAW sensors will go to 3 bit ADC and 3 bit streamline will determine what portion of ROM in RFID will be send to reader. ROM memory of RFID is assigned to different binary numbers so that for each input gas that sensor detects, it generates a specific bit line and send to the reader. Then it’s known by reading the reader’s receiving signal that what gas has been detected by the sensor. 1/3/2009 12 RFID Modules


Demonstration using only sensor based tag :Demonstration using only sensor based tag Sensor based RFID 1/3/2009 13 RFID Modules


Demonstration using GPS embedded tags :Demonstration using GPS embedded tags Sensor based RFID To navigate the RFID tag 1/3/2009 14 RFID Modules


Block diagram of RFID tag integrated with Gas sensor :Block diagram of RFID tag integrated with Gas sensor 1/3/2009 15 RFID Modules


All Blocks of RFID only :All Blocks of RFID only 1/3/2009 16 RFID Modules


FSK Modulator :FSK Modulator 1/3/2009 17 RFID Modules


Clock Regenerator :Clock Regenerator Vin : Sinosoidal wave Vref : VDD Vout : Full GND-VDD Square pulses 1/3/2009 18 RFID Modules


128 bit ROM :128 bit ROM Using 3 bit Column counter (multiplexer) And 4 bit row counter a (a) (b) (c) a)Simulation result of Column counter b) Row counter c) 128 bit ROM 1/3/2009 19 RFID Modules


Simulation result of 128 bit ROM :Simulation result of 128 bit ROM 1/3/2009 20 RFID Modules


Concept of DTMOS for very low voltage operation :Concept of DTMOS for very low voltage operation (a) Cross section of an SOI NMOSFET with body and gate tied together. (b) Gate to body connection by using aluminum to short the gate and P+ region. 1/3/2009 21 RFID Modules


Simulation result :Simulation result Drain current of an SOI NMOSFET operated as a DTMOS and as a regular device. 1/3/2009 22 RFID Modules


DTMOS design :DTMOS design Power-hungry modules such as rectifier must be designed with low power requirement. It is done by varying VBS component in the body effect equation in ON and OFF state. 1/3/2009 23 RFID Modules


DTMOS design :DTMOS design Advantages: Less Capacitance (~5-40%) Lower power Reduced effective VT, short channel effects, body effect Layout simplicity (no wells, plugs, …) Disadvantages: History-dependent timing Increased device leakage Body effect issues Self heating Decoupling capacitance 1/3/2009 24 RFID Modules


Conclusion :Conclusion DTMOS is ideal for very low voltage ( < 0.6 V ) operation Operation: when input=0, the off N-ch MOS has a high Vth as its body is also “0” (low leakage) and the on P-ch MOS has a low Vth as its body is “0” (fast transistor). 1/3/2009 25 RFID Modules


monoflop :monoflop It generates a pulse of predetermined width every time the quiescent circuit is triggered by a pulse of transition event. A trigger event; which is either signal transition or a pulse, can cause the circuit to go temporarily into another quasi-stable state. It returns to its original state after a time period determined by the circuit parameters. 1/3/2009 26 RFID Modules


Discharge Circuitry :Discharge Circuitry After the last bit of ROM is read, C2 is discharging through a big transistor. this big size MOS will serve as short circuit path to quickly deplete the charge on Cs and hence shut down the transponder operation thoroughly The purpose of C2 is to stabilize logic level from Full Detector, to eliminate unwanted noise from disrupting the discharging phase. 1/3/2009 27 RFID Modules


Rectifying circuit :Rectifying circuit Convert the electromagnetic power to DC to supply the chip. Implementing Schottky Trade offs, much less Voltage drop but very high leakage current 1/3/2009 28 RFID Modules


Rectifier – Implementation using Schottky Diodes :Rectifier – Implementation using Schottky Diodes U Karthaus, M Fischer; "Fully integrated passive UHF RFID transponder IC with 16.7uW minimum RF input power"; IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol 38, Issue 10, Oct. 2003; pp: 1602-1608. 1/3/2009 29 RFID Modules


Voltage regulator :Voltage regulator the voltage regulator can tolerate input voltage range from 1.8V to 6V with a deviation of +0.5 . It also works well for load range from 500 ? to 3000?. It’s observed that the sizing of series pass transistor can change the overshot voltage of the regulator. The regulator circuit consumes about 60µA. 1/3/2009 30 RFID Modules


Result table :Result table This is not the challenge. Challenge is to input mV. 1/3/2009 31 RFID Modules


Simulation result in mV range :Simulation result in mV range 1/3/2009 32 RFID Modules


Simulation result in mV range :Simulation result in mV range 1/3/2009 33 RFID Modules


Basic VCO :Basic VCO Benefits: Moderate frequency range. Noise rejection and PSRR. Easier to tune frequency. 1/3/2009 34 RFID Modules


Basic VCO :Basic VCO 1/3/2009 35 RFID Modules


Simulation result at 4 GHz :Simulation result at 4 GHz Spectrum result 1/3/2009 36 RFID Modules


Simulation result at 10 GHz :Simulation result at 10 GHz 1/3/2009 37 RFID Modules


Replica Maneatis Structure :Replica Maneatis Structure Benefits: Wider frequency range. Better noise and PSRR. Easier to tune frequency. Linearity Differences A differential amplifier is used to continuously adjust the control voltage and bias at its best level. Symmetrical load delay cell is used. 1/3/2009 38 RFID Modules


Simulation result :Simulation result 1/3/2009 39 RFID Modules


Slow-fast interpolating VCO :Slow-fast interpolating VCO Benefits: Superior frequency range. Better noise and PSRR. Easier to tune frequency 1/3/2009 40 RFID Modules


Slow-fast interpolating VCO :Slow-fast interpolating VCO 1/3/2009 41 RFID Modules


Simulation result :Simulation result 1/3/2009 42 RFID Modules


comparison :comparison 1/3/2009 43 RFID Modules


Comparison Table :Comparison Table *References are given at the end of presentation 1/3/2009 44 RFID Modules


ADC structure :ADC structure 1/3/2009 45 RFID Modules


Topology of Flash ADC :Topology of Flash ADC 1/3/2009 46 RFID Modules


SAW Gas sensor Back ground :SAW Gas sensor Back ground A chemical gas sensor upon exposure to a gaseous chemical compound or mixture of chemical compounds, alters one or more of its physical properties (e.g. mass, electrical conductivity, or capacitance) In a mass-sensitive gas sensor, the sensor’s response is affected by the additional mass of an analyte gas absorbed by the transducer. Hence, the transducer’s signal depends on the concentration of the analyte and its molecular one it. These transducers are normally piezoelectronically excited. And their resonance frequency or wave propagation velocity is a measure of the mass of the transducer, which varies according to the analyte concentration to be determined. 1/3/2009 47 SAW Gas sensor


SAW (surface acoustic wave)Gas Sensor structure :SAW (surface acoustic wave)Gas Sensor structure 1/3/2009 48 SAW Gas sensor


FVC(frequency to voltage convertor) schematic :FVC(frequency to voltage convertor) schematic 1/3/2009 49 SAW Gas sensor


Simulation result :Simulation result Simulation result of CLB Simulation result of FVC 1/3/2009 50 SAW Gas sensor


Differential Amplifier :Differential Amplifier 1/3/2009 51 SAW Gas sensor


Signal Processing Circuitry :Signal Processing Circuitry 1/3/2009 52 SAW Gas sensor


Result table :Result table 1/3/2009 53 SAW Gas sensor


Result table :Result table 1/3/2009 54 SAW Gas sensor


Sensor before fabrication :Sensor before fabrication 1/3/2009 55 SAW Gas sensor


Sensor after fabrication :Sensor after fabrication 1/3/2009 56 SAW Gas sensor


AIC Packaging bonding diagram using TSSOP 8L :AIC Packaging bonding diagram using TSSOP 8L 1/3/2009 57 SAW Gas sensor


AIC Packaging bonding diagram using TSSOP 8L :AIC Packaging bonding diagram using TSSOP 8L 1/3/2009 58 SAW Gas sensor


Conclusion and recommendation :Conclusion and recommendation Implement read/write function for better flexibility: EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) Layout can be further optimized to reduce parasitic effect and smaller size. The chip protection circuit such as Electrostatic Discharge Protection can be included to increase the robustness of the transponder. 1/3/2009 59


References :References [1] Wenting Wang and Howard C. Luong, Senior Member, IEEE [2] Chihun Lee, Lan-Chou Cho, Jia-Hao Wu, and Shen-Iuan Liu [3] Faizal Khalek, Zubaida Yusoff, Mohd-Shahiman Sulaiman, “Low Power Techniques for a Mixed-Signal Circuit”, IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Circuit (ISIC), Sep. 2007, [4] Tun-Shih Chen SoC Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute Bidg. I I, 195 Sec.4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan 31 0, R.O.C. Tel: 886-3-5913276 Fax: 886-3-5820490 email address: tunshihchenggmail.com 1/3/2009 60


Slide 61:*[6] W.Winkler et al., “A fully integrated BiCMOS PLL for 60 GHz wireless applications,” ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 406–407, Feb. 2005.   *[7] C. Cao, Y. Ding, and K. K. O, “A 50-GHz phase-locked loop in 130-nm CMOS,” in Proc. IEEE Custom Integr. Circuits Conf., Sep. 2006, pp.21–24. 1/3/2009 61


Slide 62:*[8] J. Lee, “A 75-GHz PLL in 90-nm CMOS technology,” ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 432–433, Feb. 2007. *[9] C. Lee and S. I. Liu, “A 58-to-60.4 GHz frequency synthesizer in 90 nm CMOS,” ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 196–197, Feb. 2007. *[10] Faizal Khalek, Zubaida Yusoff, Mohd-Shahiman Sulaiman, “Low Power Techniques for a Mixed-Signal Circuit”, IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Circuit (ISIC), Sep. 2007, 1/3/2009 62


THE END OF MY PRESENTATION :THE END OF MY PRESENTATION Thank you very much Questions and Answers 1/3/2009 63