Transition Diet

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PRESENTED BY: PRAGYA BHADAURIA PhD.(LPM) NDRI Karnal Influence of transition diet on occurrence of health disorders in cows WELCOME TO MAJOR CREDIT SEMINAR ON 1

Introduction : 

Far off dry period Close up period Day -60 to day -21 Day 21 to day 0 Parturition 3 wk before calving 3wk after calving TRANSITION PERIOD Early lactation period Introduction Critical period: Health, production and reproduction 2

Cont…. : 

Term transition is to underscore the important physiological, metabolic, and nutritional changes occurring in this time frame A majority of the health problems in the dairy cow occur during the periparturient period These health problems relate to cows having difficulty in adapting to lactation which results in physiological imbalance, leading to a high risk of of digestive, metabolic and infectious problems Cont…. 3

Type of health disorders : 

Type of health disorders Energy-Related Disorders Rumen acidosis/Lameness Ketosis Fatty liver syndrome Displaced abomasum Mineral -Vitamin related Disorders Milk fever Udder edema Immune system related Disorders Retention of Placenta Metritis Mastitis (Block, 2010) 4

Disease Incidence : 

Disease Incidence Most of the metabolic diseases of dairy cows occur within the first 2 wk of lactation Health disorder occurring during the periparturient period are interrelated in their occurrence and are related to the diet fed during this period thus prevention of one problem can decrease the incidence of others from developing (Curtis et al., 1985) Older cows were more at risk for retained placenta, milk fever and mastitis 5

At NDRI…….. : 

At NDRI…….. 6

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Welfare Aspect Allow mammary gland to go through a normal period of involution (Jakobsen, 1957; Bell et al., 1995) Ensures maximum number of secretory cells early in the lactation Stimulate immune system to minimize diseases Stimulates rumen bacteria and papillae Minimize periparturient health disorders Economic Aspect: Economic losses due to mastitis: Rs. 6053 crores every year in India (Dua, 2001) Problems during transition phase results in loss of 800-1000 kg of milk from the cow potential (Drackley, 1998) Why transition period is important? 8

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Suggested nutrient requirement for dry and early lactation cows 9 (NRC-1989)

Energy requirements of heifers and cows for maintenance and for pregnancy at specified times relative to calving. : 

Energy requirements of heifers and cows for maintenance and for pregnancy at specified times relative to calving. 10

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12 Metabolic Status of transition Cow

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(Bauman and Currie, 1980; Bauman, 2000) 13

Harmonal Status of the Transition Cow : 

Harmonal Status of the Transition Cow Thyroxin in late gestation Estrogen in late gestation but at calving Progesterone two days before calving Growth gradually and reach at maximum during parturition (Chew et al., 1985) 14

Dry Matter Intake during Transition Period : 

Dry Matter Intake during Transition Period Nutritional Status of the Transition Cow 15

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20 to 40% gradual decline in DMI during the final 3 wk of gestation leads a negative energy balance and compromise the ability of dairy cows to adapt to physiological changes (Van Saun,1991; Bell, 1995; Grummer, 1995) DMI was 18% lower peripartum and 20% lower postpartum for cows with a health disorder compared to “normal” cows Zamet et al.(1979) Heifer cows experienced a slightly greater decrease in feed intake (31 versus 27% decline) than mature animals Grummer (1998) 16

Predicted dry matter intake for cows and heifers during the final 3 weeks prior to calving : 

Predicted dry matter intake for cows and heifers during the final 3 weeks prior to calving 17 (Grummer,1998)

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Dry Matter Intake for Normal Cows and Cows with Milk Fever (Marquar et al., 1977) 18

Causes of decresed DMI : 

Harmonal Change in blood estrogen Estrogen progestrone ratio (Grummer et al.,1990) Increase in size of uterus due to rapid growth of foetus may put pressure on rumen, there by decreasing the feed intake Causes of decresed DMI 19

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Health problems can be reduced by new concepts and strategies in feeding and management (Ingvartsen et al., 2003a,b) Achieving maximum DMI should be the central management focus during the transition period (Drackley,1998) Objective of DMI should not be to increase weight, but only to maximize health, stimulate rumen function and avoid health disorders 20 Dietrary supplementation / Manipulations to increase DMI

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Increasing the nutrient density of the diet: by reducing the forage: conc. ratio increases DMI Cows consuming diets containing 20% conc had greater DMI than those consuming 5% conc. during 28d prepatum (Hernandez-Urdaneta et al., 1976) Effect of Energy Diet 21 By increasing the NFC 35-40% of DM in the diet (Grummer ,1998)

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(Minor et., 1996) 22

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Effect of fat supplementation Decrease in plasma NEFA and liver triglycercerides at calving on feeding supplemental fat (Grum et al., 1996) Increase in liver triglycerides and no reduction in BHBA when supplemental fat to 17d prepartum cow upto 15d postpartum (Skaar et al., 1989) Supplementation of bypass fat at 2.5% of DMI increased the milk production and reduced the time required for involution of uterus and commencement of cyclicity, lower incidences of metritis and RFM were also reduced (Tyagi et al., 2010)

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Cows fed fat during dry period actually lost body condition (Grummer et al.,1996) 24

Effect of protein diet : 

Effect of protein diet Increasing the CP from 8 to 15% in corn silage in cows suffer from variety of health disorders (Julien et al., 1977) Positive effect of prepartum feeding above 12% on health, decrease incidence of RP and ketosis (Curtis,1985, Van Saun and Sniffen, 1995) Above the NRC (1989) recommendation – no benefit (Van deHaar et al.,1999) Primiparous cows may require a higher dietary protein concentration (14-16%) than multiparous cows (12%) (NRC 1989) Feeding ruminally protected lysine & methionine to cows during 3wk prepartum reduces risk of metabolic disorders (Rode et al., 1994)

Consequences of decreased DMI : 

Consequences of decreased DMI Negative energy balance in the body Catabolism exceeds anabolism Mobilization of fat from adipose tissue Hepatic glycogen store begins to deplete Change in serum metabolites NEFA concentration increases Insulin concentration decreases in blood 26

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Negative Energy Balance (NEB) 27

Glucose demand vs. supply during the periparturient period : 

Glucose demand vs. supply during the periparturient period After calving glucose supply is less than demand by 500 g/d (Overton 1998 & Douglas 1998) 28

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Supplementation of Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) during the transition period and early lactation is an effective means of potentially decreasing energy demand during early lactation. (Overton, 2003) Propylene glycol (PG) & Glycerol have also have glucogenic effect when given orally (Goff and Horst,2005) Niacin can minimize ketosis risks after calving while stimulating dry matter intake. Niacin can be added at 6 grams per day (Hutjens,1998) Monensin enhance propionate production in rumen Feeding monensin @ 200mg per day during prepartum reduce BHBA production, so prevent ketosis (Prange et al., 1998) Glucose represents an over riding metabolic demands during the transition period 29 Ionophore feeding

Catabolism exceeds anabolism: Fat Metabolism : 

Catabolism exceeds anabolism: Fat Metabolism Body fat n NEFA Fat Fuel use Ketone bodies Propionate CO2 VLDL Fat Milk fat Mammary gland NEFA NEFA Liver Fat Epi Insulin Schematic diagram of metabolism of NEFA in the dairy cow (Drackley, 1999) 30

Change in serum metabolites : 

In negative energy balance fat is mobilized. Conc. of NEFA in blood indicative of fat mobilization from adipose tissue Metabolic, Endocrine factors and factors secreted in response to stress, infection or trauma responsible for its increase (Herdt et al., 1983) Increased Liver triglyceride glycogen ratio at calving indicative of susceptibility towards fatty liver and ketosis (Veenhuizen et al., 1991) Change in serum metabolites 31

NEFA and Incidence of health disorders : 

NEFA and Incidence of health disorders Concentration plasma NEFA (µM/L) one week prior to calving in cows (VandeHaar et al., 1995) 32 Management of NEFA: Important factor influencing liver health, capacity of liver to make glucose, and subsequently production and metabolic disorder incidence in transition cows

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By the Non- fibrous content of the ration during last 2- 3wk prepartum leads to in NEFA conc. (Kunz and Blum, 1985, Inngvartsen et al., 1995) Insulin infusion significantly reduces the NEFA in early & mid lactation (Mashek et al., 2001) But no effect of roughage/conc ratio was found on NEFA (Dhiman et al., 1991, Kokkonen et al., 2000) 33 Administration of 1lit of propylene glycol (PG) as an oral drench once daily during final 9 days prepartum increases blood glucose and insulin concentration and decrease NEFA, BHBA, So prevents ketosis (Studer et al., 1993)

Grain feeding reduces ketosis : 

Grain feeding reduces ketosis 34

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Rumen Acidosis During post partum period sudden change in feeding schedule of animal Excessive feeding of concentrate depressed ruminal pH<5 due to increase lactic acid production 35

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Main cause: Lead feeding during post partum period Consequence: Increase risk of SARA (Bertics et al., 1992) Reduction of fiber % in diet promotes development of ruminal papilla and increase capacity of VFA absorption so prevent VFA accumulation and reduction in ruminal pH and thus acidosis 36

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Nutrition Excessive grain Finely chopped forage Improper feeding management Incorrect ratio of conc:forage Increased Acid production Lowered pH Death of Grm-bacteria Exo & Endo toxin release Pro-inflammatory mediators Vaso-constriction/dilation Weakened claws (hoofs) Breakdown in supportive CT Poor quality horn formation Infectious Dis. Metritis Mastitis RP Envn /Mang Stress Trauma Exercise Trimming Molds/Mycotoxins Metabolic Disorders Milk Fever Ketosis LAMENESS Consequence of SARA : Lameness 37

Dietary management of Acidosis : 

Dietary management of Acidosis Avoid ration with more than 50% Concentrates Limit high starch concentrates (corn or wheat grain) Maintain Sufficient “ Fiber” Ration NDF > 28% Changes in diets should always be gradual (over 7-10 days) Adopt TMR feeding (Oetzel et al.,2005) 38

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Effect of protein supplementation Cows fed higher CP had increased incidence and duration of lameness by feeding two levels of protein (19.8 vs. 16.1%) (Manson and Leaver, 1998) Supplementation with sulphur containing amino acids improve claw quality (Galbraith et al, 1998) Effect of mineral supplementation Feeding complexed trace minerals reduces claw lesions at 75d postpartum (23.6% vs. 34.1%) ( Ballantine et al., 2002) Lactating cows fed complexed zinc (ZINPRO) had fewer cases of heel cracks, interdigital dermatitis and laminitis than control group (Moore et al.,1989) Nutritional management of lameness 39

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Feeding typical dairy diets containing high amounts of concentrate reduces biotin intake and impairs net biotin synthesis of rumen microbes Biotin reserve drop during period of stress & lameness (Seymour,1999) Effect of vitamins supplementation 40

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B Bone Ca PTH Blood Intestine 1,25,dihydroxy Vit.D Ca Kidney Colostrum and Milk During transition phase , PTH and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D are generally conservatory for the extracellular pool and are responsible for increase intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of Ca, and bone resorption of Ca and P (Horst et al.,1997) Change in Mineral Metabolism 41

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Hypocalcemia occur when total blood calcium <8 mg/dl Proper Ca and P ratio in the diet can prevent milk fever Feeding of more P in diet (inhibit production of 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol in kidney) Low blood calcium can lead to retained placenta, poor uterus involution, and an increase in displaced abomasum Serum Ca level decline in all cow due to lactation due to excess loss of Ca in milk 42

Serum Calcium Levels at Parturition : 

Serum Calcium Levels at Parturition (Goff, 1999)

Feeding of anionic salt (acidic diet) during transition period increases Ca concentration in the blood : 

Feeding of anionic salt (acidic diet) during transition period increases Ca concentration in the blood Anionic salts should be added at the rate of 2 to 3 equivalents which brings the DCAD (dietary cation-anion difference) less than zero. To reach this balance, feeding 200 to 250 grams of a salt mixture is needed (Goff and Horst, 1997; Oetzel, 1991) Anionic salts (ammonium choride, magnesium salt, calcium chloride) are unpalatable and require careful management to insure consumption. Anionic salts cost 25 to 35 cent per cow per day Diet low in calcium should be fed during prepartum condition (a cow weighing 500kg require only 30g of Ca for maintenance and fetal development) 44

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Etiology of Periparturient Immunosuppression Glucocorticoids act as immunosuppressant BHBA alters the immune function Fatty liver also affects the immune function Fetus secretes cortisol it is also a immunosuppressive agent (Kaeberle,1982) (Grinberg et al.,2008) (Andersen et al,.1996) (Roth,1982) 45 Change in Immune System during transition period

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Reduced immunological capacity Hypersensitive to pathogen Susceptible to disorders Metabolic disorders Mastitis Reproductive disorders Metritis Retained placenta Ketosis Milk fever 46

Role of Antioxidants and Trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows : 

Role of Antioxidants and Trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows Antioxidants and trace minerals have important roles in immune function and may affect health in transition dairy cows But did not affect the incidence of clinical mastitis (Erskine et al., 1997) Supplementation of Vit. E causes only conditional benefits of treatement for reduction of RP and no significant effect on incidence of RP, clinical mastitis, metritis, ketosis, displaced abomasum or lameness in cows (LeBlanc et al., 2002)

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Effect of mineral and Vit E supplementation at NDRI

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Beta-carotene supplementation may enhance immunity and reduce the incidence of retained placenta and metritis in dairy cows Copper supplementation of a diet marginal in copper reduced the peak clinical response during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis Chromium supplementation during the transition period may increase immunity and reduce the incidence of retained placenta Probiotics are receiving positive comment in the field to assist transition cows. No controlled research is available at this time to support or refute the field observations. Yeast culture can be added to stabilize the rumen environment and pH while stimulating fiber digesting bacteria. The level varies from 10 to 113 grams per day. Yeast products are palatable and will not affect DCAD 49

Conclusion : 

Conclusion 50 The transition period is a critical period in terms of Health, Production and Reproduction in a dairy herd Nutrition and Management programs during this phase directly affect the incidence of post calving disorders, milk production and reproduction in the subsequent lactation In formulating transition diets, there are three major areas of concern that need to be addressed: Healthy liver, Rumen adaptation and Mineral metabolism

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These should be a strong Immune system; Normocalcemia and Adequate feed intake during the days before and after calving Antioxidants and Trace minerals have important roles in immune function and may affect health in transition dairy cows Probiotics and other feed additives are receiving positive comment in the field to assist transition cows and future research is needed in this area also 51

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THANK YOU 52