A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e Chapter 1 Hardware Needs Software to Work


Objectives :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 2 Objectives Learn that a computer requires both hardware and software to work Learn about the many different hardware components inside of and connected to a computer


Introduction :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 3 Introduction End users need not know how a computer works To add to your end user knowledge, study is needed Studying this text will help you do the following: Install new hardware and software Diagnose hardware and software problems Solve hardware and software problems Evaluate new hardware and operating systems Pass the A+ series of exams


Hardware Needs Software to Work :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 4 Hardware Needs Software to Work Hardware: physical portion of a computer Components: monitor, keyboard, memory, hard drive Software: instructions used to manipulate hardware Requirements: input, processing, storage, output All hardware operations are based on binary values Binary number system consists of two digits: 0 and 1 Fundamental groupings of binary numbers: Bit: binary digit that can take on values of 0 or 1 Nibble: four bits Byte: four bits


Slide 5:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 5 Figure 1-2 All communication, storage, and processing of data inside a computer are in binary form until presented as output to the user


PC Hardware Components :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 6 PC Hardware Components Most input/output (I/O) devices are external to case Most processing and storage devices are internal Central processing unit (CPU) Also called the processor or microprocessor Reads input, processes data, writes data to storage Elements required by I/O and storage devices A method for CPU to communicate with the device Software to instruct and control the device Electricity to power the device


Hardware Used for Input and Output :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 7 Hardware Used for Input and Output Connections to the case can be cabled or wireless Port: access point located in back or front of case Chief input devices: Keyboard: enhanced type holds 104 keys Mouse: pointing device used to select screen items Chief output devices: Monitor: visually displays primary output of computer Printer: produces output on paper (hard copy)


Slide 8:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 8 Figure 1-6 The two most popular output devices are the monitor and the printer


Hardware Inside the Computer Case :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 9 Hardware Inside the Computer Case Most storage and processing occurs in the case Internal devices common to most computers: Motherboard containing CPU, memory, other parts Floppy drive, hard drive, CD drive for persistent storage Power supply with power cords supplying electricity Circuit boards for internal and external communication Cables to connect devices to all circuit boards Expansion cards are installed in expansion slots Two types of cables: data (communication) and power


Slide 10:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 10 Figure 1-8 Inside the computer case


The Motherboard :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 11 The Motherboard The largest and most important circuit board Also known as the main board or system board Contains the CPU, expansion slots, other devices Categories used to group motherboard components Processing, temporary storage, communication, power All devices communicate with CPU on motherboard A peripheral device links to motherboard via cable Some motherboard ports outside of the case: Keyboard, mouse, parallel, USB ports, sound ports


Slide 12:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 12 Figure 1-9 All hardware components are either located on the motherboard or directly or indirectly connected to it because they must all communicate with the CPU


Slide 13:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 13 Figure 1-10 A motherboard provides ports for common I/O devices


The Processor and the Chipset :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 14 The Processor and the Chipset CPU: chip that performs most data processing Chipset: group of microchips controlling data flow Personal computer (PC): chief focus of this text Major manufacturers of CPUs and chipsets for PCs Intel Corporation, AMD, VIA, SiS, and Cyrix


Slide 15:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 15 Figure 1-12 This motherboard uses two chips in its chipset (notice the bus lines coming from each chip used for communication)


Storage Devices :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 16 Storage Devices Primary storage (main memory): Temporary storage used by the processor Example: RAM (random access memory) Secondary storage (permanent storage): Enables data to persist after the machine is turned off Examples: hard drive, CD, floppy disk Analogy to primary-secondary memory relationship Book stacks in a library are like permanent storage Books can be moved to a desk (temporary storage)


Slide 17:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 17 Figure 1-13 Memory is a temporary place to hold instructions and data while the CPU processes both


Primary Storage :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 18 Primary Storage RAM (random access memory): Device providing temporary storage Located on motherboard and on other circuit boards Three types of RAM boards (memory modules): DIMM (dual inline memory module) RIMM (Rambus inline memory module) SIMM (single inline memory module) RAM is volatile (data does not persist) ROM (read-only memory) is nonvolatile


Slide 19:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 19 Figure 1-14 A SIMM, DIMM, or RIMM holds RAM and is mounted directly on a motherboard


Secondary Storage :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 20 Secondary Storage Hard drive Case containing disks that rotate at high speeds An arm with a read/write head traverses the platter Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Technology used internally by a hard drive ATA (AT Attachment) standard Specifies motherboard-hard drive interface Types: Serial ATA or parallel ATA (Enhanced IDE) Parallel ATA accommodates up to four IDE devices


Slide 21:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 21 Figure 1-16 Hard drive with sealed cover removed


Slide 22:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 22 Figure 1-18 Two IDE devices connected to a motherboard using both IDE connections and two cables


Secondary Storage (continued) :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 23 Secondary Storage (continued) Serial ATA standard Allows for more than four drives in a system Applies only to hard drives and not to other drives Some IDE devices: hard drives, Zip drives, CD drive Floppy drive 3.5-inch disk holding 1.44 MB of data Floppy drive connector is distinct from IDE connectors CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) drive Standard equipment for reading software distributions


Slide 24:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 24 Figure 1-22 A motherboard usually provides a connection for a floppy drive cable


Motherboard Components Used For Communication Among Devices :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 25 Motherboard Components Used For Communication Among Devices Traces: circuits or paths that move data and power Bus: system of pathways and transmission protocols Data bus Lines in a bus that carry the data Binary bits correspond to voltage values of on or off Data path sizes: 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128 bits wide Main bus on motherboard (system bus, memory bus) Communicates with CPU, memory, and chipset Pulse of system clock carried by line on motherboard


Slide 26:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 26 Figure 1-26 A data bus has traces or lines that carry voltage interpreted by the CPU and other devices as bits


Motherboard Components Used For Communication Among Devices (continued) :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 27 Motherboard Components Used For Communication Among Devices (continued) Devices work according to beats (or cycles) Clock speed is measured in hertz (cycles/second) One megahertz (MHz): one million cycles per second One gigahertz (GHz): one billion cycles per second Common ratings for motherboard buses 1066 MHz, 800 MHz, 533 MHz, or 400 MHz Range of CPU speeds: 166 MHz to 4 GHz Buses for expansion slots: PCI, AGP, ISA


Slide 28:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 28 Figure 1-29 PCI bus expansion slots are shorter than ISA slots and offset farther; the one AGP slot is set farther from the edge of the board


Interface (Expansion) Cards :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 29 Interface (Expansion) Cards Some names for circuits mounted in expansion slots: Circuit cards, adapter boards, expansion cards, cards Cards that connect the CPU to an external device: Video: provides a port for the monitor Sound: provides ports for speakers and microphones Network: provides a port for a network cable Modem: provides ports for phone lines Determine a card’s function by identifying its port


Slide 30:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 30 Figure 1-31 This circuit board is a modem card and is mounted in a PCI slot on the motherboard


The Electrical System :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 31 The Electrical System Power supply Most important electrical component Converts AC voltage external source to DC voltage Reduces voltage from 110-120 volts to 12 volts or less Runs a fan to cool the inside of the computer case Temperatures > 185° F can cause component failure Motherboard has 1 or 2 connections to power supply


Slide 32:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 32 Figure 1-35 The motherboard receives its power from the power supply by way of one or more connections located near the edge of the board or near the processor


Instructions Stored on the Motherboard and Other Boards :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 33 Instructions Stored on the Motherboard and Other Boards BIOS (basic input/output system) Data and instructions stored on ROM chips ROM BIOS chips are a type of firmware Three purposes served by motherboard ROM BIOS: System BIOS: used to manage simple devices Startup BIOS: used to start the computer CMOS setup: used to change motherboard settings CMOS RAM: includes date, time, port configurations Flash ROM: ROM chips the can be overwritten


Slide 34:A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 34 Figure 1-36 This firmware chip contains flash ROM and CMOS RAM; CMOS RAM is powered by the coin battery located near the chip


Advanced Configuration and Power Interface :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 35 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Also known as ACPI Standards specifying a power saving feature Enables a system to power up by a keyboard Supported by most systems, such as Windows XP Advanced Power Management (APM) Older BIOS power management standard


Plug and Play :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 36 Plug and Play Also known as PnP Standard simplifying installation of hardware devices PnP BIOS begins process of configuring devices PnP-compliant operating system completes configuration ESCD (extended system configuration data) Plug and Play BIOS Enhanced version of PnP Stores manual configuration steps


Summary :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 37 Summary A computer comprises hardware and software Main functions: input, output, processing, storage Data is stored in a binary format (1 or 0, on or off) Input/output devices: keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor Motherboard (system board): contains the CPU, access to other circuit boards and peripherals


Summary (continued) :A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 38 Summary (continued) Primary storage (RAM) is volatile (temporary) Secondary storage is nonvolatile (permanent) Parallel and serial ATA standards: enable secondary storage devices to interface with the motherboard Computer bus: system of communication pathways and protocols ROM BIOS helps start PCs, manage simple devices, and change some motherboard settings