logging in or signing up 11.Thinking aSGuest8702 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 319 Category: Product Traini.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: January 02, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript ThinkingCritically and Creatively : ThinkingCritically and Creatively Chapter 11 “The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character—that is the goal of true education.” Martin Luther King, Jr. : “The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character—that is the goal of true education.” Martin Luther King, Jr. Critical thinking is needed to solve the complex problems in the world today. : Critical thinking is needed to solve the complex problems in the world today. For example:“Now that I look back, I realize that a life predicated on being obedient and taking orders is a very comfortable life indeed. Living in such a way reduces to a minimum one’s own need to think.” : For example:“Now that I look back, I realize that a life predicated on being obedient and taking orders is a very comfortable life indeed. Living in such a way reduces to a minimum one’s own need to think.” --Adolph Eichman who played a central role in the killing of six million Jews Fallacies in Reasoning : Fallacies in Reasoning Patterns of incorrect reasoning Appeal to A Questionable Authority : Appeal to A Questionable Authority Example: Using sports figures to endorse products Jumping to Conclusions : Jumping to Conclusions A hasty generalization Example: One college student does not pay back a loan. The bank manager concludes that students are poor risks for loans. Making Generalizations : Making Generalizations Assume all members of the group are the same Example: All lawyers are greedy. Attacking the Person : Attacking the Person We attack the person rather than discussing the issue Example: Attacking the President to sidetrack the issues Appeal to Common Belief : Appeal to Common Belief Just because it is common belief does not make it true Example: At one time people believed that the world was flat Common Practice : Common Practice If everyone does it, it must be OK Example: It’s OK to cheat on your taxes. Everyone else does. Appeal to Tradition : Appeal to Tradition We’ve always done it that way Example: Some jobs are only for men and others only for women Two Wrongs : Two Wrongs It is OK to do something wrong because other people do it Example: Someone cuts you off on the freeway so you pull in front and cut them off Slippery Slope : Slippery Slope Dire consequences Example: If you fail this class, you are a failure for life Wishful Thinking : Wishful Thinking An extremely positive outcome is proposed to distract from logic Example: Get rich quick schemes Beware of Scams : Beware of Scams It’s too good to be true There is a rush to make a decision You have to pay money or give your credit card number High pressure, time limits Prizes and big promises The word “free” Critical Thinking Over the Internet : Critical Thinking Over the Internet Beware of appearances. What is the source? Why was the information posted? What is the date of the Web site? Can the information be verified elsewhere? Appeal to Fear or Scare Tactics : Appeal to Fear or Scare Tactics Emotions interfere with rational thinking Example: Political advertisements that describe dire consequences Appeal to Pity : Appeal to Pity Again, emotions replace logic Example: Sob story Appeal to Loyalty : Appeal to Loyalty Group behavior, right or wrong Example: Voting for the candidate who appears most popular Appeal to Prejudice : Appeal to Prejudice A stereotype in which all members of a group are judged to be the same Example: Racial prejudices Appeal to Vanity : Appeal to Vanity Making compliments Example: “Apple polishing” Post Hoc Reasoning or False Causes : Post Hoc Reasoning or False Causes Cause and effect are not related Example: Superstitions Straw Men or Women : Straw Men or Women Create an image of someone else, like a scarecrow, to discredit the person Example: Political speeches which paint the opponent in an unfavorable light Cult Behavior : Cult Behavior Beliefs for which hard evidence is lacking Example: Cults such as Heaven’s Gate The opposite of critical thinking Blindly following a charismatic leader Belonging to a group How to Become a Critical Thinker : How to Become a Critical Thinker Universal Standards to Assure Quality Thinking : Universal Standards to Assure Quality Thinking Clarity Accuracy Precision Relevance Depth Breadth Logic Fairness Alternative Views : Alternative Views Issue Person Topic Individual Point of View Based on: Experience Values Beliefs Culture Knowledge The Critical Thinking Process : The Critical Thinking Process State the problem in a clear way Identify the alternative views Watch for fallacies in reasoning Find at least 3 different answers Construct your own reasonable view Exercise: Critical Thinking : Exercise: Critical Thinking Tips for Critical Thinking : Tips for Critical Thinking Beware of your mind-set Be willing to say, “I don’t know.” Practice tolerance Understand different points of view Understand before criticizing Emotions get in the way of clear thinking Examine the source Questions for Critical Thinkers : Questions for Critical Thinkers Who said it? What makes the author think so? So what? Creative Thinking : Creative Thinking Creative thinking is part of the critical thinking process. Use it for: : Creative thinking is part of the critical thinking process. Use it for: Generating alternatives Thinking of possibilities Creative problem solving Creating new ideas Using more of your potential The Creative Individual : The Creative Individual Asks, “Why?” Is curious about the world Looks at many possibilities or alternatives (divergent thinking) The Three S’s of Creativity : The Three S’s of Creativity Sensitivity Synergy Serendipity S's Slide 37: Uses the senses to discover the world Asks, “Why does this happen?” “How can I do this?” Problem finders as well as problem solvers Sensitivity Slide 38: Two or more elements are associated in a new way and the result is greater than the sum of the parts Example: “Two heads are better than one.” Synergy Slide 39: Unexpected discoveries Lucky accidents Some examples . . . . Serendipity Serendiptiy : Serendiptiy Remember Alexander Fleming? Serendipity: Duke Ellington : Serendipity: Duke Ellington Creative Thinking Techniques : Creative Thinking Techniques Brainstorming : Brainstorming Quantity without regard to quality as a first step Time limit Goal or quota Wild and unusual is good Use synergy by doing it in a group Use fantasy and imagination Select the best ideas as a last step Brainstorming Exercise:The Peanut : Brainstorming Exercise:The Peanut Look at your peanut.How is this peanut like you? : Look at your peanut.How is this peanut like you? Can you come up with 10 answers in 3 minutes? : Can you come up with 10 answers in 3 minutes? Let’s hear your creative ideas. : Let’s hear your creative ideas. How is this peanut like you? : How is this peanut like you? It’s wrinkled, like me. It’s brown, like me. It cracks under pressure. What you see is not always what you get. Everyone is different. It just sits in class. How is this peanut like going to college?Let’s use some synergy and work together on this one. : How is this peanut like going to college?Let’s use some synergy and work together on this one. How many answers can we come up with in 5 minutes?You can steal other people’s ideas. : How many answers can we come up with in 5 minutes?You can steal other people’s ideas. How is this peanut like going to college? : How is this peanut like going to college? There are 2 nuts inside. One is the teacher and one is the student. We’re all nuts to a degree! College drives me nuts! It’s rough. We both went to class today. Elements of Creativity : Elements of Creativity Use the pressure of a time limit. Use a goal or quota. Be relaxed. Suspend judgment. Focus your attention. Have fun with it. Use a different perspective. More Techniques : More Techniques Relaxed Attention : Relaxed Attention The paradox of: Ho-hum Aha! Relax and then focus Relaxed Attention : Relaxed Attention Think about it Relax and let it incubate The creative inspiration is the aha! Use Relaxed Attention in Studying : Use Relaxed Attention in Studying If you get stuck on a problem, relax and come back to it later You are likely to come up with a creative inspiration while relaxing Come back to the problem and solve it Idea Files : Idea Files Ideas you find interesting Can you think of examples? Visualization and ImaginationUseful for: : Visualization and ImaginationUseful for: Memory Relaxation Creativity Exercise:Using Visualization and Imagination : Exercise:Using Visualization and Imagination Can you make the light go on? : Can you make the light go on? More Creativity Techniques : More Creativity Techniques Read Keep a journal Think critically Keys to Success:Learn to Laugh at Life : Keys to Success:Learn to Laugh at Life Have a laugh at life and look around for happiness instead of sadness. --Red Skelton : Have a laugh at life and look around for happiness instead of sadness. --Red Skelton The physical act of smiling makes you feel happier. : The physical act of smiling makes you feel happier. If you do not feel happy, smile and pretend to be happy. : If you do not feel happy, smile and pretend to be happy. Smiling produces seratonin which is a neurotransmitter linked with feelings of happiness So, smile and be happy. Use your creativity to make some positive changes in your life. : So, smile and be happy. Use your creativity to make some positive changes in your life. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
11.Thinking aSGuest8702 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 319 Category: Product Traini.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: January 02, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript ThinkingCritically and Creatively : ThinkingCritically and Creatively Chapter 11 “The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character—that is the goal of true education.” Martin Luther King, Jr. : “The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character—that is the goal of true education.” Martin Luther King, Jr. Critical thinking is needed to solve the complex problems in the world today. : Critical thinking is needed to solve the complex problems in the world today. For example:“Now that I look back, I realize that a life predicated on being obedient and taking orders is a very comfortable life indeed. Living in such a way reduces to a minimum one’s own need to think.” : For example:“Now that I look back, I realize that a life predicated on being obedient and taking orders is a very comfortable life indeed. Living in such a way reduces to a minimum one’s own need to think.” --Adolph Eichman who played a central role in the killing of six million Jews Fallacies in Reasoning : Fallacies in Reasoning Patterns of incorrect reasoning Appeal to A Questionable Authority : Appeal to A Questionable Authority Example: Using sports figures to endorse products Jumping to Conclusions : Jumping to Conclusions A hasty generalization Example: One college student does not pay back a loan. The bank manager concludes that students are poor risks for loans. Making Generalizations : Making Generalizations Assume all members of the group are the same Example: All lawyers are greedy. Attacking the Person : Attacking the Person We attack the person rather than discussing the issue Example: Attacking the President to sidetrack the issues Appeal to Common Belief : Appeal to Common Belief Just because it is common belief does not make it true Example: At one time people believed that the world was flat Common Practice : Common Practice If everyone does it, it must be OK Example: It’s OK to cheat on your taxes. Everyone else does. Appeal to Tradition : Appeal to Tradition We’ve always done it that way Example: Some jobs are only for men and others only for women Two Wrongs : Two Wrongs It is OK to do something wrong because other people do it Example: Someone cuts you off on the freeway so you pull in front and cut them off Slippery Slope : Slippery Slope Dire consequences Example: If you fail this class, you are a failure for life Wishful Thinking : Wishful Thinking An extremely positive outcome is proposed to distract from logic Example: Get rich quick schemes Beware of Scams : Beware of Scams It’s too good to be true There is a rush to make a decision You have to pay money or give your credit card number High pressure, time limits Prizes and big promises The word “free” Critical Thinking Over the Internet : Critical Thinking Over the Internet Beware of appearances. What is the source? Why was the information posted? What is the date of the Web site? Can the information be verified elsewhere? Appeal to Fear or Scare Tactics : Appeal to Fear or Scare Tactics Emotions interfere with rational thinking Example: Political advertisements that describe dire consequences Appeal to Pity : Appeal to Pity Again, emotions replace logic Example: Sob story Appeal to Loyalty : Appeal to Loyalty Group behavior, right or wrong Example: Voting for the candidate who appears most popular Appeal to Prejudice : Appeal to Prejudice A stereotype in which all members of a group are judged to be the same Example: Racial prejudices Appeal to Vanity : Appeal to Vanity Making compliments Example: “Apple polishing” Post Hoc Reasoning or False Causes : Post Hoc Reasoning or False Causes Cause and effect are not related Example: Superstitions Straw Men or Women : Straw Men or Women Create an image of someone else, like a scarecrow, to discredit the person Example: Political speeches which paint the opponent in an unfavorable light Cult Behavior : Cult Behavior Beliefs for which hard evidence is lacking Example: Cults such as Heaven’s Gate The opposite of critical thinking Blindly following a charismatic leader Belonging to a group How to Become a Critical Thinker : How to Become a Critical Thinker Universal Standards to Assure Quality Thinking : Universal Standards to Assure Quality Thinking Clarity Accuracy Precision Relevance Depth Breadth Logic Fairness Alternative Views : Alternative Views Issue Person Topic Individual Point of View Based on: Experience Values Beliefs Culture Knowledge The Critical Thinking Process : The Critical Thinking Process State the problem in a clear way Identify the alternative views Watch for fallacies in reasoning Find at least 3 different answers Construct your own reasonable view Exercise: Critical Thinking : Exercise: Critical Thinking Tips for Critical Thinking : Tips for Critical Thinking Beware of your mind-set Be willing to say, “I don’t know.” Practice tolerance Understand different points of view Understand before criticizing Emotions get in the way of clear thinking Examine the source Questions for Critical Thinkers : Questions for Critical Thinkers Who said it? What makes the author think so? So what? Creative Thinking : Creative Thinking Creative thinking is part of the critical thinking process. Use it for: : Creative thinking is part of the critical thinking process. Use it for: Generating alternatives Thinking of possibilities Creative problem solving Creating new ideas Using more of your potential The Creative Individual : The Creative Individual Asks, “Why?” Is curious about the world Looks at many possibilities or alternatives (divergent thinking) The Three S’s of Creativity : The Three S’s of Creativity Sensitivity Synergy Serendipity S's Slide 37: Uses the senses to discover the world Asks, “Why does this happen?” “How can I do this?” Problem finders as well as problem solvers Sensitivity Slide 38: Two or more elements are associated in a new way and the result is greater than the sum of the parts Example: “Two heads are better than one.” Synergy Slide 39: Unexpected discoveries Lucky accidents Some examples . . . . Serendipity Serendiptiy : Serendiptiy Remember Alexander Fleming? Serendipity: Duke Ellington : Serendipity: Duke Ellington Creative Thinking Techniques : Creative Thinking Techniques Brainstorming : Brainstorming Quantity without regard to quality as a first step Time limit Goal or quota Wild and unusual is good Use synergy by doing it in a group Use fantasy and imagination Select the best ideas as a last step Brainstorming Exercise:The Peanut : Brainstorming Exercise:The Peanut Look at your peanut.How is this peanut like you? : Look at your peanut.How is this peanut like you? Can you come up with 10 answers in 3 minutes? : Can you come up with 10 answers in 3 minutes? Let’s hear your creative ideas. : Let’s hear your creative ideas. How is this peanut like you? : How is this peanut like you? It’s wrinkled, like me. It’s brown, like me. It cracks under pressure. What you see is not always what you get. Everyone is different. It just sits in class. How is this peanut like going to college?Let’s use some synergy and work together on this one. : How is this peanut like going to college?Let’s use some synergy and work together on this one. How many answers can we come up with in 5 minutes?You can steal other people’s ideas. : How many answers can we come up with in 5 minutes?You can steal other people’s ideas. How is this peanut like going to college? : How is this peanut like going to college? There are 2 nuts inside. One is the teacher and one is the student. We’re all nuts to a degree! College drives me nuts! It’s rough. We both went to class today. Elements of Creativity : Elements of Creativity Use the pressure of a time limit. Use a goal or quota. Be relaxed. Suspend judgment. Focus your attention. Have fun with it. Use a different perspective. More Techniques : More Techniques Relaxed Attention : Relaxed Attention The paradox of: Ho-hum Aha! Relax and then focus Relaxed Attention : Relaxed Attention Think about it Relax and let it incubate The creative inspiration is the aha! Use Relaxed Attention in Studying : Use Relaxed Attention in Studying If you get stuck on a problem, relax and come back to it later You are likely to come up with a creative inspiration while relaxing Come back to the problem and solve it Idea Files : Idea Files Ideas you find interesting Can you think of examples? Visualization and ImaginationUseful for: : Visualization and ImaginationUseful for: Memory Relaxation Creativity Exercise:Using Visualization and Imagination : Exercise:Using Visualization and Imagination Can you make the light go on? : Can you make the light go on? More Creativity Techniques : More Creativity Techniques Read Keep a journal Think critically Keys to Success:Learn to Laugh at Life : Keys to Success:Learn to Laugh at Life Have a laugh at life and look around for happiness instead of sadness. --Red Skelton : Have a laugh at life and look around for happiness instead of sadness. --Red Skelton The physical act of smiling makes you feel happier. : The physical act of smiling makes you feel happier. If you do not feel happy, smile and pretend to be happy. : If you do not feel happy, smile and pretend to be happy. Smiling produces seratonin which is a neurotransmitter linked with feelings of happiness So, smile and be happy. Use your creativity to make some positive changes in your life. : So, smile and be happy. Use your creativity to make some positive changes in your life.