gla university

DATA WAREHOUSING AND DATA MINING:

DATA WAREHOUSING AND DATA MINING S. Sudarshan Krithi Ramamritham IIT Bombay sudarsha@cse.iitb.ernet.in krithi@cse.iitb.ernet.in

Course Overview:

2 Course Overview The course: what and how 0. Introduction I. Data Warehousing II. Decision Support and OLAP III. Data Mining IV. Looking Ahead Demos and Labs

0. Introduction:

3 0. Introduction Data Warehousing, OLAP and data mining: what and why (now)? Relation to OLTP A case study demos, labs

A producer wants to know….:

4 Which are our lowest/highest margin customers ? Who are my customers and what products are they buying? Which customers are most likely to go to the competition ? What impact will new products/services have on revenue and margins? What product prom- -otions have the biggest impact on revenue? What is the most effective distribution channel? A producer wants to know….

Data, Data everywhere yet ...:

5 Data, Data everywhere yet ... I can’t find the data I need data is scattered over the network many versions, subtle differences I can’t get the data I need need an expert to get the data I can’t understand the data I found available data poorly documented I can’t use the data I found results are unexpected data needs to be transformed from one form to other

What is a Data Warehouse?:

6 What is a Data Warehouse? A single, complete and consistent store of data obtained from a variety of different sources made available to end users in a what they can understand and use in a business context. [Barry Devlin]

What are the users saying...:

7 What are the users saying... Data should be integrated across the enterprise Summary data has a real value to the organization Historical data holds the key to understanding data over time What-if capabilities are required

What is Data Warehousing?:

8 What is Data Warehousing? A process of transforming data into information and making it available to users in a timely enough manner to make a difference [Forrester Research, April 1996] Data Information

Evolution:

9 Evolution 60’s: Batch reports hard to find and analyze information inflexible and expensive, reprogram every new request 70’s: Terminal-based DSS and EIS (executive information systems) still inflexible, not integrated with desktop tools 80’s: Desktop data access and analysis tools query tools, spreadsheets, GUIs easier to use, but only access operational databases 90’s: Data warehousing with integrated OLAP engines and tools

Warehouses are Very Large Databases:

10 Warehouses are Very Large Databases 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 5GB 5-9GB 10-19GB 50-99GB 250-499GB 20-49GB 100-249GB 500GB-1TB Initial Projected 2Q96 Source: META Group, Inc. Respondents

Very Large Data Bases:

11 Very Large Data Bases Terabytes -- 10^12 bytes: Petabytes -- 10^15 bytes: Exabytes -- 10^18 bytes: Zettabytes -- 10^21 bytes: Zottabytes -- 10^24 bytes: Walmart -- 24 Terabytes Geographic Information Systems National Medical Records Weather images Intelligence Agency Videos

Data Warehousing -- It is a process:

12 Data Warehousing -- It is a process Technique for assembling and managing data from various sources for the purpose of answering business questions. Thus making decisions that were not previous possible A decision support database maintained separately from the organization’s operational database

Data Warehouse :

13 Data Warehouse A data warehouse is a subject-oriented integrated time-varying non-volatile collection of data that is used primarily in organizational decision making. -- Bill Inmon, Building the Data Warehouse 1996

Explorers, Farmers and Tourists:

14 Explorers, Farmers and Tourists Explorers: Seek out the unknown and previously unsuspected rewards hiding in the detailed data Farmers: Harvest information from known access paths Tourists: Browse information harvested by farmers

Data Warehouse Architecture:

15 Data Warehouse Architecture Data Warehouse Engine Optimized Loader Extraction Cleansing Analyze Query Metadata Repository Relational Databases Legacy Data Purchased Data ERP Systems

Data Warehouse for Decision Support & OLAP:

16 Data Warehouse for Decision Support & OLAP Putting Information technology to help the knowledge worker make faster and better decisions Which of my customers are most likely to go to the competition? What product promotions have the biggest impact on revenue? How did the share price of software companies correlate with profits over last 10 years?

Decision Support:

17 Decision Support Used to manage and control business Data is historical or point-in-time Optimized for inquiry rather than update Use of the system is loosely defined and can be ad-hoc Used by managers and end-users to understand the business and make judgements

Data Mining works with Warehouse Data:

18 Data Mining works with Warehouse Data Data Warehousing provides the Enterprise with a memory Data Mining provides the Enterprise with intelligence

We want to know ...:

19 We want to know ... Given a database of 100,000 names, which persons are the least likely to default on their credit cards? Which types of transactions are likely to be fraudulent given the demographics and transactional history of a particular customer? If I raise the price of my product by Rs. 2, what is the effect on my ROI? If I offer only 2,500 airline miles as an incentive to purchase rather than 5,000, how many lost responses will result? If I emphasize ease-of-use of the product as opposed to its technical capabilities, what will be the net effect on my revenues? Which of my customers are likely to be the most loyal? Data Mining helps extract such information

Application Areas:

20 Application Areas Industry Application Finance Credit Card Analysis Insurance Claims, Fraud Analysis Telecommunication Call record analysis Transport Logistics management Consumer goods promotion analysis Data Service providers Value added data Utilities Power usage analysis

Data Mining in Use:

21 Data Mining in Use The US Government uses Data Mining to track fraud A Supermarket becomes an information broker Basketball teams use it to track game strategy Cross Selling Warranty Claims Routing Holding on to Good Customers Weeding out Bad Customers

What makes data mining possible?:

22 What makes data mining possible? Advances in the following areas are making data mining deployable: data warehousing better and more data (i.e., operational, behavioral, and demographic) the emergence of easily deployed data mining tools and the advent of new data mining techniques. -- Gartner Group

Why Separate Data Warehouse?:

23 Why Separate Data Warehouse? Performance Op dbs designed & tuned for known txs & workloads. Complex OLAP queries would degrade perf. for op txs. Special data organization, access & implementation methods needed for multidimensional views & queries. Function Missing data: Decision support requires historical data, which op dbs do not typically maintain. Data consolidation: Decision support requires consolidation (aggregation, summarization) of data from many heterogeneous sources: op dbs, external sources. Data quality: Different sources typically use inconsistent data representations, codes, and formats which have to be reconciled.

What are Operational Systems?:

24 What are Operational Systems? They are OLTP systems Run mission critical applications Need to work with stringent performance requirements for routine tasks Used to run a business!

RDBMS used for OLTP:

25 RDBMS used for OLTP Database Systems have been used traditionally for OLTP clerical data processing tasks detailed, up to date data structured repetitive tasks read/update a few records isolation, recovery and integrity are critical

Operational Systems :

26 Operational Systems Run the business in real time Based on up-to-the-second data Optimized to handle large numbers of simple read/write transactions Optimized for fast response to predefined transactions Used by people who deal with customers, products -- clerks, salespeople etc. They are increasingly used by customers

Examples of Operational Data:

27 Examples of Operational Data Data Industry Usage Technology Volumes Customer File All Track Customer Details Legacy application, flat files, main frames Small-medium Account Balance Finance Control account activities Legacy applications, hierarchical databases, mainframe Large Point-of- Sale data Retail Generate bills, manage stock ERP, Client/Server, relational databases Very Large Call Record Telecomm- unications Billing Legacy application, hierarchical database, mainframe Very Large Production Record Manufact- uring Control Production ERP, relational databases, AS/400 Medium

So, what’s different?:

So, what’s different?

Application-Orientation vs. Subject-Orientation:

29 Application-Orientation vs. Subject-Orientation Application-Orientation Operational Database Loans Credit Card Trust Savings Subject-Orientation Data Warehouse Customer Vendor Product Activity

OLTP vs. Data Warehouse:

30 OLTP vs. Data Warehouse OLTP systems are tuned for known transactions and workloads while workload is not known a priori in a data warehouse Special data organization, access methods and implementation methods are needed to support data warehouse queries (typically multidimensional queries) e.g ., average amount spent on phone calls between 9AM-5PM in Pune during the month of December

OLTP vs Data Warehouse:

31 OLTP vs Data Warehouse OLTP Application Oriented Used to run business Detailed data Current up to date Isolated Data Repetitive access Clerical User Warehouse (DSS) Subject Oriented Used to analyze business Summarized and refined Snapshot data Integrated Data Ad-hoc access Knowledge User (Manager)

OLTP vs Data Warehouse:

32 OLTP vs Data Warehouse OLTP Performance Sensitive Few Records accessed at a time (tens) Read/Update Access No data redundancy Database Size 100MB -100 GB Data Warehouse Performance relaxed Large volumes accessed at a time(millions) Mostly Read (Batch Update) Redundancy present Database Size 100 GB - few terabytes

OLTP vs Data Warehouse:

33 OLTP vs Data Warehouse OLTP Transaction throughput is the performance metric Thousands of users Managed in entirety Data Warehouse Query throughput is the performance metric Hundreds of users Managed by subsets

To summarize ...:

34 To summarize ... OLTP Systems are used to “run” a business The Data Warehouse helps to “optimize” the business

Why Now?:

35 Why Now? Data is being produced ERP provides clean data The computing power is available The computing power is affordable The competitive pressures are strong Commercial products are available

Myths surrounding OLAP Servers and Data Marts:

36 Myths surrounding OLAP Servers and Data Marts Data marts and OLAP servers are departmental solutions supporting a handful of users Million dollar massively parallel hardware is needed to deliver fast time for complex queries OLAP servers require massive and unwieldy indices Complex OLAP queries clog the network with data Data warehouses must be at least 100 GB to be effective Source -- Arbor Software Home Page

Wal*Mart Case Study:

37 Wal*Mart Case Study Founded by Sam Walton One the largest Super Market Chains in the US Wal*Mart: 2000+ Retail Stores SAM's Clubs 100+Wholesalers Stores This case study is from Felipe Carino’s (NCR Teradata) presentation made at Stanford Database Seminar

Old Retail Paradigm:

38 Old Retail Paradigm Wal*Mart Inventory Management Merchandise Accounts Payable Purchasing Supplier Promotions: National, Region, Store Level Suppliers Accept Orders Promote Products Provide special Incentives Monitor and Track The Incentives Bill and Collect Receivables Estimate Retailer Demands

New (Just-In-Time) Retail Paradigm:

39 New (Just-In-Time) Retail Paradigm No more deals Shelf-Pass Through (POS Application) One Unit Price Suppliers paid once a week on ACTUAL items sold Wal*Mart Manager Daily Inventory Restock Suppliers (sometimes SameDay) ship to Wal*Mart Warehouse-Pass Through Stock some Large Items Delivery may come from supplier Distribution Center Supplier’s merchandise unloaded directly onto Wal*Mart Trucks

Wal*Mart System:

40 Wal*Mart System NCR 5100M 96 Nodes; Number of Rows: Historical Data: New Daily Volume: Number of Users: Number of Queries: 24 TB Raw Disk; 700 - 1000 Pentium CPUs > 5 Billions 65 weeks (5 Quarters) Current Apps: 75 Million New Apps: 100 Million + Thousands 60,000 per week

Course Overview:

41 Course Overview 0. Introduction I. Data Warehousing II. Decision Support and OLAP III. Data Mining IV. Looking Ahead Demos and Labs

I. Data Warehouses: Architecture, Design & Construction:

42 I. Data Warehouses: Architecture, Design & Construction DW Architecture Loading, refreshing Structuring/Modeling DWs and Data Marts Query Processing demos, labs

Data Warehouse Architecture:

43 Data Warehouse Architecture Data Warehouse Engine Optimized Loader Extraction Cleansing Analyze Query Metadata Repository Relational Databases Legacy Data Purchased Data ERP Systems

Components of the Warehouse:

44 Components of the Warehouse Data Extraction and Loading The Warehouse Analyze and Query -- OLAP Tools Metadata Data Mining tools

Loading the Warehouse:

Loading the Warehouse Cleaning the data before it is loaded

Source Data :

46 Source Data Typically host based, legacy applications Customized applications, COBOL, 3GL, 4GL Point of Contact Devices POS, ATM, Call switches External Sources Nielsen’s, Acxiom, CMIE, Vendors, Partners Sequential Legacy Relational External Operational/ Source Data

Data Quality - The Reality:

47 Data Quality - The Reality Tempting to think creating a data warehouse is simply extracting operational data and entering into a data warehouse Nothing could be farther from the truth Warehouse data comes from disparate questionable sources

Data Quality - The Reality:

48 Data Quality - The Reality Legacy systems no longer documented Outside sources with questionable quality procedures Production systems with no built in integrity checks and no integration Operational systems are usually designed to solve a specific business problem and are rarely developed to a a corporate plan “And get it done quickly, we do not have time to worry about corporate standards...”

Data Integration Across Sources:

49 Data Integration Across Sources Trust Credit card Savings Loans Same data different name Different data Same name Data found here nowhere else Different keys same data

Data Transformation Example:

50 Data Transformation Example encoding unit field appl A - balance appl B - bal appl C - currbal appl D - balcurr appl A - pipeline - cm appl B - pipeline - in appl C - pipeline - feet appl D - pipeline - yds appl A - m,f appl B - 1,0 appl C - x,y appl D - male, female Data Warehouse

Data Integrity Problems:

51 Data Integrity Problems Same person, different spellings Agarwal, Agrawal, Aggarwal etc... Multiple ways to denote company name Persistent Systems, PSPL, Persistent Pvt. LTD. Use of different names mumbai, bombay Different account numbers generated by different applications for the same customer Required fields left blank Invalid product codes collected at point of sale manual entry leads to mistakes “in case of a problem use 9999999”

Data Transformation Terms:

52 Data Transformation Terms Extracting Conditioning Scrubbing Merging Householding Enrichment Scoring Loading Validating Delta Updating

Data Transformation Terms:

53 Data Transformation Terms Extracting Capture of data from operational source in “as is” status Sources for data generally in legacy mainframes in VSAM, IMS, IDMS, DB2; more data today in relational databases on Unix Conditioning The conversion of data types from the source to the target data store (warehouse) -- always a relational database

Data Transformation Terms:

54 Data Transformation Terms Householding Identifying all members of a household (living at the same address) Ensures only one mail is sent to a household Can result in substantial savings: 1 lakh catalogues at Rs. 50 each costs Rs. 50 lakhs. A 2% savings would save Rs. 1 lakh.

Data Transformation Terms:

55 Data Transformation Terms Enrichment Bring data from external sources to augment/enrich operational data. Data sources include Dunn and Bradstreet, A. C. Nielsen, CMIE, IMRA etc... Scoring computation of a probability of an event. e.g..., chance that a customer will defect to AT&T from MCI, chance that a customer is likely to buy a new product

Loads:

56 Loads After extracting, scrubbing, cleaning, validating etc. need to load the data into the warehouse Issues huge volumes of data to be loaded small time window available when warehouse can be taken off line (usually nights) when to build index and summary tables allow system administrators to monitor, cancel, resume, change load rates Recover gracefully -- restart after failure from where you were and without loss of data integrity

Load Techniques:

57 Load Techniques Use SQL to append or insert new data record at a time interface will lead to random disk I/O’s Use batch load utility

Load Taxonomy:

58 Load Taxonomy Incremental versus Full loads Online versus Offline loads

Refresh:

59 Refresh Propagate updates on source data to the warehouse Issues: when to refresh how to refresh -- refresh techniques

When to Refresh?:

60 When to Refresh? periodically (e.g., every night, every week) or after significant events on every update: not warranted unless warehouse data require current data (up to the minute stock quotes) refresh policy set by administrator based on user needs and traffic possibly different policies for different sources

Refresh Techniques:

61 Refresh Techniques Full Extract from base tables read entire source table: too expensive maybe the only choice for legacy systems

How To Detect Changes:

62 How To Detect Changes Create a snapshot log table to record ids of updated rows of source data and timestamp Detect changes by: Defining after row triggers to update snapshot log when source table changes Using regular transaction log to detect changes to source data

Data Extraction and Cleansing:

63 Data Extraction and Cleansing Extract data from existing operational and legacy data Issues: Sources of data for the warehouse Data quality at the sources Merging different data sources Data Transformation How to propagate updates (on the sources) to the warehouse Terabytes of data to be loaded

Scrubbing Data:

64 Scrubbing Data Sophisticated transformation tools. Used for cleaning the quality of data Clean data is vital for the success of the warehouse Example Seshadri, Sheshadri, Sesadri, Seshadri S., Srinivasan Seshadri, etc. are the same person

Scrubbing Tools:

65 Scrubbing Tools Apertus -- Enterprise/Integrator Vality -- IPE Postal Soft

Structuring/Modeling Issues:

Structuring/Modeling Issues

Data -- Heart of the Data Warehouse:

67 Data -- Heart of the Data Warehouse Heart of the data warehouse is the data itself! Single version of the truth Corporate memory Data is organized in a way that represents business -- subject orientation

Data Warehouse Structure:

68 Data Warehouse Structure Subject Orientation -- customer, product, policy, account etc... A subject may be implemented as a set of related tables. E.g., customer may be five tables

Data Warehouse Structure:

69 Data Warehouse Structure base customer (1985-87) custid, from date, to date, name, phone, dob base customer (1988-90) custid, from date, to date, name, credit rating, employer customer activity (1986-89) -- monthly summary customer activity detail (1987-89) custid, activity date, amount, clerk id, order no customer activity detail (1990-91) custid, activity date, amount, line item no, order no Time is part of key of each table

Data Granularity in Warehouse:

70 Data Granularity in Warehouse Summarized data stored reduce storage costs reduce cpu usage increases performance since smaller number of records to be processed design around traditional high level reporting needs tradeoff with volume of data to be stored and detailed usage of data

Granularity in Warehouse:

71 Granularity in Warehouse Can not answer some questions with summarized data Did Anand call Seshadri last month? Not possible to answer if total duration of calls by Anand over a month is only maintained and individual call details are not. Detailed data too voluminous

Granularity in Warehouse:

72 Granularity in Warehouse Tradeoff is to have dual level of granularity Store summary data on disks 95% of DSS processing done against this data Store detail on tapes 5% of DSS processing against this data

Vertical Partitioning:

73 Vertical Partitioning Frequently accessed Rarely accessed Smaller table and so less I/O Acct. No Name Balance Date Opened Interest Rate Address Acct. No Balance Acct. No Name Date Opened Interest Rate Address

Derived Data:

74 Derived Data Introduction of derived (calculated data) may often help Have seen this in the context of dual levels of granularity Can keep auxiliary views and indexes to speed up query processing

Schema Design:

75 Schema Design Database organization must look like business must be recognizable by business user approachable by business user Must be simple Schema Types Star Schema Fact Constellation Schema Snowflake schema

Dimension Tables:

76 Dimension Tables Dimension tables Define business in terms already familiar to users Wide rows with lots of descriptive text Small tables (about a million rows) Joined to fact table by a foreign key heavily indexed typical dimensions time periods, geographic region (markets, cities), products, customers, salesperson, etc.

Fact Table:

77 Fact Table Central table mostly raw numeric items narrow rows, a few columns at most large number of rows (millions to a billion) Access via dimensions

Star Schema:

78 Star Schema A single fact table and for each dimension one dimension table Does not capture hierarchies directly T i m e p r o d c u s t c i t y f a c t date, custno, prodno, cityname, ...

Snowflake schema:

79 Snowflake schema Represent dimensional hierarchy directly by normalizing tables. Easy to maintain and saves storage T i m e p r o d c u s t c i t y f a c t date, custno, prodno, cityname, ... r e g i o n

Fact Constellation:

80 Fact Constellation Fact Constellation Multiple fact tables that share many dimension tables Booking and Checkout may share many dimension tables in the hotel industry Hotels Travel Agents Promotion Room Type Customer Booking Checkout

De-normalization:

81 De-normalization Normalization in a data warehouse may lead to lots of small tables Can lead to excessive I/O’s since many tables have to be accessed De-normalization is the answer especially since updates are rare

Creating Arrays:

82 Creating Arrays Many times each occurrence of a sequence of data is in a different physical location Beneficial to collect all occurrences together and store as an array in a single row Makes sense only if there are a stable number of occurrences which are accessed together In a data warehouse, such situations arise naturally due to time based orientation can create an array by month

Selective Redundancy:

83 Selective Redundancy Description of an item can be stored redundantly with order table -- most often item description is also accessed with order table Updates have to be careful

Partitioning:

84 Partitioning Breaking data into several physical units that can be handled separately Not a question of whether to do it in data warehouses but how to do it Granularity and partitioning are key to effective implementation of a warehouse

Why Partition?:

85 Why Partition? Flexibility in managing data Smaller physical units allow easy restructuring free indexing sequential scans if needed easy reorganization easy recovery easy monitoring

Criterion for Partitioning:

86 Criterion for Partitioning Typically partitioned by date line of business geography organizational unit any combination of above

Where to Partition?:

87 Where to Partition? Application level or DBMS level Makes sense to partition at application level Allows different definition for each year Important since warehouse spans many years and as business evolves definition changes Allows data to be moved between processing complexes easily

Data Warehouse vs. Data Marts:

Data Warehouse vs. Data Marts What comes first

From the Data Warehouse to Data Marts:

89 From the Data Warehouse to Data Marts Departmentally Structured Individually Structured Data Warehouse Organizationally Structured Less More History Normalized Detailed Data Information

Data Warehouse and Data Marts:

90 Data Warehouse and Data Marts OLAP Data Mart Lightly summarized Departmentally structured Organizationally structured Atomic Detailed Data Warehouse Data

Characteristics of the Departmental Data Mart:

91 Characteristics of the Departmental Data Mart OLAP Small Flexible Customized by Department Source is departmentally structured data warehouse

Techniques for Creating Departmental Data Mart:

92 Techniques for Creating Departmental Data Mart OLAP Subset Summarized Superset Indexed Arrayed Sales Mktg. Finance

Data Mart Centric:

93 Data Mart Centric Data Marts Data Sources Data Warehouse

Problems with Data Mart Centric Solution:

94 Problems with Data Mart Centric Solution If you end up creating multiple warehouses, integrating them is a problem

True Warehouse:

95 True Warehouse Data Marts Data Sources Data Warehouse

Query Processing:

96 Query Processing Indexing Pre computed views/aggregates SQL extensions

Indexing Techniques:

97 Indexing Techniques Exploiting indexes to reduce scanning of data is of crucial importance Bitmap Indexes Join Indexes Other Issues Text indexing Parallelizing and sequencing of index builds and incremental updates

Indexing Techniques:

98 Indexing Techniques Bitmap index: A collection of bitmaps -- one for each distinct value of the column Each bitmap has N bits where N is the number of rows in the table A bit corresponding to a value v for a row r is set if and only if r has the value for the indexed attribute

BitMap Indexes:

99 BitMap Indexes An alternative representation of RID-list Specially advantageous for low-cardinality domains Represent each row of a table by a bit and the table as a bit vector There is a distinct bit vector Bv for each value v for the domain Example: the attribute sex has values M and F. A table of 100 million people needs 2 lists of 100 million bits

Bitmap Index:

100 Customer Query : select * from customer where gender = ‘F’ and vote = ‘Y’ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 gender (f) vote (y) result vote gender Bitmap Index M F F F F M Y Y Y N N N

Bit Map Index:

101 Bit Map Index Base Table Rating Index Region Index Customers where Region = W Rating = M And

BitMap Indexes:

102 BitMap Indexes Comparison, join and aggregation operations are reduced to bit arithmetic with dramatic improvement in processing time Significant reduction in space and I/O (30:1) Adapted for higher cardinality domains as well. Compression (e.g., run-length encoding) exploited Products that support bitmaps: Model 204, TargetIndex (Redbrick), IQ (Sybase), Oracle 7.3

Join Indexes:

103 Join Indexes Pre-computed joins A join index between a fact table and a dimension table correlates a dimension tuple with the fact tuples that have the same value on the common dimensional attribute e.g., a join index on city dimension of calls fact table correlates for each city the calls (in the calls table) from that city

Join Indexes:

104 Join Indexes Join indexes can also span multiple dimension tables e.g., a join index on city and time dimension of calls fact table

Star Join Processing:

105 Star Join Processing Use join indexes to join dimension and fact table Calls C+T C+T+L C+T+L +P Time Loca- tion Plan

Optimized Star Join Processing:

106 Optimized Star Join Processing Time Loca- tion Plan Calls Virtual Cross Product of T, L and P Apply Selections

Bitmapped Join Processing:

107 Bitmapped Join Processing AND Time Loca- tion Plan Calls Calls Calls Bitmaps 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

Intelligent Scan:

108 Intelligent Scan Piggyback multiple scans of a relation (Redbrick) piggybacking also done if second scan starts a little while after the first scan

Parallel Query Processing:

109 Parallel Query Processing Three forms of parallelism Independent Pipelined Partitioned and “partition and replicate” Deterrents to parallelism startup communication

Parallel Query Processing:

110 Parallel Query Processing Partitioned Data Parallel scans Yields I/O parallelism Parallel algorithms for relational operators Joins, Aggregates, Sort Parallel Utilities Load, Archive, Update, Parse, Checkpoint, Recovery Parallel Query Optimization

Pre-computed Aggregates:

111 Pre-computed Aggregates Keep aggregated data for efficiency (pre-computed queries) Questions Which aggregates to compute? How to update aggregates? How to use pre-computed aggregates in queries?

Pre-computed Aggregates:

112 Pre-computed Aggregates Aggregated table can be maintained by the warehouse server middle tier client applications Pre-computed aggregates -- special case of materialized views -- same questions and issues remain

SQL Extensions:

113 SQL Extensions Extended family of aggregate functions rank (top 10 customers) percentile (top 30% of customers) median, mode Object Relational Systems allow addition of new aggregate functions

SQL Extensions:

114 SQL Extensions Reporting features running total, cumulative totals Cube operator group by on all subsets of a set of attributes (month,city) redundant scan and sorting of data can be avoided

Red Brick has Extended set of Aggregates:

115 Red Brick has Extended set of Aggregates Select month, dollars, cume(dollars) as run_dollars, weight, cume(weight) as run_weights from sales, market, product, period t where year = 1993 and product like ‘Columbian%’ and city like ‘San Fr%’ order by t.perkey

RISQL (Red Brick Systems) Extensions:

116 RISQL (Red Brick Systems) Extensions Aggregates CUME MOVINGAVG MOVINGSUM RANK TERTILE RATIOTOREPORT Calculating Row Subtotals BREAK BY Sophisticated Date Time Support DATEDIFF Using SubQueries in calculations

Using SubQueries in Calculations:

117 Using SubQueries in Calculations select product, dollars as jun97_sales, (select sum(s1.dollars) from market mi, product pi, period, ti, sales si where pi.product = product.product and ti.year = period.year and mi.city = market.city) as total97_sales, 100 * dollars/ (select sum(s1.dollars) from market mi, product pi, period, ti, sales si where pi.product = product.product and ti.year = period.year and mi.city = market.city) as percent_of_yr from market, product, period, sales where year = 1997 and month = ‘June’ and city like ‘Ahmed%’ order by product;

Course Overview:

118 Course Overview The course: what and how 0. Introduction I. Data Warehousing II. Decision Support and OLAP III. Data Mining IV. Looking Ahead Demos and Labs

II. On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP):

II. On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) Making Decision Support Possible

Limitations of SQL:

120 Limitations of SQL “A Freshman in Business needs a Ph.D. in SQL” -- Ralph Kimball

Typical OLAP Queries:

121 Typical OLAP Queries Write a multi-table join to compare sales for each product line YTD this year vs. last year. Repeat the above process to find the top 5 product contributors to margin. Repeat the above process to find the sales of a product line to new vs. existing customers. Repeat the above process to find the customers that have had negative sales growth.

What Is OLAP?:

122 * Reference: http://www.arborsoft.com/essbase/wht_ppr/coddTOC.html What Is OLAP? Online Analytical Processing - coined by EF Codd in 1994 paper contracted by Arbor Software * Generally synonymous with earlier terms such as Decisions Support, Business Intelligence, Executive Information System OLAP = Multidimensional Database MOLAP: Multidimensional OLAP (Arbor Essbase, Oracle Express) ROLAP: Relational OLAP (Informix MetaCube, Microstrategy DSS Agent)

The OLAP Market :

123 The OLAP Market Rapid growth in the enterprise market 1995: $700 Million 1997: $2.1 Billion Significant consolidation activity among major DBMS vendors 10/94: Sybase acquires ExpressWay 7/95: Oracle acquires Express 11/95: Informix acquires Metacube 1/97: Arbor partners up with IBM 10/96: Microsoft acquires Panorama Result: OLAP shifted from small vertical niche to mainstream DBMS category

Strengths of OLAP:

124 Strengths of OLAP It is a powerful visualization paradigm It provides fast, interactive response times It is good for analyzing time series It can be useful to find some clusters and outliers Many vendors offer OLAP tools

OLAP Is FASMI:

125 Nigel Pendse, Richard Creath - The OLAP Report OLAP Is FASMI Fast Analysis Shared Multidimensional Information

Multi-dimensional Data:

126 Month 1 2 3 4 7 6 5 Product Toothpaste Juice Cola Milk Cream Soap Region W S N Dimensions: Product, Region, Time Hierarchical summarization paths Product Region Time Industry Country Year Category Region Quarter Product City Month Week Office Day Multi-dimensional Data “Hey…I sold $100M worth of goods”

Data Cube Lattice:

127 Data Cube Lattice Cube lattice ABC AB AC BC A B C none Can materialize some groupbys, compute others on demand Question: which groupbys to materialze? Question: what indices to create Question: how to organize data (chunks, etc)

Visualizing Neighbors is simpler:

128 Visualizing Neighbors is simpler

A Visual Operation: Pivot (Rotate):

129 A Visual Operation: Pivot (Rotate) 10 47 30 12 Juice Cola Milk Cream NY LA SF 3/1 3/2 3/3 3/4 Date Month Region Product

“Slicing and Dicing”:

130 “Slicing and Dicing” Product Sales Channel Regions Retail Direct Special Household Telecomm Video Audio India Far East Europe The Telecomm Slice

Roll-up and Drill Down:

131 Roll-up and Drill Down Sales Channel Region Country State Location Address Sales Representative Roll Up Higher Level of Aggregation Low-level Details Drill-Down

Nature of OLAP Analysis:

132 Nature of OLAP Analysis Aggregation -- (total sales, percent-to-total) Comparison -- Budget vs. Expenses Ranking -- Top 10, quartile analysis Access to detailed and aggregate data Complex criteria specification Visualization

Organizationally Structured Data:

133 Organizationally Structured Data Different Departments look at the same detailed data in different ways. Without the detailed, organizationally structured data as a foundation, there is no reconcilability of data marketing manufacturing sales finance

Multidimensional Spreadsheets:

134 Multidimensional Spreadsheets Analysts need spreadsheets that support pivot tables (cross-tabs) drill-down and roll-up slice and dice sort selections derived attributes Popular in retail domain

OLAP - Data Cube:

135 OLAP - Data Cube Idea: analysts need to group data in many different ways eg. Sales(region, product, prodtype, prodstyle, date, saleamount) saleamount is a measure attribute, rest are dimension attributes groupby every subset of the other attributes materialize (precompute and store) groupbys to give online response Also: hierarchies on attributes: date -> weekday, date -> month -> quarter -> year

SQL Extensions:

136 SQL Extensions Front-end tools require Extended Family of Aggregate Functions rank, median, mode Reporting Features running totals, cumulative totals Results of multiple group by total sales by month and total sales by product Data Cube

Relational OLAP: 3 Tier DSS:

137 Relational OLAP: 3 Tier DSS Data Warehouse ROLAP Engine Decision Support Client Database Layer Application Logic Layer Presentation Layer Store atomic data in industry standard RDBMS. Generate SQL execution plans in the ROLAP engine to obtain OLAP functionality. Obtain multi-dimensional reports from the DSS Client.

MD-OLAP: 2 Tier DSS:

138 MD-OLAP: 2 Tier DSS MDDB Engine MDDB Engine Decision Support Client Database Layer Application Logic Layer Presentation Layer Store atomic data in a proprietary data structure (MDDB), pre-calculate as many outcomes as possible, obtain OLAP functionality via proprietary algorithms running against this data. Obtain multi-dimensional reports from the DSS Client.

Typical OLAP Problems Data Explosion:

139 Data Explosion Syndrome Number of Dimensions Number of Aggregations (4 levels in each dimension) Typical OLAP Problems Data Explosion Microsoft TechEd’98

Metadata Repository:

140 Metadata Repository Administrative metadata source databases and their contents gateway descriptions warehouse schema, view & derived data definitions dimensions, hierarchies pre-defined queries and reports data mart locations and contents data partitions data extraction, cleansing, transformation rules, defaults data refresh and purging rules user profiles, user groups security: user authorization, access control

Metdata Repository .. 2:

141 Metdata Repository .. 2 Business data business terms and definitions ownership of data charging policies operational metadata data lineage: history of migrated data and sequence of transformations applied currency of data: active, archived, purged monitoring information: warehouse usage statistics, error reports, audit trails.

Recipe for a Successful Warehouse :

Recipe for a Successful Warehouse

For a Successful Warehouse:

143 For a Successful Warehouse From day one establish that warehousing is a joint user/builder project Establish that maintaining data quality will be an ONGOING joint user/builder responsibility Train the users one step at a time Consider doing a high level corporate data model in no more than three weeks From Larry Greenfield, http://pwp.starnetinc.com/larryg/index.html

For a Successful Warehouse:

144 For a Successful Warehouse Look closely at the data extracting, cleaning, and loading tools Implement a user accessible automated directory to information stored in the warehouse Determine a plan to test the integrity of the data in the warehouse From the start get warehouse users in the habit of 'testing' complex queries

For a Successful Warehouse:

145 For a Successful Warehouse Coordinate system roll-out with network administration personnel When in a bind, ask others who have done the same thing for advice Be on the lookout for small, but strategic, projects Market and sell your data warehousing systems

Data Warehouse Pitfalls:

146 Data Warehouse Pitfalls You are going to spend much time extracting, cleaning, and loading data Despite best efforts at project management, data warehousing project scope will increase You are going to find problems with systems feeding the data warehouse You will find the need to store data not being captured by any existing system You will need to validate data not being validated by transaction processing systems

Data Warehouse Pitfalls:

147 Data Warehouse Pitfalls Some transaction processing systems feeding the warehousing system will not contain detail Many warehouse end users will be trained and never or seldom apply their training After end users receive query and report tools, requests for IS written reports may increase Your warehouse users will develop conflicting business rules Large scale data warehousing can become an exercise in data homogenizing

Data Warehouse Pitfalls:

148 Data Warehouse Pitfalls 'Overhead' can eat up great amounts of disk space The time it takes to load the warehouse will expand to the amount of the time in the available window... and then some Assigning security cannot be done with a transaction processing system mindset You are building a HIGH maintenance system You will fail if you concentrate on resource optimization to the neglect of project, data, and customer management issues and an understanding of what adds value to the customer

DW and OLAP Research Issues:

149 DW and OLAP Research Issues Data cleaning focus on data inconsistencies, not schema differences data mining techniques Physical Design design of summary tables, partitions, indexes tradeoffs in use of different indexes Query processing selecting appropriate summary tables dynamic optimization with feedback acid test for query optimization: cost estimation, use of transformations, search strategies partitioning query processing between OLAP server and backend server.

DW and OLAP Research Issues .. 2:

150 DW and OLAP Research Issues .. 2 Warehouse Management detecting runaway queries resource management incremental refresh techniques computing summary tables during load failure recovery during load and refresh process management: scheduling queries, load and refresh Query processing, caching use of workflow technology for process management

Products, References, Useful Links:

Products, References, Useful Links

Reporting Tools:

152 Reporting Tools Andyne Computing -- GQL Brio -- BrioQuery Business Objects -- Business Objects Cognos -- Impromptu Information Builders Inc. -- Focus for Windows Oracle -- Discoverer2000 Platinum Technology -- SQL*Assist, ProReports PowerSoft -- InfoMaker SAS Institute -- SAS/Assist Software AG -- Esperant Sterling Software -- VISION:Data

OLAP and Executive Information Systems:

153 OLAP and Executive Information Systems Andyne Computing -- Pablo Arbor Software -- Essbase Cognos -- PowerPlay Comshare -- Commander OLAP Holistic Systems -- Holos Information Advantage -- AXSYS, WebOLAP Informix -- Metacube Microstrategies --DSS/Agent Microsoft -- Plato Oracle -- Express Pilot -- LightShip Planning Sciences -- Gentium Platinum Technology -- ProdeaBeacon, Forest & Trees SAS Institute -- SAS/EIS, OLAP++ Speedware -- Media

Other Warehouse Related Products:

154 Other Warehouse Related Products Data extract, clean, transform, refresh CA-Ingres replicator Carleton Passport Prism Warehouse Manager SAS Access Sybase Replication Server Platinum Inforefiner, Infopump

Extraction and Transformation Tools:

155 Extraction and Transformation Tools Carleton Corporation -- Passport Evolutionary Technologies Inc. -- Extract Informatica -- OpenBridge Information Builders Inc. -- EDA Copy Manager Platinum Technology -- InfoRefiner Prism Solutions -- Prism Warehouse Manager Red Brick Systems -- DecisionScape Formation

Scrubbing Tools:

156 Scrubbing Tools Apertus -- Enterprise/Integrator Vality -- IPE Postal Soft

Warehouse Products:

157 Warehouse Products Computer Associates -- CA-Ingres Hewlett-Packard -- Allbase/SQL Informix -- Informix, Informix XPS Microsoft -- SQL Server Oracle -- Oracle7, Oracle Parallel Server Red Brick -- Red Brick Warehouse SAS Institute -- SAS Software AG -- ADABAS Sybase -- SQL Server, IQ, MPP

Warehouse Server Products:

158 Warehouse Server Products Oracle 8 Informix Online Dynamic Server XPS --Extended Parallel Server Universal Server for object relational applications Sybase Adaptive Server 11.5 Sybase MPP Sybase IQ

Warehouse Server Products:

159 Warehouse Server Products Red Brick Warehouse Tandem Nonstop IBM DB2 MVS Universal Server DB2 400 Teradata

Other Warehouse Related Products:

160 Other Warehouse Related Products Connectivity to Sources Apertus Information Builders EDA/SQL Platimum Infohub SAS Connect IBM Data Joiner Oracle Open Connect Informix Express Gateway

Other Warehouse Related Products:

161 Other Warehouse Related Products Query/Reporting Environments Brio/Query Cognos Impromptu Informix Viewpoint CA Visual Express Business Objects Platinum Forest and Trees

4GL's, GUI Builders, and PC Databases:

162 4GL's, GUI Builders, and PC Databases Information Builders -- Focus Lotus -- Approach Microsoft -- Access, Visual Basic MITI -- SQR/Workbench PowerSoft -- PowerBuilder SAS Institute -- SAS/AF

Data Mining Products:

163 Data Mining Products DataMind -- neurOagent Information Discovery -- IDIS SAS Institute -- SAS/Neuronets

Data Warehouse:

164 Data Warehouse W.H. Inmon, Building the Data Warehouse, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1996 W.H. Inmon, J. D. Welch, Katherine L. Glassey, Managing the Data Warehouse, John Wiley and Sons, 1997 Barry Devlin, Data Warehouse from Architecture to Implementation, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc 1997

Data Warehouse:

165 Data Warehouse W.H. Inmon, John A. Zachman, Jonathan G. Geiger, Data Stores Data Warehousing and the Zachman Framework, McGraw Hill Series on Data Warehousing and Data Management, 1997 Ralph Kimball, The Data Warehouse Toolkit, John Wiley and Sons, 1996

OLAP and DSS:

166 OLAP and DSS Erik Thomsen, OLAP Solutions, John Wiley and Sons 1997 Microsoft TechEd Transparencies from Microsoft TechEd 98 Essbase Product Literature Oracle Express Product Literature Microsoft Plato Web Site Microstrategy Web Site

Data Mining:

167 Data Mining Michael J.A. Berry and Gordon Linoff, Data Mining Techniques, John Wiley and Sons 1997 Peter Adriaans and Dolf Zantinge, Data Mining, Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. 1996 KDD Conferences

Other Tutorials:

168 Other Tutorials Donovan Schneider, Data Warehousing Tutorial, Tutorial at International Conference for Management of Data (SIGMOD 1996) and International Conference on Very Large Data Bases 97 Umeshwar Dayal and Surajit Chaudhuri, Data Warehousing Tutorial at International Conference on Very Large Data Bases 1996 Anand Deshpande and S. Seshadri, Tutorial on Datawarehousing and Data Mining, CSI-97

Useful URLs:

169 Useful URLs Ralph Kimball’s home page http://www.rkimball.com Larry Greenfield’s Data Warehouse Information Center http://pwp.starnetinc.com/larryg/ Data Warehousing Institute http://www.dw-institute.com/ OLAP Council http://www.olapcouncil.com/