GENETIC ENGINEERING(related to agriculture and livestock)IMPROVEMENT O

GENETIC ENGINEERING(related to agriculture and livestock)IMPROVEMENT OF CROPS AND CROPS DISEASES:

GENETIC ENGINEERING(related to agriculture and livestock)IMPROVEMENT OF CROPS AND CROPS DISEASES Presented by: Hajira K ousar & Faiza Jameel

Definition of genetic engineering :

Definition of genetic engineering Laboratory manipulation of genetic material using molecular biology techniques to create desired characteristics in organisms. Genetic Engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. The term genetic engineering initially meant any of a wide range of techniques for the modification or manipulation of organisms.

Genetic Engineering of Livestock :

Genetic Engineering of Livestock Livestock could be genetically altered to give maximum output at minimum cost to farmers . Cows could be engineered for high milk production or high meat output, depending on their intended function. Sheep could be engineered for optimum wool growth. Hens could be altered to have large amounts of meat with a minimum of fat.

Effects of genetic engineering on livestock :

Effects of genetic engineering on livestock It has brought a great revolution. For example pigs have been used on a variety of levels that is the production of insulin for humans using pigs. The issues that revolve around bioengineering, agriculture, and livestock are very complex and sensitive because they have impacts on not only humans, but the environment as well.

Genetic engineering related to agriculture :

Genetic engineering related to agriculture Genetic engineering for plant improvement is a technology that involves the transfer of specific genes to crops by means other than pollination. Such genes can be isolated from any kind of organism, improved, and transferred to recipient organisms. Genetic engineering allows for quicker, more targeted development of new varieties with desired traits than traditional breeding techniques . Traits can be combined beyond species borders . This widens the choice of genes and delivers options for combinations of traits that are not possible with conventional breeding.

Role of genetic engineering in agriculture :

Role of genetic engineering in agriculture Reduced need for chemicals to control pests and diseases Enhanced nutritive value (more proteins or vitamins) resistance to adverse environmental conditions reduced natural allergen and toxin content Increased crop productivity Improved crop appearance and flavor Broadened crop utility (production of compounds for industrial purposes)

Effects of genetic engineering on agriculture :

Effects of genetic engineering on agriculture Corn has saved millions from starvation by implanting genes for pest and stress resistance in corn. Other vegetables and staples have been modified too; red rice is actually regular rice that has been infused with genes that allow it to produce beta carotene, so that people eating it do not suffer from malnutrition. Tomatoes have been modified to stay ripe much longer without the use of additional chemicals via genetics as well.

Improvement of crops and crop diseases :

Improvement of crops and crop diseases Genetic engineering promises rapid acceleration of plant breeding efforts for crop improvement Cause the production of improved plant varieties that are resistant to herbicides, viral diseases, and insect-pests. Such efforts are aimed at improving plant productivity by manipulating processes like photosynthesis.

Improvement of crops and crops’ diseases :

Improvement of crops and crops’ diseases Rice with Vitamin A Witch weed Control Virus Resistant Crops The Potato Famine Sentinel Crops Photosynthesis Herbicide Resistant Plants Nitrogen fixation Insect Pests-Resistant Plants

Rice with Vitamin A :

Rice with Vitamin A Deficiency of vitamin A leading to early blindness. two genetic engineers have transferred the genes for vitamin A from other species into rice, creating a strain of rice which is rich in vitamin A.

Witch weed Control :

Witch weed Control Striga (parasitic weed) attacks plants directly, underground, even before the weed has emerged above the soil surface.

Control of striga:

Control of striga A herbicide resistance trait can be transferred to a crop. Before planting the crop, they soak its seeds in a herbicide. The seeds are unharmed, but they become poisonous to the striga parasite. The seed germinates and sprouts without interference. By the time the crop is harvested, the herbicide has decomposed and disappeared

Virus Resistant Crops:

Virus Resistant Crops Plant viruses reduce the productivity of annual crops and can kill fruit trees.

Control of plant virus:

Control of plant virus Genetic engineering a plant to protect it from a particular kind of virus is quite easy. A gene from the virus which encodes a protein in the virus' outer coat is copied into the plant's DNA. The plant then makes the coat protein, which is harmless, but which stimulates the plant's natural defenses. Virus resistance traits have been introduced into many crops, including squashes, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco and, perhaps most dramatically papaya.

The Potato Famine :

The Potato Famine In 1840s Ireland, the potato crop was devastated by a late blight fungus ( Phytophthora infestans ) and Irish people suffered from starvation

Control of potato famine :

Control of potato famine Scientists were able to transfer a gene from alfalfa to a potato plant and the resulting potato plant is able to resist the fungus and thrive. A principal cause of potato rot is the bacterium Erwina carotovora , which has been called the flesh eating bacteria. Now a gene that confers resistance to E. carotovora has been coupled to a control gene that turns on when a plant has been wounded, and this construct has been transferred to experimental potatoes.

Sentinel Crops :

Sentinel Crops A recent innovation is a plant intended not for food but for quality control. It contains a gene derived from a luminescent jellyfish, but in all other ways it is identical to the food crop it is planted alongside. When these sentinel plants experience a lack of water, they literally glow in the dark. The farmer then knows that his crop must be watered or whether irrigation can be postponed.

Photosynthesis :

Photosynthesis The crop production depends ultimately on the process of photosynthesis. There is considerable interest not only in increasing the photosynthetic efficiency by genetic manipulation, but also in developing methods for elimination on reduction of photorespiration activity of an enzyme ribulose . This enzyme can use oxygen as a substrate and thus may result in photorespiration which is responsible for loss of as much as 50% of the fixed carbon.

Herbicide Resistant Plants :

Herbicide Resistant Plants To produce resistant plants, mutant genes resistant to the herbicide was isolated from Salmonella typhimurium and recombinant genes were constructed using Ri -plasmids. These recombinant genes were then introduced into tobacco cells, and plants were regenerated from the transformed cells. Such transformed tobacco plants were two-to threefold more resistant.

Nitrogen fixation:

Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixing genes can be transferred from one bacterium to another, but they have not been successfully incorporated into higher plants . In future Genetic engineering could lead to the development of the cereals that would fix nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Also , creation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria which can live in the roots of cereals would make fertilization of the field unnecessary.

Insect Pests-Resistant Plants:

Insect Pests-Resistant Plants Success in producing insect pest-resistant plants via genetic engineering has been another major achievement in the area of crop protection.

Advantages of genetic engineering:

Advantages of genetic engineering Genetic programs will be able to enhance animals for recreation and food . The medical industry with the aid of genetic engineering may be able to produce a hefty profit as it prevents and treats 4,000 diseases . Genetic engineering can dramatically improve desirable traits in livestock in a much shorter time than what is required by artificial selection. All of these products and ideas could spur a new industrial revolution that could help the world economically as a while through the transfer of these goods and services

  Disadvantages of genetic engineering :

Disadvantages of genetic engineering a reduction in genetic diversity it is wrong to view animals as production machines for food the possibilities of the propagation of disease (virally)

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