Drawing Conclusions

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Slide 1:

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS TEKS 5.3A

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DRAWING CONCLUSIONS In science, decisions must be based on evidence, or proof Scientist gather evidence by designing and performing an experiment

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OPINIONS An opinion is a decision that someone makes based on what they think or feel Opinion are NOT based on evidence or proof

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FOR EXAMPLE Oscar and Eliazar each grew a different kind of tomato. Oscar tasted one tomato from each plant and said to Eliazar, “ my plant produced better tasting tomatoes than yours and grew faster, too.” Oscar was giving Eliazar his opinion .

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FOR EXAMPLE Oscar did not have data (evidence) to support what he was saying To have proof/evidence , Oscar would have to do an experiment and collect data to show that he was right

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EVIDENCE/PROOF Evidence/proof is the data or information that helps us to support our hypothesis or make a conclusion

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EVIDENCE/PROOF There are two types of evidence: Direct evidence Indirect evidence

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DIRECT EVIDENCE Direct evidence is evidence that we get from observing something

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DIRECT EVIDENCE For example, I can conclude that when I drink this orange juice , I will get calcium from it. This is directly evidence because I can observe it on the label. I did NOT have to think about it

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DIRECT EVIDENCE When the temperature is 25 o C , the reaction time is 100 seconds The temperature is 100 o C OTHER EXAMPLES Trial Temperature (°C) Time for a Complete Reaction (seconds) 1 25 100 2 35 80 3 45 60 4 55 40 1 2

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I NDIRECT EVIDENCE Indirect evidence is evidence that we get by combining what we know with with what we have observed

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INDIRECT EVIDENCE For example, since we know that calcium helps us to build strong teeth and bones and we can observe that the orange juice contains calcium then…

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INDIRECT EVIDENCE W e can conclude that drinking this orange juice will help give us strong bones and teeth

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INDIRECT EVIDENCE This is indirect evidence because the label did NOT say that we will have strong teeth and bones but we combined what we know with what we observed to come to a conclusion

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INDIRECT EVIDENCE What we know : Calcium gives you strong teeth and bones What we observed : The orange juice contains calcium Conclusion : Drinking the orange juice helps build strong teeth and bones + =

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INDIRECT EVIDENCE Is this animal a carnivore or herbivore. How did you know?

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INDIRECT EVIDENCE What we observe : The teeth look very sharp What we know : Carnivores are organisms that eat only other animals and carnivores have sharp teeth.

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INDIRECT EVIDENCE Conclusion : This animal is probably a carnivore

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INDIRECT EVIDENCE Whenever we use indirect evidence to make a decision , scientists say we are making an inference

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INFERENCE Using evidence and what you already know about something to come to a conclusion

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EVIDENCE/PROOF When many experiments provide evidence that a particular hypothesis is correct, that hypothesis may become a scientific theory .

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THEORY An accepted explanation of why something is the way it is Example, the theory of gravity

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THEORY A good theory can be used to make predictions , because there is a lot of evidence to back it up

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THEORY For example, because of the theory of gravity , I can predict that when I throw an apple in the air, it will come back down

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THEORY So far all scientific discoveries support the theory of gravity . In fact, there is so much evidence to support this theory that it is now called the Law of gravity .