spanish civil war

Napoleon:

Napoleon

What you need to know:

What you need to know The IB program says you need to know the following seven things about Napoleon: 1 – The rise of Napoleon 2,3, – Domestic and Foreign policies, pre and post 1804 4-The Napoleonic Wars 5-Collapse of the Empire 6 – The Bourbon Restoration 7 – The Congress of Vienna

The Rise of Napoleon:

The Rise of Napoleon Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica, which had been, and is now, part of Italy, but was French at the time of his birth. He became a minor army officer just before the Revolution started, and when it did he joined the Republican side, and became affiliated with the Jacobins. He enjoyed many military success, and was promoted to General.

The Rise of Napoleon:

The Rise of Napoleon Napoleon did well for himself, but when the Thermidorian Reaction occurred, and the people turned on the Jacobins, Napoleon fell out of favor, and narrowly avoided being executed. He was demoted, jailed, and ridiculed. During the time of the Directory, a Royalist riot occurred in Paris unexpectedly. Thousands of peasants decided that the Monarchy was not so bad after all, and marched on the Tuileries to overthrow the Directory. Ironically, three years earlier, the same thing had happened on the same spot – that time to overthrow the Monarchy and install democracy. Because this happened so fast, there were few soldiers and officers on hand. In fact, only one military officer was handy. The Directory had to ask Napoleon to defend them. Napoleon had been at the Tuileries three years before, and had seen how the mob had won. Using this knowledge, he was able to defend the Directly and destroy the mob with his famous “whiff of grapeshot.” Overnight, Napoleon went from poverty and ridicule to fame and fortune, and earned the gratitude of the Directory.

The Rise of Napoleon:

The Rise of Napoleon Extremely popular, Napoleon now was ordered to invade the different regions of Italy, most of whom had attacked France recently. By the time he was done, he had defeated or captured most of the country, and had defeated Austria and the Pope for good measure. By the time he returned to France he was so poplar with the people that he could do whatever he wanted, as the Directory felt that if they opposed him, the people might rise against them. Next, Napoleon captured Egypt, where his army included everyone that Enlightenment philosophy said it should – not just soldiers, but doctors, engineers, historians, geographers, linguists, and scientists. He won several other victories against many different foes, and only England enjoyed and success against him. After returning to France in 1799, Napoleon staged a coup d’etat to take power by force from the directors and give it to three consuls, with himself as first consul. In reality, he had all the power for himself. After four years, he had enough support to have himself appointed Emperor. Democracy and the Republic were dead, and France had spent eyears at war to end up where it had started.

Domestic Policies, pre and post 1804:

Domestic Policies, pre and post 1804 Before 1804, Napoleon was not Emperor, only first Consul, and so he was a little more cautious about what he did – these policies are based around trying to make the people happy, so that stability could finally be brought back to France. Most of these policies focused on pacifying and rebuilding France (domestic) and ending the wars with the rest of Europe (foreign). After 1804, his domestic policies remained mostly the same, however, he put more emphasis on centralization and state control. His major domestic polices concerned: Government Religion Meritocracy The Law Economics Education

Government:

Government Napoleon was in a strange position – he was a dictator who seized power by force in a country where the people demanded democracy – and had a history of beheading those who got in the way. He knew he would have to pacify the people to save France, and his neck, and this demanded a strong, centralized Government . 1 - The first thing he did was declare amnesty for former enemies, and invite all nobles, etc. back to France, on the sole condition that they work to make the country better. He picked capable men of every background to be his advisors. Result? 2 - France was divided into 86 departments , and Napoleon hand picked prefects for each. He also picked the mayors of the major cities. He made sure these people were honest and educated, and gave them soldiers to enforce laws. Result? 3 – He made himself appear sympathetic to the people, by mixing with them, working with them, and blowing assassination attempts way out of proportion. Result? 4 – Taxes were made equal for everyone, with no exceptions. Tax collection was strictly controlled by Napoleon himself, with all money being carefully accounted for and going straight to Paris. 5 – All old Feudal ideas (manors, guilds, hereditary offices, classes, etc.) were abolished. All public servants (judges, the military, officials) had to earn their position, and receive a fixed salary from the Gov’t as their only income. 6 – He also did some very undemocratic things. He made newspapers swear loyalty, and censored them, as well as Universities. He organized a secret police force, and made use of quick and private trials and executions.

Religion:

Religion Napoleon was not religious, as he inherited a country with very mixed feelings about it. Most of the people used to be very religious, but they associated the Church with the nobility, as both bodies taxed them, owned all the land, and took away freedoms. In the early days of the Revolution, France went though a process called dechristinization , where everything about the church was erased. All references to the church were erased, from place names to the names on the calendar. Pubic worship, church bells, the cross were outlawed, while the clergy was imprisoned, executed, or murdered, esp. in the urban centers. All land owned by the Church was confiscated and given or sold to the people. Why? Napoleon did not care about religion, but he felt that it kept society stable and moral, and that it made peasants and solders happy – his two biggest supporters. Thus, he decided to bring religion back to France. This would be hard – he had to balance the church against the people who still hated it. The result is The Concordat , or agreement between the church and France. After years of hard bargaining, the two sides agreed that: 1 – All current Bishops would resign. 2 – Napoleon and the Pope together had to agree to each new Bishop. 3 – The Church gave up all claims on the lands it lost, and no longer tax citizens. 4 – The Catholic church was recognized as the largest church in France, but not the only church or the state church. All religions were equally accepted. As well, Napoleon passed many laws benefiting Jews. Why, and with what result?

Meritocracy:

Meritocracy Meritocracy is the concept that people should be promoted based upon their worth or merit, and not upon wealth (oligarchy), title (aristocracy) or religion (theocracy). Napoleon called this “careers open to talent.” He knew that is doing this, the best people would rise to the top positions. He also understood that while the people hated class distinction, they still wanted to be recognized for their achievements, so he created the Legion of Honour. When any person, regardless of background, showed bravery, merit, or did a service for France, they could receive one of the five levels of the Legion. These levels entitled the recipient to sum of money, the right to use the title “Knight of the Legion of Honour,” the respect of society and a fancy badge. When he presented the first badges, one recipient mentioned that they were only meaningless toys – Napoleon replied that “With such Baubles, men are led.” The title can only be earned, never bought or inherited. Anyone can earn the title, even foreigners. In WWI, 20,000 were given to foreigners. They can also be given collect, to cities or institutions.

The Law:

The Law Napoleon’s Legal reforms are the single most noteworthy policy he implemented. At this time, France, like many other countries, had thousands of legal documents, written over hundreds of years. Laws were not fair or just, and they even differed from place to place. Napoleon believed in a modern codified law, so he created The Napoleonic Code (actually called the Civil Code). One clear, concise document that addressed most legal issues and punishments. He set the code above all other powers in France, thus establishing rule of law. The code had several interesting facets: 1 – It was much more fair than all previous laws. Everyone was equal, regardless of rank or wealth. Freedom (or liberty, religion, etc.) was assured, and the code was rational – secret laws and ex post facto laws were not authorized. 2 – It protected property in particular, and this encouraged investment in business and development, as people felt sure that their property could not be taken from them. 3 – Divorce and civil marriage were actually allowed, although many other laws were patriarchal – the father had the right to manage his family, and each Dad was given permission to put each of his children in jail for up to one month. Single women could not sign contracts, and the father was given custody in a divorce. 4 – Most of all, the Code was designed to be easy to use and understand by everyone, so that each citizen could understand their rights, and abuse of power could be avoided in the future. The code was well organized and used clear language – it was designed to be a people’s document.

Economics:

Economics Napoleon was concerned with the bad state of economic affairs in France. Remember, they were broke before the Revolution even started. So, he did the following things: 1 – Tax system reform. As already mentioned, taxes were collected effectively, and corruption was reduced, feeding more money to the Government. 2 – Infrastructure building and repair. Roads, bridges and canals were built/repaired to allow business to flourish within France, and internal tariffs were eliminated, making it easier (finally) for the French to trade with each other than foreigners. 3 – The metric system. While not based around economics, this brought in a standard system of weights and measures, and decimalization helped merchants handle the math needed for business. 4 – Banks had been badly hurt during the Revolution. Napoleon revived one of them, and named it the Bank of France. In this way, loans, chequing services, interest and investments were available to help the economy grow.

Napoleon and Education:

Napoleon and Education Before the Revolution, all schools in France were managed by the church, and they taught the first two estates, as well as a few members of the third estate if they could afford it. During dechristinization therefore, not only the church was destroyed, but so too were schools. Enlightenment philosophy stressed the importance of reason, science and education. Napoleon considered himself to be the typical enlightened despot , and valued education for three reasons: he knew it could create a larger middle class, who are always less likely to revolt than the poor, hence, more stability. He also knew that it could promote patriotism and Republican ideals, and that it could create a well educated ruling class, who could manage the country well. So, he did the following things:

Education:

Education First, primary school were set up to educate males under the age of 12 for free. When the concordat was signed, religious schools were allowed again, and they mostly took over female education. Primary schools contained four grades and taught the four subjects Napoleon thought every citizen of the Republic should know: Reading, writing, History, and how to handle weapons and fight in an organized unit. Why? Secondary schools were also set up for those over twelve who wanted to go. There were two types – people who wanted a career in Government went to the civil school where they studied social studies, those who wanted to join the army went to military school where they studied the sciences. Why? All graduated were promised employment. Why? About 30 Universities, or Lycees were created as well, which offered an education in the liberal arts to those who wanted to study this after secondary school. Scholarships allowed everyone to attend, and all professors were handpicked by Napoleon. This worked well, but when he became Emperor, Napoleon wanted even more control over education. So, he created the Imperial University system in 1808. Under this, all schools of every sort were made part of the federal Gov’t. All teachers were federal employees, with standardized discipline, salary, and uniforms. Why? Curriculum was standardized across the nation, and all teachers were responsible to the federal Gov’t. To keep the church happy, religion was now thought also. Teachers were expected to promote the Emperor and the Revolution.

Quiz Time!:

Quiz Time!

Quiz – Napoleon’s Domestic Policies:

Quiz – Napoleon’s Domestic Policies 1 – What event early in his career destroyed Napoleon’s prestige, sent him to jail, and almost had him executed? 2 – What event reversed all this for him? 3 – In order to weaken England without attacking it directly, Napoleon invaded what country? 4 – After this invasion, Napoleon returned to France, where he overthrew the X, and established the Y. 5 – To build his new nation, Napoleon needed the support the French exiles. So he offered them complete forgiveness, known as what? 6 – The term for France’s rapid movement away from religion was known as what? 7 – The law created by Napoleon to allow the church back into France was known as what? 8 – Napoleon established a system of “careers open to talent” called X, while rewarding people with a new type of public recognition called Y. 9 – Napoleon created a new legal code for France called what? 10 – Napoleon centralized all French schools under a system called the what?

Answers:

Answers 1 – The Thermidorian Reaction 2 – The mob at the Touilleries / attempted overthrow of the Directory / whiff of grapeshot 3 – Egypt 4 – X = The Directory, Y = The French Consulate 5 - Amnesty 6 – Dechrsitinization 7 – The concordat 8 – X = Meritocracy, Y = Legion of Honour 9 – Napoleonic Code 10 – Imperial University

Foreign policies, pre-1804:

Foreign policies, pre-1804 Most of Napoleon's foreign policies dealt with war. After the revolution, almost every country in Europe attacked France, either to support the monarchy or take advantage of its weakness. These countries worked together, so this is called the War of the First Coalition. Attackers included Prussia and the smaller German states (Germany and Italy were not unified at this point) Austria, many of the Italian Kingdoms, (Genoa, Naples, Sicily), Britain, Russia, Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, Holland, and the Ottoman Empire. While still just a general, Napoleon was able to defeat many of these countries, and make or force peace with the others. The war of the First Coalition ended in 1797.

Foreign Policy pre-1804:

Foreign Policy pre-1804 In the War of the First Coalition, France had managed to capture Italy and Holland. They defeated most of the other nations to force them into peace. The only country still at war with France in 1797 was Britian. Napoleon knew he could not invade that island, or defeat its navy, so he instead came up with a new policy… Napoleon invaded Egypt to cut off Britian from India. How would this work, and why did he do it? How would you describe this sort of foreign policy?

Foreign Policy, pre 1804:

Foreign Policy, pre 1804 The War of the Second Coalition (1799-1802) happened as Napoleon was in Egypt. He used the fear of this war to help him in replacing the Directory in his coup d’etat. When this was done, he won a series of brilliant victories, which forced all of the members of the coalition to ask for peace – even England. This peace lasted for about one year. This was the largest period of peace France had experienced in more than 10 years, so Napoleon used it to work on domestic policies, and attend to neglected foreign ones.

Foreign Policy pre-1804:

Foreign Policy pre-1804 France had lost much of its overseas territory both before and during the Revolutionary wars, and had few possessions left. One of these was Saint-Dominigue (Haiti), which brought in huge revenues in the sugar trade. Haiti was managed by a few French landowners, who were in charge of hundreds of thousands of slaves. Enlightenment Philosophy says that all men are equal, so slavery was abolished by the Assembly as soon as France became a Republic. When word of this law reached Haiti, the landowners refused to free their slaves. So, the slaves rose up in revolt and fought the Hatin Revolution, gaining independence for their country. Napoleon believed in the Enlightenment, but only when it suited him, and in 1802 he needed cash more than he needed morality. He re-established slavery and sent an army to take Haiti back and repair sugar production. His army was defeated, and the Haitians won one of the few successful slave revolts in history. Seeing that no money was going to come from sugar, that it was difficult to defend territory in the new world, and that he still needed cash fast, Napoleon did something drastic…

The Louisiana Purchase:

The Louisiana Purchase Napoleon sold all of France’s remaining territory (2 million km2) to America for a total of $15 million. That’s about $7.50 per km2. This comprises about ¼ of America’s present size. Napoleon did not do this just for quick cash. He also wished to make America (at that time a strong ally) more powerful, so it could oppose Britain and distract it from France. About this Napoleon said "This accession of territory affirms forever the power of the United States, and I have given England a maritime rival who sooner or later will humble her pride."

1804 – 1st Consul becomes Emperor:

1804 – 1 st Consul becomes Emperor By 1802, Napoleon was very popular – he had control over the military and Government, was loved by the poor, and had peace with both the church and many of the countries who had attacked France during the Revolution. At first, he wished to become “First Consul for life” and won that title in an election by a vote of 3,500,000 to 8,000. When assassins tried to kill him in 1804, Napoleon had an interesting solution – what good would killing the head of state be, he argued, if the position was hereditary and thus a new leader would automatically take over, with no fuss, and no change of policy? Thus, Napoleon was voted Emperor by the people, and invited the Pope to Paris to crown him as such. When the Pope got there though, Napoleon took the crown out of his hands and put it on his own head. Oh snap! Then, he crowned his wife Josephine as Empress. When this happened, France changed from being called The First French Republic (1792-1804) , to being called the First French Empire (1804-1814) . Before these, it was the Kingdom of France.

Foreign Policies, post 1804 The Middle East:

Foreign Policies, post 1804 The Middle East Napoleon’s foreign policy centered around protecting France and increasing its power. One way to do this was with allies. France had few allies in Europe, as most European monarchies were scared of Democracy. So, he sought alliances with the US and the Middle East. Between 1806-1807, Napoleon made alliances with the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the Shah of Persia.

Unexpected Results:

Unexpected Results Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808. This weakened Spain’s armies, and almost of Spain’s colonies used this chance to revolt and claim independence. Within a few years, most of South America was free, with a few exceptions like Cuba and the Philippines . This was great for England and America, who were now allowed to engage in free trade with these new countries, whereas before they had to deal with Spanish tariffs. Also, America was now the most powerful nation in the Western Hemisphere (New World). After Spain regained its power, it tried to take its colonies back. America didn’t want to lose its new trading partners, so in 1823, President James Monroe signed the Monroe Doctrine , which stated that America had the right to attack any European power that tried to interfere in the Western Hemisphere’s business. Thus, because of Napoleon (indirectly) the new world became free of European influence.

Foreign Policies, post-1804:

Foreign Policies, post-1804 By 1805, Europe was terrified of Napoleon. He seemed unstoppable in the field, and despite the problems of the Revolution, France was doing well. So, they decided to have the war of the Third Coalition. This was the greatest moment for Napoleon, as he won the famous Battle of Austerlitz in 1806 against Russia and Austria. This meant that the Holy Roman Empire was destroyed after 900 years of existence, and he gained a “buffer zone” between France and her eastern enemies by taking all German territory west of the Rhine. This could have made the Germans very angry, but Napoleon dealt with the German problem brilliantly. Rather than risk a bunch of German Kingdoms fighting to get their territory back, Napoleon allowed them to bribe him in order to be allowed to absorb the other small German states. The largest and richest of them (Prussia, Bavaria, Wuttenburg and Baden) became much bigger, while most of the smaller ones disappeared (for example, 45 of 51 free German cities were absorbed). This made Napoleon and France very rich (Napoleon’s foreign minister Talleyrand made $10m francs in bribes) and made the German leaders look greedy and unpatriotic – German historians call this period “ the shame of the princes.”

Foreign Policies - Family:

Foreign Policies - Family For the most part, Napoleon viewed his own family only insofar as they could help him. Because he trusted that they would not betray him, Napoleon often made his brothers the Kings of any territory he conquered, for example three of his brothers became Kings of Spain, Holland and Westphalia, while sisters became Queens of Naples and Tuscany. He had a bunch of nieces and nephews too, many of whom were named Napoleon. Napoleon wanted an heir to which to pass his Empire. His first wife was Josephine, who he married for love. However, when she did not have kids (and when by sneaking around he found out that this was her fault, no his) he divorced the woman he loved in a heartbreaking sobby love story type scene. After this, Napoleon basically started looking around for a well connected wife who could bear him children. He did not care who it was. After being turned down by princesses from Russia, Spain, and other places, he finally selected Marie-Louise as his wife, even though he did not like her and thought she was ugly. However she was well connected to the German , Austrian, Holy Roman, and even French Royal Families, and looked fertile. How well connected? Marie Antoinette was her great-aunt. Twice. About her, Napoleon said “I have married a womb.” At least it worked. Napoleon had 1 kid, Napoleon II, the King of Rome. He died at age 21 with no children.

Foreign Policies, post-1804:

Foreign Policies, post-1804 By 1803, all remaining free states in Europe had joined together in the 3 rd coalition to try to stop Napoleon. This included Prussia (Frederick William III), Russia (Alexander I), and Britain. Napoleon defeated and forced peace with all of them, and the only thing to save Britain from invasion was the British Admiral Horatio Nelson’s famous victory at Trafalgar. Napoleon confiscated much Prussian land and created the new Kingdom of Westphalia. This created the “peace of the continent” or a period where there was no one left to fight France. The only remaining enemy was Britain, and Napoleon had a plan for them…

The Continental System:

The Continental System The plan was simple. Napoleon would cut off Britain from all trade with Europe (thus the continental system). Britain would face lack of funds, debt, high unemployment, and eventfully revolution by its own poor and starving masses. The catch was that every single port must agree, or else British goods could get through, and vice versa. Napoleon forced all of his subject states to cease trade with England, as well as the states he had defeated, but did not control (Prussia and Russia). When the neutral states of Denmark and Portugal refused, they quickly ended up as part of his Empire. Finally, he managed to non-violently convince the Spanish leaders to accept his brother Joseph as King, and just like that, Napoleon was on charge of almost all of Europe.

Overextension, and the beginning of the end:

Overextension, and the beginning of the end Although the continental system worked, it would take awhile to destroy England, and in the meantime, things stared to grow wrong for Napoleon. Sick of French rule, the common people of Europe began to rise up and fight guerilla wars, often with British aid. In 1808, a French army in Spain was defeated, and in 1812, Napoleon tried and failed to invade Russia, losing most of his army in the process. The next year, weakened by this loss and faced with a huge number of enemies, Napoleon was defeated at the battle of Leipzig in 1813.

Exile to Elba:

Exile to Elba Napoleon continued to fight, but the coalition (number 6 now) had many soldiers, and France was running low, esp. after the Russian campaign. The allies, led by Prussia , captured Paris, and Napoleon was forced to surrender unconditionally, in order for them to leave the city. The question of what to do with Napoleon was raised. No one wanted to kill him (why?) but he was dangerous. In the end, he was sent to the small island of Elba, between Corsica and Italy. He was not allowed to leave, but was allowed to keep the title Emperor, and to have complete control over his little island. Heartbroken (Able was I ere I saw Elba) he attempted suicide, but later developed his nation’s agriculture and industry, and settled into a quiet life. His family was allowed to remain in Europe.

Quiz Time!:

Quiz Time!

Napoleon’s Foreign Policies:

Napoleon’s Foreign Policies 1 – In what country did Napoleon try to reinstate slavery, only to have his army defeated by the slaves? 2 – What is the sale of large amounts of French territory to the Americans known as? 3 – In what year did Napoleon become Emperor? 4 – What was the name of Napoleon’s first wife? 5 – After Spain lost control of South America, what doctrine did the USA create to deal with future problems in the western hemisphere? 6 – What famous British naval victory kept the French navy from being in a position to support an invasion of England? 7 – What is the name for Napoleon’s early form of economic warfare against England? 8 – To what island was Napoleon originally exiled? 9 – Between 1792 and Napoleon becoming Emperor, what was the country of France known as? 10 – Between Napoleon becoming Emperor, and 1814, what was France known as?

Answers:

Answers 1 – Haiti 2 – The Louisiana Purchase 3 – 1804 4 – Josephine 5 – The Monroe Doctrine 6 – Trafalgar 7 – The continental system 8 – Elba 9 – The First French Republic 10 – The First French Empire

Congress of Vienna:

Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was perhaps the most important idea to come from the Napoleonic Wars. When Napoleon was defeated, a power vacuum existed all across Europe where the French used to be in control. This power vacuum could have led to serious problems and fighting. To avoid this, each European state sent a representative to the city of Vienna to discuss what to do.

The Grandfather of the U.N.:

The Grandfather of the U.N. In 1815, the leaders in attendance decided to divide Europe into different states in the map room, rather than fight over them on the battlefield. In this way, Vienna set a precedence for the LoN and UN, in that it stressed peace and co-operation to settle problems. While peaceful, the leaders did not always believe that each group of people should have their own territory. For example, Switzerland was guaranteed neutrality by all the other countries, but Poland was divided up and given to Russia (poor Poland).

Who was in Vienna?:

Who was in Vienna? The Big Five powers of Europe took the lead – England, France, Austria, Russia and Prussia. As well, middle powers were present such as Spain, the Papal States, Denmark and Switzerland. Apart from these, all the minor states got to go too, as well as free cities, organizations, and churches. Even the German Publishers Guild went, to push for freedom of the press. In total, more than 200 representatives attended.

How successful was the Congress?:

How successful was the Congress? Very. There was no pan-European war between 1815 and 1914. Of the wars that did happen in that time, many were revolts or wars of independence. The rest featured only a few countries, such as the Crimean War or Franco-Prussian War (It was still believed that violence was acceptable, however, it was also felt negotiations should come first, and violence should be avoided if possible). Although the Congress was successful at stopping states from fighting each other, it could not keep the people from agitating for Enlightenment ideals, by 1848, many revolts hit Europe. The Congress provided for stability and is seen as a benchmark in the history of diplomacy, however, the people at the congress did not give any concessions to nationalists or liberals. It also set a precedence for people being passed from one Gov’t to another with no consultation. Many people today admire the Congress. Before the Paris 1918 peace talks (Treaty of Versailles) the British studied the congress to use as an example. Henry Kissinger wrote his thesis on the Congress.

What was decided?:

What was decided? The Congress decided upon several key ideas, in particular: That Spheres of Influence and the Balance of Power must be preserved. These were the two main themes of the Congress. That the “ The Concert of Europe ” be started, where leaders should meet every few years to address problems before they got out of hand. That the freedoms and advances of the France and American Revolutions and Enlightenment were less important than stability and peace (this would be a problem later). That politics should be based on practical themes rather than ideological ones – this is called realpolitik , although it was not called this at the time, and would not become popular for awhile. That the map of Europe should be completely redrawn. Almost every country had borders adjusted, sometimes quite a bit. All of this was achieved despite a very unsettling event…

The Hundred Days:

The Hundred Days Turns out that Elba wasn’t all that after all, so Napoleon escaped in March 1815, as the Congress was ongoing. The French saw this as the return of their hero, and felt that if they won a battle or two, the Congress would be forced to give France better terms. Thousands flocked to Napoleon’s new army, but because so many leaders were all in one place (Vienna) they easily agreed on what to do and how to do it, and their own army marched against him very quickly. The 100 days ended in the battle of Waterloo , where Napoleon was defeated. He eventually fled to Paris, where the new Gov’t felt he should not stay. He feared the Prussians would kill him, so he surrendered to a British warship, the Bellerophon. That ship kept him on board for 3 weeks in secret. The British then transferred him to another ship, which took him straight to St. Helena, a tiny island in the middle of nowhere from which he could not escape.

Napoleon’s Death:

Napoleon’s Death St. Helena was a tiny rock, 2,000 km from anywhere (and that where was South America and Africa). It was a British military station, and only their warships came and went, so there was no way out. Most British people at home and on St. Helena respected Napoleon – he was dangerous only because he was ambitious and capable. The Parliament liked him, he received newspapers from home, and several people wanted to rescue him so he could set up a new French Empire – either in Brazil or Texas. In 1821, Napoleon died, likely of stomach cancer. In 1840, the Gov’t of France received permission to retrieve his remains from St. Helena. They were moved to Les Invalides, a military hospital/museum where Napoleon was given a state funeral.

The Bourbon Restoration:

The Bourbon Restoration The House of Bourbon (Bourbon Family) ruled France from 1555 to 1792. Louis XVI (Louis Bourbon) was executed in 1792. His seven year old son automatically became King (Louis XVII), though he died in jail at age 10, never having ruled. His brother, also named Louis, fled France during the Revolution. As soon as Napoleon was defeated (the first time) and sent to Elba, the coalition nations decided to destroy the 1 st French Republic/Empire (1792-1814) and the danger it represented by putting a King back in France. This restored the Kingdom of France (1492-1792 & 1814-1830). The Kingdom of France from 1814-1830 is usually called the Bourbon Restoration . Brother Louis, now the XVIII, returned – though this time as a constitutional monarch .

The Bourbon Restoration:

The Bourbon Restoration The restored monarchy now adopted some steps to deal with the people. For example, a constitution ( The Charter of 1814) was drawn up giving the people equal rights before the law, a bicameral (Peers and Deputies) Parliament was created to act as the legislative branch, and the other European powers promised peace with France – something appealing for a people at war for 23 years. However, the restoration was necessarily reactionary in its genesis and radicalizing in it implementation.

The Bourbon Restoration:

The Bourbon Restoration Louis XVIII seemed to forget what had happened to his brother. Right away, he started to do things to snub Republic ideals, counting on the monarchies of other countries to support him. For example, he replaced the new French Flag (tricolor) with the old Bourbon flag, he made the anniversaries of the death of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette national holidays, and those people who had been given the lands of the nobles and church were pressured to give it back. The King was still head of state, commander in chief of the armed forces, and the entire executive branch. When he died in 1824, most French people felt the same way about the XVIII as the XVI. Despite these problems, the period of the restoration was more peaceful and predictable than the decades previous. The result was what always happens when the economy and political situation improves after years of turmoil – a baby boom.

Chucky 10:

Chucky 10 Louis XVIII’s baby momma aint give him no ‘ lil shorties , so when he went to hang with his hommies in the sky, his youngest brotha , Charlie, took over da ‘hood and poured one out for his dead bro. Respect. Charles was an ultra-royalist , word. He wanted to restore the throne to what is was back in the day, even more than his bro did, even if it would make the people be all like, “WTF Charlie? You smoking crack?” Charles’ son had been assassinated during the revolution, and this altered his outlook and personality considerably. He got mad repressin ’ skillz . Charles took several steps that hurt the people, like asking for more Dead Presidents for wheat, in order to benefit the wealthy (mostly former nobles) and making some religious crimes against the church punishable by getting capped – a far cry from Napoleon’s equality of religion. As this happened, the Chamber of Deputies in the new Parliament fought him, and supported the liberal press , which reported on all of his shortcomings. Drama. In response, Charles passed the redonkulous four ordinances in July, 1830, which were a series of laws designed to curtail the freedoms of the charter of 1814 . These included disbanding the Chamber of Deputies and censoring the press. This made the people get all up in his face ‘bout civil rights. By 1830, the people stuck it to the man, and in a surprise revolt, kicked Chuck out of power. Twist! The simple way to understand the Bourbon restoration, and why it failed, is to look at its name: It was a restoration of the status-quo, but it expected its leaders to act differently. Louis XVIII and Charles X both believed in absolute monarchies/the divine right of Kings – they were Bourbon Kings after all. They never really believed in constitutional monarchy , and this is why they did not support it, and eventually weakened the charter of 1814.

The July Monarchy:

The July Monarchy Of course, the people (who were only just tolerating a constitutional monarchy) would not stand for their rights being curtailed. They rose up against Charles X in 1830. This was the July Revolution, where Charles was forced by an angry mob to abdicate or be arrested (and possibly killed). He did so, and his son, Louis XIX became King for 20 minutes before he too abdicated. The Parliament then asked Louis-Phillip (a distant relative and member of the house of Orleans , not Bourbon) to take the throne. While the people wanted a Republic, they knew that the rest of Europe would not allow this just 15 years after Napoleon. So, they chose Louis-Phillip, as he actually did believe in certain inalienable rights, and was willing to support a constitutional monarchy. Thus, the concept of a middle road between democracy and absolutism is known as orleanism , after Louis-Phillip’s family name. Thus started the July Monarchy , which lasted from 1830-1848 under the rule of King Louis-Phillip, until (guess what) a revolution forced him out in 1848. In the meantime, The July monarchy invaded Algeria , and established it as a French colony, due to I) population pressure at home, II) a source of cheap wheat, and III) large amounts of debt owed to Algeria by France. It was cheaper to invade and conquer the country than to pay off the debt. This invasion was very harsh and brutal, and by 1848, 1/3 of the Algerian population was dead or had fled as refugees, all of their land was confiscated, and 50,000 French citizens had moved into Algeria.

History of France’s Government:

History of France’s Government Kingdom of France (1492-1792) -Bourbons 1 st French Republic (1792-1804) -Directory, Consulate 1 st French Empire (1804-1814) - Napoleon Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830) - Louis XVIII, Charles X July Monarchy (1830-1848) - Louis Phillipp Second Republic (1848-1852) – Napoleon III Second Empire (1852-1870) – Napoleon III Third Republic (1870-1940) - various Vichy France (1940-1944) - Nazis Provisional Government (1944-1946) – de Gaulle Fourth Republic (1946-1957) - various Fifth Republic (1957- ?) - various

Quiz Time!:

Quiz Time!

Quiz 3 – The Post Napoleonic World:

Quiz 3 – The Post Napoleonic World 1 – In what city did European leaders meet after Napoleon’s defeat to discuss peace in Europe? 2 – What is the term for the period when Napoleon escaped from Elba and tried to reclaim rulership of France? 3 – To what island was he sent after this? 4 – What were the two main themes at the Congress? 5 – What was the name of the battle where Napoleon met his final defeat? Or, solve for X in these ABBA lyrics… X - I was defeated, you won the war X - promise to love you for ever more X – couldn’t escape if I wanted to X- knowing my fate is to be with you X - finally facing my X 6 – After Napoleon’s defeat, the French Monarchy was restored. What was this called? 7&8 – Which two Kings ruled this new Monarchy? 9 – What new Monarchy replaced this one in 1830? 10 – Which King ruled this monarchy?

Answers:

Answers 1 – Vienna 2 – the Hundred Days 3 - St. Helena 4 – Balance of Power and Spheres of Influence 5 - Waterloo 6 – The Bourbon Restoration 7&8 – Louis XVIII (not 18) and Charles X (not 10) 9 – The July Monarchy 10 – King Louis-Phillip

Napoleon Questions:

Napoleon Questions In what ways, and to what extent, was the French Revolution responsible for the rise of Napoleon? Compare and contrast the policies of TWO of the following: Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe Analyze the successes and failures of the Congress of Vienna