Digital 2005s

Slide 1: 

CSDV / TDD Basic Digital Electronic Theory Chapter 1: Introduction

Slide 2: 

Chapter 1: Introduction Digital & Analog Quantities Binary Digits

Slide 3: 

Analog mempunyai nilai yang tidak tatap Digital menghasilkan nilai yang tetap dan tepat. 1) Digital & Analog Litar elektronik boleh dibahgikan kepada 2 kategori: a) Analog b) Digital Chapter 1: Introduction APAKAH YANG DIMAKSUDKAN LITAR DIGITAL/ANALOG

Slide 4: 

1.1) Analog An analog device has a signal which varies continuously in step with the input. Most thing that can be measured quantitatively appear in natural is in analog form. For example: The air temperature changes over a continuous range of values Chapter 1: Introduction

Slide 5: 

Analog Meter Chapter 1: Introduction

Slide 6: 

Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1.1) An Analog Electronic System - A basic public address system

Slide 7: 

1.2) Digital Circuits that handles only HIGH and LOW are called digital circuits. Combinations of the two states are used to represent numbers, symbols, alphabetic characters, and other type of information. Chapter 1: Introduction Digital data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and reliably than analog. Storage in digital form more compactly and reproduced with greater accuracy and clarity than analog form : For example music.

Slide 8: 

Chapter 1: Introduction A digital device operates with a digital signal- The digital signal is only at +5V or at 0V.

Slide 9: 

Digital system are generally easier to design. This is because the circuits that are used are switching circuits, where exact values of voltage or current are not important, only the range ( HIGH or LOW) in which they fall. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.21) Advantages  Information storage is easy This is accomplished by special switching circuits that can latch onto information and hold it as long as necessary

Slide 10: 

 Accuracy and precision are greater. Digital system can handle as many digits of precision as you need simply by adding more switching circuits. In an analog system, precision is usually limited to three or four digits because the value of voltage and current are directly dependent on the circuit components values and are effected by random fluctuations (noise). Chapter 1: Introduction  Operation can be programmed. It is fairly easy to design digital system whose operation is controlled by a set of stored instructions called a program. As technology ogresses, this is becoming even easier. Analog systems can also be programmed, but the variety and the complexity of the available operations are severely limited.

Slide 11: 

 Digital system are less affected by noise Spurious fluctuations in voltage (noise) are not as critical in digital system because the exact value of voltage is not important as long as the noise is not large enough to prevent us from distinguishing a HIGH from a LOW. Chapter 1: Introduction  More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips. Analog circuit has also benefited from tremendous development of IC technology, but its relative complexity and its use of devices that cannot be economically integrated (high-value capacitors, precision resistors, inductors, transformer) have prevented analog systems from achieving the same degree of integration.

Slide 12: 

Chapter 1: Introduction 1.3) A system Using Digital and Analog Methods Example: Compact Disk(CD) Player Music in digital form is stored on the compact disk. A laser diode optical system picks up the digital data from the rotating disk and transfers it to the digital to analog converter(DAC). The DAC changes the digital signal data into an analog signal that is an electrical reproduction of the original music.

Slide 13: 

Chapter 1: Introduction 2) Binary Digits The two digits in binary system, 1 and 0 are called bits. In digital circuit, two different voltage levels are used to represent the two bits. HIGH = 1; Represented higher voltage level LOW = 0; Represented lower voltage level

Slide 14: 

2.1) Logic Level The voltage used to represent a 1 & 0 are called logic level Logic level ranges of voltage for a digital circuit HIGH = 2V to 5V LOW = 0V to 0.8V Chapter 1: Introduction

Slide 15: 

2.2) Digital Waveform a) Positive-going pulse b) Negative-going pulse Chapter 1: Introduction

Slide 16: 

Basic Digital Electronic Theory Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 17: 

AND gate OR gate NOT gate NOR gate NAND gate Universal gates Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 18: 

Comparing traditional & IEEE logic gate symbols 1) AND Gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 19: 

1.1) Truth table - AND gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 20: 

1.2) AND gate Illustration using switches Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 21: 

A B A B X 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 1 0 0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 1.4) Timing diagram - AND gate Solution The output waveform is HIGH only when both inputs are high. Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 22: 

1.5) Alternative symbol for the AND function A B AB A B Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 23: 

Exercise 1) What is the resulting output waveform ? Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 24: 

2.1) Comparing traditional & IEEE logic gate symbols Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 25: 

A B X 2.2) Truth table 2 - Input OR gate 0 1 1 1 Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 26: 

OR gate Illustration using switches 1 2 3 4 2) OR Gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 27: 

2.4) Timing diagram t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 Solution The output waveform is HIGH only when either or both inputs are high. Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 28: 

2.5) Alternative symbol for the OR function A B A+B A B Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 29: 

Exercise 1) What is the resulting output waveform ? Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 30: 

3.1) Comparing traditional & IEEE logic gate symbols 3) NOT Gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 31: 

HIGH (1) LOW (0) 3.2) Truth Table - Inverter (NOT gate) A A Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 32: 

3.4) Alternative symbol for the NOT function A A Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 33: 

Exercise 1) What is the resulting output waveform ? Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 34: 

4.2) Comparing traditional & IEEE logic gate symbols Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 35: 

4.3) NAND gate logic symbol Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 36: 

Inputs Outputs A B X 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 = HIGH , 0 = LOW 1 1 1 0 A B X 4.4) Truth table 2 - Input NAND gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 37: 

4.1) NAND gate Illustration using switches 1 2 3 4 4) NAND Gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 38: 

4.6) Timing diagram - NAND gate Solution The output waveform is LOW only when both inputs are high. t1 t3 t2 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 39: 

4.7) Alternative symbol for the NAND function Chapter 2: Logic Gates A B AB A B A + B = AB

Slide 40: 

Exercise 1) What is the resulting output waveform ? Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 41: 

5.2) Comparing traditional & IEEE logic gate symbols Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 42: 

5.3) NOR gate logic symbol Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 43: 

A B X 5.4) Truth table 2 - Input NOR gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 44: 

1 2 3 4 5.1) NOR gate Illustration using switches 5) NOR Gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 45: 

5.6) Timing diagram - NOR gate Solution The output waveform is HIGH only when both inputs are LOW. t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 46: 

5.7) Alternative symbol for the NOR function A B A+B A B Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 47: 

Exercise 1) What is the resulting output waveform ? Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 48: 

8) Universal Gates (NAND & NOR Gate) The use of a single NAND / NOR IC can provide the function of AND, OR & Inverter function Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 49: 

8.1) Universal Application of NAND Gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 50: 

8.2) Universal Application of NOR gate Chapter 2: Logic Gates

Slide 51: 

Basic Digital Electronic Theory Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 52: 

The S-R Flip-Flop The D Flip-Flop. The J-K Flip-Flop. Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 53: 

1) The S-R Flip-Flop. Two version of S-R Flip-Flop 1) Active HIGH input S-R Flip-flop - Formed with two cross couple NOR gates. Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 54: 

1.1) Active HIGH input S-R Flip-flop Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 55: 

1.1.1) Truth Table for S-R Flip-Flop Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 56: 

1.1.2) Wiring an S-R Flip-flop using NOR gates Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 57: 

1.1.3) Waveform Diagram For An S-R Flip-Flop Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 58: 

Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 59: 

Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 60: 

Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 61: 

Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 62: 

3) The D Flip-Flop Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 63: 

3.1) Wiring a D Flip-flop A positive edge-triggered D flip-flop formed with an S-R flip-flop and an inverter. Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 64: 

3.2) Truth table for a positive edge-triggered D flip-flop Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 65: 

3.3) Waveform Diagram For An D Flip-Flop With Positive Edge-triggered Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 66: 

3.4) Waveform Diagram For An D Flip-Flop With Negative Edge-triggered Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 67: 

Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 68: 

4) The J-K Flip - Flop The J-K flip-flop is considered the “universal” flip-flop, having the features of all the other types of flip-flops. The J-K flip-flop is identical to S-R flip- flop in the SET, RESET, and NO CHANGE condition. The difference is that the J-K flip-flop has no invalid state as does the S-R flip-flop. Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 69: 

Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 70: 

4.1) Truth table Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 71: 

4.2) Logic symbol for a J-K flip-flop with positive edge-triggered (Active HIGH) clock input. Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 72: 

4.3) Logic symbol for a J-K flip-flop with negative edge-triggered (Active LOW) clock input. Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 73: 

Exercise Chapter 3: Flip-Flop

Slide 74: 

Basic Digital Electronic Theory Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 75: 

Decimal-To-Binary Conversion Binary-To-Decimal Conversion Hexadecimal Numbering System Hexadecimal-To-Binary conversion Binary-To-Hexadecimal conversion Hexadecimal-To-Decimal conversion Octal Numbering System Octal-To-Binary Conversion Binary-To-Octal Conversion Octal-To-Decimal Conversion Decimal-to-Octal Conversion Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 76: 

1) Binary to Decimal Conversion You already know that the weights of a binary number are in powers of 2. Convert a binary number to decimal form by adding up the weights of all bits with value of ‘1’, starting from the least significant bit(LSB). Example – convert 110111002 to decimal form; 110111002 = (27  1) + (26  1) + (25  0) + (24  1) + (23  1) + (22  1) + (21  0) + (20  0) = 12810 + 6410 + 0 + 1610 + 810 + 410 + 0 + 0 = 22010 Therefore, the binary number 110111002 , in decimal form is 22010. Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 77: 

Exercise 1) Convert the following numbers from binary to decimal form. a) 11012 Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 78: 

The ‘divide by 2’ method is the conventional way of converting a decimal to a binary number. Example – convert the number 1310 to binary form; 13  2 = 6, remainder 1 6  2 = 3, remainder 0 3  2 = 1, remainder 1 1  2 = 0, remainder 1 1 1 0 1 Therefore, the decimal number 13, in binary form is 1101. 2) Decimal to Binary Conversion MSB LSB Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 79: 

1) Convert the following numbers from decimal to binary form. a) 4710 Exercise Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 80: 

The hexadecimal number system is also called the ‘base 16’ system The weights of an hexadecimal number are in ‘powers of 16’ i.e.; 163, 162, 161, 160. The ‘base 16’ system makes use of 16 symbols; - 0,1,2,3,…,A,B,C,D,E,F. Where A represents 10, B represents 11,….. and so on (C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15). You can represent an hexadecimal number as F16D16. The subscript ‘16’ means base 16. 3) Hexadecimal Numbering System Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 81: 

4) Hexadecimal to binary conversion Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 82: 

1) Convert the following numbers from hexadecimal to binary form. a) F416 Exercise Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 83: 

5) Binary to hexadecimal conversion Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 84: 

1) Convert the following numbers from binary to hexadecimal form. a) 101001112 Exercise Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 85: 

6) Hexadecimal to Decimal conversion Example – convert 2DB16 to decimal form; 2DB16 = (162  2) + (161  13) + (160  11) = (256  2) + (16  13) + (1  11) = 512 + 208 + 11 = 73110 Therefore, Hexadecimal 2DB16, in decimal is 73110. Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 86: 

1) Convert the following numbers from Hexadecimal to Decimal form. a) 1F616 Exercise Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 87: 

The octal number system is also called the ‘base 8’ system The weights of an octal number are in ‘powers of 8’ i.e.; 83, 82, 81, 80. The ‘base 8’ system makes use of 8 symbols; 0,1,2,3,…,7. You can represent an octal number as 7548. The subscript ‘8’ means base 8. 7) Octal Numbering System Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 88: 

8) Octal to binary conversion Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 89: 

1) Convert the following numbers from octal to binary form. a) 478 Exercise Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 90: 

9) Binary to octal conversion Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 91: 

1) Convert the following numbers from binary to octal form. a) 0011112 Exercise Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 92: 

Example – convert 4158 to decimal form; 4158 = (82  4) + (81  1) + (80  5) = (64  4) + (8  1) + (1  5) = 256 + 8 + 5 = 26910 Therefore, Octal 4158, in decimal is 26910. 10) Octal to Decimal conversion Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 93: 

1) Convert the following numbers from octal to decimal form. a) 578 Exercise Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 94: 

Similar to ‘decimal to binary conversion’, but instead you use ‘Divide by 8’ method. 11) Decimal to Octal conversion Chapter 4: Numbering System

Slide 95: 

1) Convert the following numbers from decimal to octal form. a) 4710 Exercise Chapter 4: Numbering System