Atomic Structure

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 2 HISTORY OF THE ATOM 460 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms he pounded up materials in his pestle and mortar until he had reduced them to smaller and smaller particles which he called ATOMA ( greek for indivisible )

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 3 HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1808 John Dalton suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity and called them ATOMS

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 4 HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1898 Joseph John Thompson found that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle which he called an ELECTRON

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 5 HISTORY OF THE ATOM Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge 1904 like plums surrounded by pudding. PLUM PUDDING MODEL

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 6 HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1910 Ernest Rutherford oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his famous experiment. they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil which was only a few atoms thick. they found that although most of them passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 7 HISTORY OF THE ATOM gold foil helium nuclei They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back. helium nuclei

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 8 HISTORY OF THE ATOM Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a more detailed model with a central nucleus . He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place by electrical attraction However, this was not the end of the story.

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 9 HISTORY OF THE ATOM 1913 Niels Bohr studied under Rutherford at the Victoria University in Manchester. Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding that the electrons were in orbits . Rather like planets orbiting the sun. With each orbit only able to contain a set number of electrons.

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 10 Bohr’s Atom electrons in orbits nucleus

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 11 HELIUM ATOM + N N + - - proton electron neutron Shell What do these particles consist of?

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 12 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Particle proton neutron electron Charge + ve charge -ve charge No charge 1 1 nil Mass

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 13 ATOMIC STRUCTURE the number of protons in an atom the number of protons and neutrons in an atom He 2 4 Atomic mass Atomic number number of electrons = number of protons

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 14 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or Shells around the nucleus of an atom. first shell a maximum of 2 electrons second shell a maximum of 8 electrons third shell a maximum of 8 electrons

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 15 ATOMIC STRUCTURE There are two ways to represent the atomic structure of an element or compound; 1. Electronic Configuration 2. Dot & Cross Diagrams

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 16 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION With electronic configuration elements are represented numerically by the number of electrons in their shells and number of shells. For example; N Nitrogen 7 14 2 in 1 st shell 5 in 2 nd shell configuration = 2 , 5 2 + 5 = 7

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 17 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION Write the electronic configuration for the following elements; Ca O Cl Si Na 20 40 11 23 8 17 16 35 14 28 B 11 5 a) b) c) d) e) f) 2,8,8,2 2,8,1 2,8,7 2,8,4 2,3 2,6

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 18 DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons, and circles to show the shells. For example; Nitrogen N X X X X X X X N 7 14

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 19 DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following elements; O Cl 8 17 16 35 a) b) O X X X X X X X X Cl X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 20 SUMMARY The Atomic Number of an atom = number of protons in the nucleus. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells . Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.

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18/04/2011 Prepared by Sushanto Banerjee 21 SUMMARY ELEMENT NUMBER ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER NO.OF NEUTRONS NO.OF ELECTRONS NO.OF PROTONS Beryllium 4 9 Fluorine 9 10 Sodium 12 11 Aluminium 27 13 Phosphorus 31 16