Seminar Presentation of RFID

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A Seminar Report ON RFID Submitted by Reshma S. Magar Shital M. Talekar K .T .Patil College of Computer Science (B C S III rd), Osmanabad. Dr. BAMU, Aurangabad Under the guidance of Mr. Hannure sir

AN INTRODUCTION TORFIDRADIO FREQ. IDENTIFICATION : 

AN INTRODUCTION TORFIDRADIO FREQ. IDENTIFICATION

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3 Contents: - Introduction History of RFID _ Defination of RFID - Components of RFID Types of antenna -Current uses of RFID Radio frequency RFID frequency range Application of RFID -Role of RFID

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4 Introduction of RFID:- Radio frequency identification technology known as RFID , has been described as “tech’s official Next Big Thing”. RFID is not actually a new technology ,but it is being applied in anew way, suprred by technological advance & decreased costs. Once used during world war 2 to identify friendly aircraft, RFID is now being used in a variety of public & private sector setting from hospital to the highway.

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5 In pharmacy a druggist can fill a prescription from a bottle bearing an RFID chipped label confirming the authenticity of it’s content. On the high way , cars with RFID tags on their windshield can move a swiftly through high way tool booths , saving time & reducing traffic congestion. RFID is benefits for industry & consumers. RFID is used in supply chain management. RFID used in public sector like a workshop. RFID research is health care where RFID devices can be used to track equipment and people within a medical facility . The most significant concern expressed by consumers familiar with RFID related to privacy.

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Data base security is a critical aspect of any analysis of privacy concern associated with RFID use , because the tags themselves may contain only limited data , such as a number in the case of EPC chips (Electronic product code). Radio frequency identification is a method of storing data using wireless system comprising a tag also known as transponder. Data is stored on the tag & exchanged with the reader via radio transmission between two component. These transmission occurs in the HF & UHF range without move in to the microwave region is predicted.

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History of RFID:- It’s generally said that the history of RFID technology can be traced back to world war 2. The Germans, Japanese, Americans and British were all using radar which had been discovered in 1935 by scottish physicist sir Robert Alexander Watson- watt- to warm of approaching planes. While they were still miles away.

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RFID is a generic term for technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify people or objects. There are several methods of identification, but the most common is to store a serial number that identifies a person or object, and perhaps other information, on a microchip that is attached to an antenna—the chip and the antenna together are called an RFID transponder or an RFID tag. The antenna enables the chip to transmit the identification information to a reader. The reader converts the radio waves reflected back from the RFID tag into digital information that can then be passed on to computers that can make use of it.

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Defination : “RFID is a technology that uses electromagnetic waves to identify object, animal or people in an unique manner.”

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10 In RFID systems, an item is tagged with a tiny silicon chip and an antenna; the chip plus antenna (together called a “tag”) can then be scanned by mobile or stationary readers using radio waves . The chip can be encoded with a unique identifier, allowing tagged items to be individually identified by a reader.

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RFID provides a quick, flexible, and reliable electronic means to detect, identify, track, and hence manage a variety of items. In World War II, the British used it to make sure incoming planes were theirs, not Germany's. 11

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RFID Applications 12 . Primary Components of RFID Devices RFID devices have three primary elements: a chip, an antenna, and a reader. A fourth important part of any RFID system is the database where information about tagged objects is stored.

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13 The chip:--- usually made of silicon, contains information about the item to which it is attached. Chips used by retailers and manufacturers to identify consumer goods may contain an Electronic Product Code (“EPC”). The EPC is the RFID equivalent of the familiar universal product code (“UPC”), or bar code, currently imprinted on many products. Bar codes must be optically scanned, and contain only generic product information.

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14 The antenna attached to the chip is responsible for transmitting information from the chip to the reader, using radio waves. Generally, the bigger the antenna, the longer the read range. The chip and antenna combination is referred to as a transponder or, more commonly, as a tag. Participants at the workshop brought samples of tags currently in use. The antenna:-

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15 The reader:- The reader or scanning device, also has its own antenna, which it uses to communicate with the tag.14 Readers vary in size, weight, and power, and may be mobile or stationary.

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16 The main criteria for readers include the following: • Operating frequency (LF, HF, UHF): some companies are starting to develop multi frequency readers. • Protocol ability: support for different tag protocols (ISO, EPC, proprietary). • Networking to host capability: - TCP/IP. Wireless LAN (802.11). Ethernet LAN (10base T).

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• Different regional regulations (eq: UHF readers): UHF frequency agility 902 to 930 MHz in the United States and869 MHz in Europe. - Power regulations of 4W in the United States and 500 mW in some other countries. Manage frequency hopping in the United States and duty cycle requirements. • Management of multiple antennas: - Typically four antennas per reader. How antennas are polled or multiplexed.

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• Ability to network many readers together (via concentrators or via middleware). • Ability to upgrade the reader firmware in the field. •Interface to middleware products. •Digital I/O for external sensor and control circuits.

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Database: The database system stored information about RFID tagged object access to both a reader & it’s corresponding database are necessary before information stored on an RFID tag can be obtained and understood. In the database also device self information are stored.

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Types of antennas: - antennas can be divided in three groups: Half-wave antennas. 2. Full-wave antennas. 3. Series-loaded, short-loop antennas.

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21 The half-wave loop consists of a loop approximately one-half wavelength in circumference with a gap cut in the ring. It is very similar to a half-wave dipole that has been folded into a ring, and most of the information about the dipole applies to the half-wave loop. Because the ends are very close together, some capacitive loading exists, and resonance is obtained at a somewhat smaller circumference than expected. The feed point impedance is also somewhat lower than the usual dipole, but all of the usual feeding techniques can be applied to the half-wave loop. 1. Half-wave antennas:-

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22 The full-wave loop is approximately one wavelength in circumference. Resonance is obtained when the loop is slightly longer than one wavelength. The full-wave loop can be thought of as two end-connected dipoles. Like the half-wave loop, the shape of the full-wave loop is not critical, but efficiency is determined mainly by the enclosed area. The feed impedance is somewhat higher (approximately 120Ω) than the half-wave loop. 2. Full-wave antennas:-

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23 Loaded-loop antennas are commonly used in remote control and remote keyless entry (RKE) applications. The loop is placed in series with an inductor, which reduces the efficiency of the antenna but shortens the physical length. 3. Series-loaded, short-loop antennas:-

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24 Current Uses of RFID:- 1>cards that authenticate the pass-holder before permitting access.

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2>Workshop participants described a number of RFID applications that consumers may already be using. For example, some consumers are familiar with employee identification

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26 3>RFID is being used in a variety of transportation related.

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4>RFID increased the speed at which pallets could be loaded on trucks and it eliminated mistakes and cut costs 27

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28 5>Many automobile models already use RFID tags in keys to authenticate the user.

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29 6>The database, or other back-end logistics system, Stored information about RFID- tagged object. Access to both a reader and its corresponding database are Necessary before information stored on an RFID tag Can be obtained and understood.

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7> RFID is used in a variety of public and private sector. 8>RFID is also benefits for industry & consumer. 9>RFID is used in supply chain management. 10>RFID is used in pharmacy. 11>RFID devices can be used to track equipment & people within a medical facility. 12>It is also used the data base security to analysis of privacy concern.

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31 13>RFID is also used for border security, RFID chips implemented For the USA ,canda program. 14>Low frequency tags are used for animal identification & high frequency tags are used for tracking. 15>RFID is also used for automotion. 16>By using RFID to stop our manual work. 17>RFID provides quick, flexible and reliable electronic means to detect and manage the varity of item.

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32 Radio Frequency:- There are three different types 1.Low frequency (LF) 2. High frequency (HF) 3.Ultra High frequency (UHF)

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RFID Applications 33 Low frequency:- Low frequency operate at less than 135 kilohertz (KHz), it is appropriate for short-range uses, like animal identification and anti-theft systems, such as RFID-embedded automobile keys.

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34 High frequency:- High frequency operate at 13.56 megahertz (MHz) . Both low-frequency and high-frequency tags can be passive. Scanners can read multiple HF tags at once and at a faster rate than LF tags. A key use of HF tags is in contact less “smartcards,” such as mass transit cards or building-access badges. Fig: High frequency scanner

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RFID Applications 35 http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/archive/4/0 Ultra-High Frequency (UHF):- The Ultra-High Frequency (“UHF”), is contemplated for widespread use by some major retailers, who are working with their suppliers to apply UHF tags to cases and pallets of goods. These tags, which operate at around 900 MHz, can be read at longer distances, which outside the laboratory environment range between three and possibly fifteen feet. However, UHF tags are more sensitive to environmental factors like water.

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36 RFID Frequency range:-

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37 Frequency Range 125khz -134khz 1cm-1meter Identification of people & animals 13.56mhz 10cm-1meter Libraries, consumer product, pilot projects - 915mhz 3-6meter Supply chain airport luggage - Active tags, 2.45ghz 10meter-1km Toll gates, fleet management

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38 Application of RFID:- 1.RFID applications help in tracking goods in the supply chain and during the manufacturing process. 2.RFID application is one that allows controlled access to buildings and networks. 3.Low frequency RFID applications are ideal for scanning objects with high water content at close range.

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39 4.UHF tags are best for scanning boxes of goods. 5.RFID systems to improve efficiency in production as well as security features. 6.Intelligent software agents are used with RFID applications so as to automate routing decision making.

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40 Frequency plays an important role in the design of an RFID system .it can affect aspects of the system such as operating range and line of sight requirements. The major frequency bands in which most RFID systems operate, along with some of their respective characteristics and applications are summarized in the table below. Role of RFID:-

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42 ANY QUERY ?

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43 Thank You

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44 Contents:- - Feature of RFID RFID Tags How to use RFID Technology How to use RFID in small Business Problems & Solution of RFID Advantages of RFID Current uses of RFID Disadvantages of RFID RFID Today Conclusion Reference

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45 Features of RFID:- Home & Education. NSF payment system. Travels & Health care.

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46 RFID Journal's writers imagine how radio frequency identification will shape the household and school environments two decades in the future. 1) Home and Education: Contact less payments with RFID credit cards haven't taken off, but mobile phones with Near Field Communication technology are on the verge of breathing new life into "tap, pay and be on your way"—and promise to deliver more benefits than just speeding shoppers through checkouts. 2) NFC payment system:

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47 RFID is being used in a variety of transportation & also help sensure that the facilitating real time conformation of right Parent , drugs, dose, route & time. 3)Travels & Health care:-

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48 RFID TAGS:- There are three types of RFID tags. 1.Passive tag 2. Semi-passive tag 3.Active tag

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49 • Passive tags :- Passive tags have no onboard power source – meaning no battery – and do not initiate communication. A reader must first query a passive tag, sending electromagnetic waves that form a magnetic field when they “couple” with the antenna on the RFID tag.” Passive tags are already used for a wide array of applications, including building-access cards, mass transit tickets, and, increasingly, tracking consumer products through the supply chain .

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50 Semi passive, like passive tags, do not initiate communication with readers,but they do have batteries. This onboard power is used to operate the circuitry on the chip, storing information such as ambient temperature. Semi-passive tag scan be combined, for example, with sensors to create “smart dust” – tiny wireless sensors that can monitor environmental factors. Devices using smart dust, also known as “motes,” currently cost about $100 each, but, in a few years, reportedly could drop to less than $10 apiece. • Semi-passive tag:-

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51 Active tags can initiate communication and typically have onboard power. They can communicate the longest distances – 100 or more feet. Currently, active tags typically cost $20 or more.32 A familiar application of active tags is for automatic toll payment systems, • Active tags:-

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52 How to Use RFID Technology 1) You might not have heard of radio frequency identification, or RFID, but you probably encounter it every day.  And it could be a valuable tool for your business. 2) RFID is an automatic identification technology ― like a sprrued-up barcode. A barcode relies on a visual scan to transmit data, but RFID relies on radio waves and doesn't need a line-of-sight to read data. In place of a barcode, you have an RFID tag or "transponder," read by a hand-held reader, door-mounted reader, or some other configuration.

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53 How to Use RFID Technology for Small Business In addition to the requirements from bigger companies, some small businesses want to use RFID because the technology can help them solve business problems. "RFID makes companies of all sizes more efficient by helping them track their inventory and equipment," says Chuck Thompson, vice president of sales for Rush Tracking Systems, an RFID software and services firm. "These efficiencies most commonly come in the form of less labor and better accuracy. Many of our business cases are built by eliminating manual scanning, error proofing processes, and eliminating the non-value added labor associated with correcting errors such as expediting, searching, cycle counting, and reconciliation.

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54 Before you even consider types of RFID technology, identify the business challenges you are trying to solve and the business processes you could put in place if you had near perfect visibility to your inventory and assets. Common starting points are areas where there is a repetitive need for data entry done manually or with barcodes, Thompson says.

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55 Some of the challenges that RFID can help businesses address include the following, says Thompson: 1) Improved IT asset utilization by tracking servers, notebooks, or lab equipment. 2) Improved document management by tracking the location, status, and chain of custody of legal documents. 3) Rental and "check-out" situations, such as tools or at an equipment rental outlet. 4) Reducing inventory by providing an accurate picture of existing inventory and eliminating the need for over-ordering "backup inventory." 5) Improved inventory accuracy reduces the non value add labor required to cycle count to find and verify where certain items are. .

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56 RFID Problem and Solution:- Problems: 1)There is not one RFID standard Different tags Each tag has a specific memory geometry. Each tag has a specific command set. Solution: NO generic standard Hide the differences between tags in code. I code tag TAGLT tag ISO tag TAG

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57 Problem: 2) RFID uses a binary protocol Little or no abstraction between software & hardware. Solution: Creates objects that translate high level function to the binary protocol Protocol ISO protocol TAGLT protocol I code protocol

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58 Problem: 3) Two antennas interfere with each other. -The minimum gap between two antennas is 60 cm (passive tags, 13.65mhz) Solution: Interfacing antennas. - Smart stacking. Alternatively stack antennas left & right. Use metal foil.

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59 Problem: 4) Remember the attack surface. -Tags are the weakest link in your security. never store prices on the tags. Solution: -only use the serial number or the EPC code. - All sensitive information is stored in a database server.

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60 Advantages:- 1: Efficiency 2: Return on Investment (ROI) 3: Less Vulnerable to Damage 4: Security

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61 1: Efficiency RFID tags do not require line-of-sight to be deciphered They can be read through cardboard, plastic, wood and even the human body. RFID tags can easily track moving objects and send the required information back to the reader. This eliminates human errors, reduces labor and provides quick access to a wealth of information. 2: Return on Investment (ROI) RFID costs more to implement than a barcode system, but provides a good return on investment in the long run, since RFID is significantly more efficient. 3 Advantages:-

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62 3: Less Vulnerable to Damage RFID tags are less susceptible to damage. An RFID tag is securely placed within an object or embedded in plastic, enabling the system to be used in a variety of harsh environments, such as areas of high temperature or moisture, or with exposure to chemicals or the outdoors. 4: Security RFID technology gives rise to numerous security concerns. Since the system is not limited to line-of-sight, external (and malicious) high-intensity directional antennas could be used to scan sensitive tags. Fraud is always a possibility when the technology is used for high-security operations, such as payment verification.

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63 5.Contact less identification over a range of 1 cm - 1 meter. 6.Reads multiple product at the same time. 7.Reads through packaging materials . 8.Unique identification of individual product . Fig: AIDC s/w.

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64 1) Medical: tags are placed on prescription pill bottles for the visually impaired. A special reader provides audible information on the name, instructions and warnings of the prescription. Current application of RFID:- 2) Animal Identification: low frequency tags are implanted in animals, wild or domestic, which can be read to provide information such as gender, name, diseases etc. As well, these tags allow lost pets to be returned to their owners.

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65 3) Tracking: High frequency RFID tags are used to track library books, baggage, ID tags, warehouse inventory and even credit cards. American Express has a new service called Express Pay, featured on the American Express Blue credit card, which utilizes RFID technology. 4) Geology: RFID transceivers relay seismic information to specialized readers, greatly simplifying the collection of data.

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66 5) Automotive: Michelin has spearheaded a program to embed RFID tags in their tires. This will help track down problems should a recall have to be utilized.

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67 Disadvantages :- 1: Expense RFID systems are typically more expensive than alternatives such as barcode systems. While passive tag reading is similar to (and generally less expensive than) barcode reading, active tags are costly due to their complexity. Active tags consist of an antenna, radio transceiver and microchip, increasing the overall cost of an RFID system. 2: Collision Tag collision and reader collision are common problems with RFID. Tag collision occurs when numerous tags are present in a confined area. The RFID tag reader energizes multiple tags simultaneously, all of which reflect their signals back to the reader. This results in tag collision, and the RFID reader fails to differentiate between incoming data. RFID reader collision results when the coverage area managed by one RFID reader overlaps with the coverage area of another reader. This causes signal interference and multiple reads of the same tag.

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68 3.passive tags can not be read near metal or liquid. 4.passive tags are not always scanned correctly . 5.There is no generic standard yet. 6.The consumer is warried about privacy issue.

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69 RFID Today : The practical applications of RFID today are astounding. Any inventory could be instantly located in any warehouse, high risk security institutions are able to keep a constant eye on dangerous offenders, lost pets can be returned to their owners...the list goes on. RFID technology is continuously advancing, and the very near future will see science fiction become reality as Radio Frequency Identification makes its way into everyday functions.

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70 When a secure form of RFID is created for the consumer population and privacy issues are resolved, RFID tags will change the world. Organizations such as EPC Global are spearheading initiatives to standardize regulations and usage, and numerous reputable companies are spending billions of dollars and thousands of man-hours to perfect the technology.

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71 Conclusion RFID is a best technology used for any other application like a border security, medical &animal identification. It is also used for barcode system, tags & transfer information. RFID is a costly system that offers some great Advantages over barcodes. Even through the technology still has not matured , the approtunity for immediate and dramatic improvement in customer services & productivity out weigh the negatives.

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72 Improvement in tag life expectancy and durability have improved substantially in the past few year. In addition, the Workshop brought together RFID proponents, privacy experts, and other interested parties to discuss RFID various current and potential applications and their implications for consumer privacy.

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73 RFID HAND BOOK RFID

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74 ANY QUERY ?

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75 Thank You

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