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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript The Role of DNA in Genetics : The Role of DNA in Genetics 9th Grade Biology Alaine Davis Woodinville Montessori School This presentation includes: : This presentation includes: How DNA stores information Structure of DNA Discovery of DNA DNA replication Introduction to protein synthesis DNA on the Scene : DNA on the Scene In the 1940s and 1950s, several groups of scientists performed experiments demonstrating that DNA is the molecule that transmits information from one generation to the next previously, the scientific community had thought proteins transmitted this information What’s so great about DNA? : What’s so great about DNA? Scientists then wanted to learn all they could about DNA: How does it store genetic information? How does it transmit that information? What is it made of? How does it copy itself? What is a DNA molecule? : What is a DNA molecule? Genetic information for an organism is stored in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) What is a DNA molecule? : What is a DNA molecule? A DNA molecule is made of a combination of three basic parts: Asugar (ribose) A phosphate group (phosphorous + 4 oxygen atoms) A nitrogenous base (nitrogen and carbon in a single or double ring) The Nucleotides of DNA : The Nucleotides of DNA There are four nucleotides that make up DNA: Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Four Nucleotides : Four Nucleotides Thymine pairs with Adenine Cytosine pairs with Guanine Complementary pairs : Complementary pairs We say that Adenine and Thymine (A and T) are complementary base pairs, or just “base pairs” for short. Guanine and Cytosine are also complementary base pairs. These nitrogenous bases pair only with each other (with one exception, which will be discussed in a bit) Pyrimidines and Purines : Pyrimidines and Purines Thymine and Cytosine have one ring each; they are pyrimidines Adenine and Guanine have two rings each; they are purines Sugar-Phosphate backbone : Sugar-Phosphate backbone The sugar and phosphate form the “backbone” of DNA The bases go in a particular order depending on what gene they are coding for This is half of one small section of DNA Discovery of the Structure of DNA : Discovery of the Structure of DNA What is the structure of DNA? : What is the structure of DNA? In the 1950s, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins were investigating the structure of DNA with a method called x-ray crystallography Two other researchers in the same lab, James Watson and Francis Crick, has been trying to build a model of DNA with wire and metal. When they saw Franklin & Wilkins’ x-ray data, they came up with the idea of the double helix X-ray Crystallography of DNA : X-ray Crystallography of DNA The Double Helix : The Double Helix A helix is a spiral A double helix is two spirals (the sugar-phosphate backbones) spiraling around each other The bases (C,G, T and A) are like the rungs of a ladder, matching up across the middle of the double helix Watson and Crick : Watson and Crick Watson, Crick and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their work discovering the structure of DNA. The monetary award accompanying the prize varies each year; it was $1.4 million in 2009 Rosalind Franklin : Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Franklin died of ovarian cancer in 1958, before the Nobel Prize was awarded for the DNA work She was 37 years old Many accounts indicate she played a pivotal role in the discovery of the structure of DNA, but her contribution was minimized at the time DNA Replication : DNA Replication You may recall that during mitosis and meiosis, chromosomes duplicate themselves Chromosomes stay in the nucleus, so the process of DNA replication (copying) takes place entirely in the nucleus DNA Replication : DNA Replication DNA Replication : DNA Replication DNA Replication : DNA Replication During DNA replication, the double helix “unzips” in one small area. New complementary bases are added to the unzipped strands, completing each of them. The unzipped area is called a replication bubble. Enzymes : Enzymes Enzymes are complex proteins that speed up or start (catalyze) chemical reactions They are necessary for almost every chemical reaction occurring in biological cells DNA Polymerase is the enzyme that helps the new nucleotides bond to the existing parent strand. End Products of DNA Replication : End Products of DNA Replication Two new strands are crated in place of the one parent strand. Each is identical to the parent strand Mistakes are made in fewer than 1 in 1,000,000,000 base pairs Note that each of the daughter strands consists of one parent strand and one new strand Replication moves down the strand with the “bubble”; at the end there are two identical daughter strands, that coil up to make sister chromatids Protein Synthesis : Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis : Protein Synthesis What is the purpose of DNA? DNA transmits information from one generation to the next The DNA itself consists of genes Each gene codes for a protein Each chromosome contains hundreds of genes Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Amino Acids Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Are made of Are located on Amino Acids Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Are made of Are located on Are always found in Amino Acids Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Are made of Is used to build specific Are located on Are always found in Amino Acids Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Are made of Is used to build specific Are located on Are always found in Amino Acids Are the building blocks of Amino Acids and Proteins : Amino Acids and Proteins Amino Acids and Proteins : Amino Acids and Proteins Amino acids are fairly simple molecules found in all living things They combine to form long strands of complex molecules called proteins There are only 20 amino acids, but they combine to form thousands of different proteins Amino Acids : Amino Acids Protein : Protein Protein Synthesis : Protein Synthesis How could a sequence of nucleotides with just four bases (Adenine, Thyme, Guanine, Cytosine) possibly code for twenty different amino acids that make up all the proteins that constitute something as complex as a human being? The Genetic Code : The Genetic Code The answer is that DNA is a type of code Every three bases codes for an amino acid Three bases are called a triplet or a codon Each triplet corresponds to one amino acid A string of amino acids bonds together and folds in a particular way to make a protein Protein Synthesis & RNA : Protein Synthesis & RNA One important step in protein synthesis is the involvement of RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA can travel out of the nucleus This is essential because DNA must stay in the nucleus; however, the ribosomes (which make proteins) are located in the cytoplasm Protein Synthesis & RNA : Protein Synthesis & RNA RNA makes a copy of the DNA using complementary base pairs (very similar to when DNA copies itself during mitosis or meiosis) However, there is one significant difference: In RNA, Adenine pairs with Uracil(instead of Thymine) Thymine does not exist in RNA Uracil is indicated with the letter U So, in RNA, C pairs with G and A pairs with U. Triplet Code = Amino Acid : Triplet Code = Amino Acid If a triple of DNA was Thymine-Cytosine-Adenine (TCA), it would be copied into DNA as its complementary base pairs: Adenine, Guanine, Uracil (AGU). Triplet Code = Amino Acid : Triplet Code = Amino Acid AGU is the code that corresponds to the amino acid Serine. When AGU comes up in the RNA strand, a molecule of Serine is linked onto the growing protein chain. RNA Triplet Code : RNA Triplet Code Each triplet, or codon, corresponds to an amino acid Most amino acids have multiple triplets that code for them (this is called redundancy) AUG is a special triplet that starts the protein chain UAA, UAG and UGA are all stop codons that cause the chain to stop forming. Triplet Code is Universal : Triplet Code is Universal From human beings to turtles to flowers and even bacteria, we all use this same triplet code to translate DNA into amino acids This is why genes from one species can be spliced into another species Review of Main Concepts : Review of Main Concepts Review of Main Concepts : Review of Main Concepts Genetic information is stored in a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA was discovered in the 1940s and its structure described in the 1950s Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize for their work describing the structure of DNA Review of Main Concepts : Review of Main Concepts DNA is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone with bases forming a ladder between the two strands Its structure is a double helix There are four types of bases: Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine Review of Main Concepts : Review of Main Concepts The end result of a gene is to make a protein DNA is copied to RNA, which leaves the nucleus Each triplet codes for an amino acid Amino acids bind together to form complex proteins You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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The Role of DNA in Genetics alaine Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 579 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (1) Added: October 13, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: arshiajabeen (17 month(s) ago) hi, your ppt on DNA are quite good. plz let me download it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: oshy (19 month(s) ago) thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript The Role of DNA in Genetics : The Role of DNA in Genetics 9th Grade Biology Alaine Davis Woodinville Montessori School This presentation includes: : This presentation includes: How DNA stores information Structure of DNA Discovery of DNA DNA replication Introduction to protein synthesis DNA on the Scene : DNA on the Scene In the 1940s and 1950s, several groups of scientists performed experiments demonstrating that DNA is the molecule that transmits information from one generation to the next previously, the scientific community had thought proteins transmitted this information What’s so great about DNA? : What’s so great about DNA? Scientists then wanted to learn all they could about DNA: How does it store genetic information? How does it transmit that information? What is it made of? How does it copy itself? What is a DNA molecule? : What is a DNA molecule? Genetic information for an organism is stored in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) What is a DNA molecule? : What is a DNA molecule? A DNA molecule is made of a combination of three basic parts: Asugar (ribose) A phosphate group (phosphorous + 4 oxygen atoms) A nitrogenous base (nitrogen and carbon in a single or double ring) The Nucleotides of DNA : The Nucleotides of DNA There are four nucleotides that make up DNA: Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Four Nucleotides : Four Nucleotides Thymine pairs with Adenine Cytosine pairs with Guanine Complementary pairs : Complementary pairs We say that Adenine and Thymine (A and T) are complementary base pairs, or just “base pairs” for short. Guanine and Cytosine are also complementary base pairs. These nitrogenous bases pair only with each other (with one exception, which will be discussed in a bit) Pyrimidines and Purines : Pyrimidines and Purines Thymine and Cytosine have one ring each; they are pyrimidines Adenine and Guanine have two rings each; they are purines Sugar-Phosphate backbone : Sugar-Phosphate backbone The sugar and phosphate form the “backbone” of DNA The bases go in a particular order depending on what gene they are coding for This is half of one small section of DNA Discovery of the Structure of DNA : Discovery of the Structure of DNA What is the structure of DNA? : What is the structure of DNA? In the 1950s, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins were investigating the structure of DNA with a method called x-ray crystallography Two other researchers in the same lab, James Watson and Francis Crick, has been trying to build a model of DNA with wire and metal. When they saw Franklin & Wilkins’ x-ray data, they came up with the idea of the double helix X-ray Crystallography of DNA : X-ray Crystallography of DNA The Double Helix : The Double Helix A helix is a spiral A double helix is two spirals (the sugar-phosphate backbones) spiraling around each other The bases (C,G, T and A) are like the rungs of a ladder, matching up across the middle of the double helix Watson and Crick : Watson and Crick Watson, Crick and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their work discovering the structure of DNA. The monetary award accompanying the prize varies each year; it was $1.4 million in 2009 Rosalind Franklin : Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Franklin died of ovarian cancer in 1958, before the Nobel Prize was awarded for the DNA work She was 37 years old Many accounts indicate she played a pivotal role in the discovery of the structure of DNA, but her contribution was minimized at the time DNA Replication : DNA Replication You may recall that during mitosis and meiosis, chromosomes duplicate themselves Chromosomes stay in the nucleus, so the process of DNA replication (copying) takes place entirely in the nucleus DNA Replication : DNA Replication DNA Replication : DNA Replication DNA Replication : DNA Replication During DNA replication, the double helix “unzips” in one small area. New complementary bases are added to the unzipped strands, completing each of them. The unzipped area is called a replication bubble. Enzymes : Enzymes Enzymes are complex proteins that speed up or start (catalyze) chemical reactions They are necessary for almost every chemical reaction occurring in biological cells DNA Polymerase is the enzyme that helps the new nucleotides bond to the existing parent strand. End Products of DNA Replication : End Products of DNA Replication Two new strands are crated in place of the one parent strand. Each is identical to the parent strand Mistakes are made in fewer than 1 in 1,000,000,000 base pairs Note that each of the daughter strands consists of one parent strand and one new strand Replication moves down the strand with the “bubble”; at the end there are two identical daughter strands, that coil up to make sister chromatids Protein Synthesis : Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis : Protein Synthesis What is the purpose of DNA? DNA transmits information from one generation to the next The DNA itself consists of genes Each gene codes for a protein Each chromosome contains hundreds of genes Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Amino Acids Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Are made of Are located on Amino Acids Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Are made of Are located on Are always found in Amino Acids Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Are made of Is used to build specific Are located on Are always found in Amino Acids Concept Map: DNA : Concept Map: DNA Genes DNA Proteins Chromosomes Cell nucleus Are made of Is used to build specific Are located on Are always found in Amino Acids Are the building blocks of Amino Acids and Proteins : Amino Acids and Proteins Amino Acids and Proteins : Amino Acids and Proteins Amino acids are fairly simple molecules found in all living things They combine to form long strands of complex molecules called proteins There are only 20 amino acids, but they combine to form thousands of different proteins Amino Acids : Amino Acids Protein : Protein Protein Synthesis : Protein Synthesis How could a sequence of nucleotides with just four bases (Adenine, Thyme, Guanine, Cytosine) possibly code for twenty different amino acids that make up all the proteins that constitute something as complex as a human being? The Genetic Code : The Genetic Code The answer is that DNA is a type of code Every three bases codes for an amino acid Three bases are called a triplet or a codon Each triplet corresponds to one amino acid A string of amino acids bonds together and folds in a particular way to make a protein Protein Synthesis & RNA : Protein Synthesis & RNA One important step in protein synthesis is the involvement of RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA can travel out of the nucleus This is essential because DNA must stay in the nucleus; however, the ribosomes (which make proteins) are located in the cytoplasm Protein Synthesis & RNA : Protein Synthesis & RNA RNA makes a copy of the DNA using complementary base pairs (very similar to when DNA copies itself during mitosis or meiosis) However, there is one significant difference: In RNA, Adenine pairs with Uracil(instead of Thymine) Thymine does not exist in RNA Uracil is indicated with the letter U So, in RNA, C pairs with G and A pairs with U. Triplet Code = Amino Acid : Triplet Code = Amino Acid If a triple of DNA was Thymine-Cytosine-Adenine (TCA), it would be copied into DNA as its complementary base pairs: Adenine, Guanine, Uracil (AGU). Triplet Code = Amino Acid : Triplet Code = Amino Acid AGU is the code that corresponds to the amino acid Serine. When AGU comes up in the RNA strand, a molecule of Serine is linked onto the growing protein chain. RNA Triplet Code : RNA Triplet Code Each triplet, or codon, corresponds to an amino acid Most amino acids have multiple triplets that code for them (this is called redundancy) AUG is a special triplet that starts the protein chain UAA, UAG and UGA are all stop codons that cause the chain to stop forming. Triplet Code is Universal : Triplet Code is Universal From human beings to turtles to flowers and even bacteria, we all use this same triplet code to translate DNA into amino acids This is why genes from one species can be spliced into another species Review of Main Concepts : Review of Main Concepts Review of Main Concepts : Review of Main Concepts Genetic information is stored in a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA was discovered in the 1940s and its structure described in the 1950s Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize for their work describing the structure of DNA Review of Main Concepts : Review of Main Concepts DNA is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone with bases forming a ladder between the two strands Its structure is a double helix There are four types of bases: Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine Review of Main Concepts : Review of Main Concepts The end result of a gene is to make a protein DNA is copied to RNA, which leaves the nucleus Each triplet codes for an amino acid Amino acids bind together to form complex proteins