03 medieval test

PART TWO:

PART TWO Medieval and Renaissance Music almost 1000 years

Unit III The Middle Ages :

Unit III The Middle Ages “Nothing exists without music, for the universe itself is said to have been framed by a kind of harmony of sounds, and the heaven itself revolves under the tone of that harmony.” —Isidore of Seville

11. The Culture of the Middle Ages :

11. The Culture of the Middle Ages Spans nearly 1,000 years Early Christian church and state Most patronage (sponsorship) from the church Most surviving music is sacred Later Middle Ages: growth of cities, cathedrals, art, and literature 476 1450

12. Sacred Music in the Middle Ages :

12. Sacred Music in the Middle Ages Early Church Music Liturgy Gregorian chant (plainchant, plainsong) Monophonic Nonmetric Latin text Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”

Classes of Chant :

Classes of Chant Syllabic Neumatic Melismatic Psalm 94, “Venite, exsultemus domino” Syllabic: Melismatic: Melismatic: many notes per syllable Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”

Sacred Music in the Middle Ages :

Sacred Music in the Middle Ages Chant 3,000-plus surviving melodies Oral transmission Early notation = neumes Scale patterns = modes

Slide 7:

Ionian ( major ) Dorian Phrygian Mixolydian Lydian Aolean ( minor ) Modal (old system) vs. Tonal (major/minor system used later) Locrian Early Church Modes

Offices and the Mass:

Offices and the Mass Two types of prayer in the daily Offices and Mass Proper Ordinary Form of music Responsorial Antiphonal

Slide 9:

Introit Proper Kyrie Ordinary Gloria Ordinary Gradual Proper Alleluia Proper Credo Ordinary Offertory Proper Sanctus Ordinary Agnus Dei Ordinary Communion Proper Text changes with the church season: (Easter, Christmas, etc.) Text stays the same throughout the church year The Mass Proper Ordinary

The Mass:

The Mass Form of music Responsorial: alternating solo and chorus Antiphonal: alternating choruses Gregorian chant: Whitsunday… Gabrieli: “Hodie Christus…”(late Renaissance)

The Music of Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179) :

The Music of Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179) 10 th child of a noble couple who promised her to serve the church as a tithe 1150 founded convent in Germany Known for miracles and prophecies Visited by kings, popes, and priests seeking advice on religion and politics Three collections of visions and prophecies in manuscript Composed religious poetry with music

Characteristics of Hildegard’s poetry :

Characteristics of Hildegard’s poetry Brilliant imagery Visionary language

The Rise of Polyphony: The Notre Dame School :

The Rise of Polyphony: The Notre Dame School The single most important development in Western music: the rise of multi-voiced music Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris (c. 850–1150) Notated rhythm and pitch

Notre Dame School Organum:

Notre Dame School Organum Organum : adding a second voice to a Gregorian melody at the interval of a fourth or fifth Same text in all 3 lines Melismatic Original chant melody slowed down

The Early Medieval Motet :

The Early Medieval Motet Motet ; from the French word “mot” meaning word Often based on Gregorian chant; new texts were often secular Based on highly melismatic organum New text for second melody in organum Polytextual: in two languages

13. Secular Music in the Middle Ages :

13. Secular Music in the Middle Ages Medieval Minstrels Secular music in courts Aristocratic artists France: troubadours (south) and trouvères (north) Germany: Minnesingers Secular music in cities Poems idealized love and chivalry Secular songs sung monophonically, with improvised accompaniment

Raimbaut de Vaqueiras and the Troubadour Tradition:

Raimbaut de Vaqueiras and the Troubadour Tradition Southern French secular composer (c.1155-1207) Musician at court (northwest Italy) Knighted for bravery in battle Joined in the Fourth Crusade to the Holy Land Probably died in battle alongside his patron

Raimbaut de Vaqueiras: Kalenda maya:

Raimbaut de Vaqueiras: Kalenda maya Late-13 th -century estampie (troubadour dance song) Set to a strophic poem of courtly love Instrumental portion performed on rebec, pipe, guitar, nakers, hand drum Middle Eastern influence evident in the work improvisation instruments

Guillaume de Machaut and the French Ars Nova :

Guillaume de Machaut and the French Ars Nova Ars nova: new art (music) early in 14 th century Breakup of feudal society, poets turning to human subjects and nature Machaut: “Nesque on porroit …” Ars antiqua: old art (music) Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass…

Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300–1377) :

Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300–1377) French composer Premier composer of Ars nova , cleric and courtier Wrote Motets, polyphonic Mass Ordinary Chanson = French for secular song

Early Instrumental Music :

Early Instrumental Music Central role in music reserved for vocal music Instrumental music mostly improvised Soft ( bas ) or loud ( haut ) instruments Categorized by their use (indoor or outdoor) Praetorius: Terpsichore, “Volte” (bas) Praetorius: Terpsichore, “Courante” (haut)

Early Instrumental Music :

Early Instrumental Music Mandolin Lute Vielle

Early Instrumental Music :

Early Instrumental Music Dulcimer Psaltery

Medieval Organs :

Medieval Organs Large organs in churches Small organs that move (portative, positive)