Meat Inspection in Poultry

Inventory of Diseases Important for Meat Inspection in Poultry : 

Inventory of Diseases Important for Meat Inspection in Poultry Muhammad Adnan Ashraf Muhammad Usman Mazhar Muhammad Baqir Muhammad Bilal

Objectives : 

Objectives To describe the PM lesions of poultry diseases having zoonotic and economic importance To prepare the addressee to diagnose the particular disease during poultry meat inspection To describe the sensitivity of the causative organism of the particular disease To describe the vulnerable species of poultry with respect to particular disease To decide the fate of judgement of the poultry carcass with respect to particular disease To ensure that consumers are getting the wholesome poultry meat

Inventory of Viral Diseases of Poultry : 

Inventory of Viral Diseases of Poultry Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Newcastle Disease (Ranikhet) Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) Infectious Bronchitis Infectious Laryngeotracheitis Avian Pox (Fowl Pox) Avian Leukosis Complex Lymphoid Leukosis Erythroid Leukosis Myeloid Leukosis Endothelioma Sarcoma Marek’s Disease Reticuloendotheliosis Lymphoproliferation

Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague) : 

Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague) Affects domestic fowl although wild birds are natural reservoirs Reportable disease with zoonotic importance Causative Organism: Sensitivity: Orthomyxovirus 56 ˚C for 60 min PM Findings: Inflammation of conjunctivae, trachea and airsacs Edema of the head with congestion, haemorrhages and cyanosis of the combs and wattles Petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages in serosal and mucosal surfaces of heart and small intestine Judgement: Totally condemned

Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague) : 

Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague) Dark colored hemorrhages between two ceaca

Newcastle Disease (Ranikhet) : 

Newcastle Disease (Ranikhet) The most important disease of poultry with zoonotic importance Disease affects chicken, turkeys, geese, ducks and pheasants Causative Organism: Sensitivity: Avulavirus 60 ˚C for 1 hour PM Findings: Swelling of eyelids and conjunctivitis Hemorrhage in the mucosa of the trachea (upper), large intestine, particularly caecal tonsils Edema of head and neck Edematous or hemorrhagic ovaries Judgement: Totally condemned

Newcastle Disease (Ranikhet) : 

Newcastle Disease (Ranikhet) Swelling of lower eyelid and conjunctivitis

Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) : 

Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) Second most important disease of poultry (chicken) Causative Organism: Sensitivity: Birnavirus 71 ˚C for 6 min PM Findings: Petechial hemorrhages in the breast and thigh muscles Bursa of Fabricius is at first enlarged, inflammed and cheesy and after 4-8 days atrophies Peripheral infarcts of liver with spleen enlarged Judgement: If lesions are localized, it is partially condemned If lesions are generalized, it is totally condemned

Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) : 

Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) Bursa with decreasing size

Marek’s Disease : 

Marek’s Disease Usually the disease of chicken Causative Organism: Sensitivity: Herpesvirus 60 ˚C for 3 hours PM Findings: Skin neoplasia Enlargement of sciatic and brachial nerves Enlargement of feather follicles Acute disease is manifested with tumours in the liver, spleen, kidneys and brain Judgement: Localized disease is partially condemned Extensive visceral and skin disease is totally condemned

Marek’s Disease : 

Marek’s Disease Neoplastic lesions in leg

Inventory of Bacterial Diseases of Poultry : 

Inventory of Bacterial Diseases of Poultry Fowl Cholera (Pasteurellosis) Salmonellosis Pullorum Fowl Typhoid Tuberculosis Pseudotuberculosis Campylobacteriosis Erysipelas Paratyphoid Arizona infection (Paracolon infection) Mycoplasmosis Chronic Respiratory Disease Airsacculitis Infectious Sinusitis Clostridial Diseases Gangreneous Dermatitis Necrotic Enteritis Chalamydiosis Ornithosis Psittacosis

Salmonellosis (Pullorum and Fowl Typhoid) : 

Salmonellosis (Pullorum and Fowl Typhoid) Disease of poultry, ducks and turkeys Causative organism: Sensitivity: Salmonella group 70 ˚C for 5 min PM Findings: Multiple grey nodules in the heart, lung, liver and spleen, gizzard and intestine Swelling of tibiotarsal joint Discolored follicles in the ovary Judgement: Totally condemned

Salmonellosis (Pullorum) : 

Salmonellosis (Pullorum) Multiple grey nodules in the heart

Fowl Cholera (Pasteurellosis) : 

Fowl Cholera (Pasteurellosis) Mainly affects turkey and water fowl Causative Organism: Sensitivity: Pasteurella multocida 60 ˚C for 2 min PM Findings: Caseous exudate in wattles, sinuses, nasal turbinates and joints Petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages on the heart, serous and mucous membranes Darkened breast muscles are frequently noted Liver has small grey areas of necrosis Judgement: If disease is localized, affected parts are condemned If there is septicemia, all of the carcass is condemned

Fowl Cholera (Pasteurellosis) : 

Fowl Cholera (Pasteurellosis) Cheesy exudate in the Infraorbital Sinus

Tuberculosis : 

Tuberculosis Disease affects poultry, turkeys, pheasants, pea fowl and guinea fowl Causative Organism: Sensitivity: Mycobacterium avium 62 ˚C for 30 min PM Findings: Greyish white nodules of in the liver, spleen, and intestine In advanced cases, TB nodules are found in the bone marrow TB lesions are enucleated from the surrounding tissue Mineralization is not present in the lesions Judgement: Totally condemned

Tuberculosis : 

Tuberculosis Greyish white nodules in the liver

Parasitic, Fungal and other Diseases of Poultry : 

Parasitic, Fungal and other Diseases of Poultry Parasitic Diseases Histomoniasis (Blackhead) Hexamitiasis Leukocytozoonosis Coccidiosis Ceacal coccidiosis Intestinal coccidiosis Fungal Diseases Aspergillosis Favus (White Comb) Moniliasis Mycotoxicosis (Aflatoxicosis) Miscelleneous Diseases Ascites (Congestive Heart Failure) Neoplasms Oregon Disease Overscald Green Gizzard Syndrome

Coccidiosis : 

Coccidiosis Disease affects chicken, domestic turkey, game birds, fowls and geese Causative organism: Eimeria group PM Findings: Fibrinous inflammation of the intestine Whitish blood streaked faeces Haemorrhagic enteritis Intestinal distention, mucoid blood filled exudate Judgement: Degree of approval depends upon degree of emaciation and anemia

Coccidiosis : 

Coccidiosis Intestinal distention and mucoid blood filled exudate

Histomoniasis : 

Histomoniasis Disease affects turkeys, specially the poults Causative Organism: Histomonas maleagridis PM Findings: The ceca are characterized with a thickened wall, ulcerated mucosa and caseous exudate The liver lesions consist of circular yellow necrotic tissue surrounded with white rings If the caecal wall becomes perforated, inflammation of the peritoneum is observed Judgement: Liver and spleen are condemned Septicemic carcass is totally condemned

Histomoniasis : 

Histomoniasis Circular yellow necrotic tissue surrounded with white rings

References: : 

References: Books: Gracey J. F. (1992) ‘Meat Hygiene’ 9th Edition Vegad J. L. (2007) ‘A Color Atlas of Poultry Diseases’ 1st Edition, Dehli: IBD Company Websites: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0756e/T0756E08.htm Accessed on 29th Sep 2009 http://www.univet.hu/english/education/Departments/FoodHyg/Diseases%20of%20Poultry1b2.ppt#2 Accessed on 29th Sep 2009 http://www.birdsnways.com/wisdom/ww25eiii.htm Accessed on 30th Sep 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Accessed on 30th Sep 2009