satellite news gathering

Slide 2: 

Outlines Sat comms introduction DSNG and Studio overview RF & Microwave Antenna Polarization Uplink Encoding & Baseband signal Modulation & Error correction Power Amplification Downlink Practical Part and Line Up Cables Link Budget

Slide 3: 

Introduction

Slide 4: 

Introduction Satellite coverage spans great distances A satellite can directly connect points separated by 1000’s of miles A satellite can broadcast to 1000’s of homes/businesses/military installations simultaneously A satellite can be reached from ground facilities that move Satellites can connect to locations with no infrastructure Satellites adapt easily to changing requirements

Slide 5: 

1945 Arthur C. Clarke publishes an essay about „Extra Terrestrial Relays“ 1957 first satellite SPUTNIK 1960 first reflecting communication satellite ECHO 1963 first geostationary satellite SYNCOM 1965 first commercial geostationary satellite ,Early Bird“ (INTELSAT I): 240 duplex telephone channels or 1 TV channel, 1.5 years lifetime 1976 three MARISAT satellites for maritime communication 1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-A 1988 first satellite system for mobile phones and data communication INMARSAT-C 1993 first digital satellite telephone system 1998 global satellite systems for small mobile phones History of satellite communications

Slide 6: 

Satellite types/Orbits Satellite comms purposes Scientific research Weather Military purposes Location detection ( GPS ) TV & Data Broadcasting

Slide 7: 

A Geosynchronous satellite (GEO) completes one revolution around the world every 23 hrs and 56 minutes in order to maintain continuous positioning above the earth’s sub-satellite point on the equator. A medium earth orbit satellite (MEO) requires a constellation of 10 to 18 satellites in order to maintain constant coverage of the earth. A low earth orbit satellite (LEO) offers reduced signal loss since these satellites are 20 to 40 times closer to the earth in their orbits thus allowing for smaller user terminals/antennas. Satellite Orbits

Slide 8: 

Satellite Orbits

Slide 9: 

Characteristics of Geostationary (GEO) Orbit Systems User terminals do not have to track the satellite Only a few satellites can provide global coverage Maximum life-time (15 years or more) Above Van Allen Belt Radiation Often the lowest cost system and simplest in terms of tracking and high speed switching Challenges of Geostationary (GEO) Orbit Transmission latency or delay of 250 millisecond to complete up/down link Satellite antennas must be of larger aperture size to concentrate power and to create narrower beams for frequency reuse Poor look angle elevations at higher latitudes Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

Slide 10: 

Sat Speed = Earth speed a round itself Easy to point it Applications: - TV Broadcasting - Broadband Networks For Example: - Nile sat at (7.0 degree west) - Arabsat badr4 ( 26 east) Note

Satellite components : 

Satellite components Bus Power Subsystem Telemetry andCommand Subsystem Attitude and Control Subsystem Propulsion Subsystem Payload Communications Subsystem Transponders

Slide 13: 

The transponder is the “brains” of the satellite – provides the connection between the satellite’s receive and transmit antennas. Satellites can have 12 to 96 transponders plus spares, depending on the size of the satellite. A transponder bandwidth can frequently be 36 MHz, 54 MHz, or 72 MHz or it can be even wider. A transponders function is to Receive the signal, (Signal is one trillion times weaker then when transmitted) Filter out noise, Shift the frequency to a down link frequency (to avoid interference w/uplink) Amplify for retransmission to ground Transponders

Slide 14: 

Transponder frequency allocation

Slide 15: 

DSNG & Studio overview

Slide 16: 

What is DSNG Electronic News Gathering (ENG) & Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) Both used primarily for outside broadcasts (OB) of news & sports coverage Allows delivery of remotely gathered media, either to be broadcast live or recorded for later use Includes centre for remote communication to/from OB – A mini studio on wheels ENG/DSNG also encompasses all kinds of portable studio equipment from cameras to editing and archiving/storage – This presentation focuses mainly on communication back to TV centre

Slide 18: 

Studio & Control Room

Slide 19: 

Studio/ Control Room Indoor Uplink equipments

Slide 20: 

Studio Components Light system Isolation walls Video components Audio Components

Slide 21: 

Video & Audio Neck Microphone Talk Back Autocue PGM Monitor Studio Camera

Slide 22: 

Neck MIC Microphone ( Talk Back) Earpiece Autocue

Slide 23: 

Inside Control Room Video Mixer Audio Mixer

Slide 24: 

Video Player ( VTR ) It used to play and display recorded material . IRD ( integrated Receiver and Decoder) It used to receive live feed or recoded feed from satellite ( SNG ) . Camera Control Unit It used to control with studio camera remotely and out video signal ( SDI and Composite) to Mixer.

Slide 25: 

Play Back /Banar Server Use for play back songs, films Use for editing news bar, Urgent news, persons names, SMS Bar and channel logo Play Back Server Electronic writing ( جهاز البنرات)

Slide 26: 

RF & Microwave

Slide 27: 

SAT communications Frequency Bands IF-Band: Intermediate frequency use at baseband stage. L-Band: It’s used for interconnections between equipments range between (950 MHz- 2150 MHz).C-Band: It’s used for wireless satcomms , in the rain regions around of equator line range (4-6) GHz. X-Band: It’s used for military purposes and it’s range between Ku-Band: It’s common use in satcomms broadcasting and DTH services range (12-18) GHz, for TV broadcasting it used range(10.750-12.750) GHz for Downlink, and (13.750- 14.500) GHz. Ka-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz K-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz

Slide 28: 

Radiation pattern

Slide 29: 

Propagation

Slide 30: 

Waves A wave traveling through a medium in one direction. It has frequency, wavelength, and velocity. Traveling Wave Standing Wave When a traveling wave reflects back on itself, it creates traveling waves in both directions The wave and its reflection interfere according to the superposition principle The wave will appear to stand still This is called a standing wave

Slide 31: 

Attenuation Reduction of signal strength during transmission Attenuation is the opposite of amplification Normal when a signal is sent from one point to another If the signal attenuates too much, it becomes unintelligible, which is why most networks require repeaters at regular intervals. Attenuation is measured in decibels.

Slide 32: 

Is an electronic device that reduces the amplitude or power of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform. An attenuator

Slide 33: 

Decibel Is a logarithmic unit for the ratio of a physical quantity, usually power or intensity ( relative to a specified or implied reference level ) A ratio in decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities Being a ratio of two measurements of a physical quantity in the same units It is a dimensionless unit A decibel is one tenth of a bel, a seldom-used unit. dB

Slide 34: 

dB The decibel watt or dBW is a unit for the measurement of the strength of a signal expressed in decibels relative to one watt It is used because of its capability to express both very large and very small values of power in a short range of number 1 watt = 0 dBW, 10 watts = 10 dBW, 100 watts = 20 dBW and 1,000,000 W = 60 dBW. dBW dB dBW

Slide 35: 

dB dBm (dBm (sometimes dBmW is an abbreviation for the power ratio in decibels of the measured power referenced to one milliwatt.

Slide 37: 

What is Antenna? Antenna Types? Parabolic Antenna Dish Antenna Assembly ( single optics, Dual optics) Antenna Parameters Horn Antenna OMT Antenna polarization SNG Antenna types Antenna Subsystem

Antenna : 

Antenna An antenna is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves Antennas are used in systems such as Radio and television broadcasting Point-to-point radio communication Wireless LAN, cell phones, radar, and spacecraft communication. Antennas are most commonly employed in air or outer space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain frequencies for short distances.

Antenna types : 

Antenna types Dipole Cellular Parabolic Yagi (sectoring)

Parabolic Antenna ( Dish ) : 

Parabolic Antenna ( Dish ) A parabolic antenna is a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio, television and data communications, and also for radiolocation (radar), on the UHF and SHF parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The relatively short wavelength of electromagnetic radiation at these frequencies allows reasonably sized reflectors to exhibit the desired highly directional response for both receiving and transmitting

Antenna Assembly : 

Antenna Assembly Firstly, there are three sorts of antenna 1- Parabolic Antenna 2- offset Antenna 3- Cassegrain Antenna

Offset Antenna : 

Offset Antenna Main reflector Sub-reflector Single optic Dual optics Antenna Beam is more narrow for Dual optics than single, because elimination of spillover and blockage

Antenna Parameters : 

Antenna Parameters Focus The focus or focal point of the parabolic reflector is the point at which any incoming signals are concentrated. When radiating from this point the signals will be reflected By the reflecting surface and travel in a parallel beam and to provide the required gain and beam width.

Slide 44: 

Vertexthe innermost point at the centre of the parabolic reflector. ApertureThe aperture of a parabolic reflector is what may be termed its "opening" or the area which it covers. For a circular reflector, this is described by its diameter. It can be likened to the aperture of an optical lens.

Slide 45: 

Focal length   The distance from its focus to its vertex. One important element of a parabolic antenna is its focal length. To ensure that the antenna operates correctly. it is necessary to ensure that the radiating element is placed at the focal point.

Slide 46: 

Cont ,,,, To determine this it is necessary to know the focal length. Focal length     f   =   D 2/    16 c     Where    f: is the focal length    D: is the diameter of the reflector    c: is the depth of the reflector .

Slide 47: 

Antenna efficiency is the ratio of input power to the radiated power of the antenna. It is denoted by ‘’. The value of ‘’ lice between 0.55 to 0.73. Antenna efficiency

Antenna Gain : 

Antenna Gain The parabolic antenna gain can easily be calculated from a knowledge of 1- Diameter of the reflecting surface 2- Wavelength of the signal 3- The efficiency of the antenna. The parabolic reflector antenna gain is calculated as the gain over an isotropic source, i.e. relative to a source that radiates equally in all directions. The gain is quoted in this manner is denoted as dBi. The standard formula for the parabolic reflector antenna gain is: G   =   10 log 10 k (pi* D) 2/lamda^2

Slide 50: 

From this it can be seen that very large gains can be achieved if sufficiently large reflectors are used. However when the antenna has a very large gain, the beam width is also very small and the antenna requires very careful control over its position. In professional systems electrical servo systems are used to provide very precise positioning.

Horn Antenna : 

Horn Antenna Consider in low gain antennas as Dipole which operate in two directions uplink and downlink . Uplink: take RF signal from waveguide and radiates it towards antenna. Downlink: reflected RF signal is collect into horn and concentrate in LNB to receive it from receiver.

: 

OMT Orthogonal mode transducer

Slide 54: 

An orthomode transducer is a microwave duct component of the class of microwave circulators. Commonly referred as a polarization duplexer. Such device may be part of a VSAT antenna feed Orthomode transducers serve either to combine or to separate two microwave signal paths. One of the paths forms the uplink, which is transmitted over the same waveguide as the received signal path or downlink path. For VSAT modems the transmission and reception paths are at 90° to each other. This orthogonal shift between the two signal paths provides approximately an isolation of 40dB in the Ku band and Ka band radio frequency bands. OMT

What is Polarisation? : 

What is Polarisation? Polarisation is the property of electromagnetic waves that describes the direction of the transverse electric field. Since electromagnetic waves consist of an electric and a magnetic field vibrating at right angles to each other. it is necessary to adopt a convention to determine the polarisation of the signal. Conventionally, the magnetic field is ignored and the plane of the electric field is used.

Types of Polarisation : 

Types of Polarisation Linear Polarisation (horizontal or vertical): the two orthogonal components of the electric field are in phase; The direction of the line in the plane depends on the relative amplitudes of the two components. Circular Polarisation: The two components are exactly 90º out of phase and have exactly the same amplitude. Elliptical Polarisation: All other cases. Linear Polarisation Circular Polarisation Elliptical Polarisation

Slide 57: 

Interference Cross-pole interferenceThat mean the interference between two polarization in the same transponder, which cause of non-perfect isolation ( not orthogonal separation) between horizontal and vertical polarity.

Slide 58: 

DSNG Antenna subsystem types Drive Away Fly Away Portable DSNG ( light weight)

Slide 59: 

Which Antenna is Suitable ?? 1- High gain 50dBi2- be careful for coverage Area - On beam ( medium antenna size) Nile sat 60cm enough - Edge of beam ( large Antenna size) Eurobird2 8 west 180 at least3- single optic or Dual ….? Dual optics used to eliminate spillover and blockage

Slide 60: 

Uplink

Slide 61: 

mechanism Encoding Modulation Up Conversion Power Amplification Radiation By Antenna Audio & video Processing ( source coding) QPSK ( add information upon Carrier to travel in space) Convert frequency from ( IF/L-Band ( to Satellite frequency Amplify signal to transmit for large distances Reflect pattern to radiate it from earth to satellite

Slide 62: 

MPEG Video Encoding

Slide 63: 

Encoding Analog/Digital conversion ( digital sampling) Data Compression ( mpeg1,2,4 compression) Data Encryption ( not free to air FTA) What is MPEG ....??The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)is a working group of experts that was formed by the ISO to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission. It was established in 1988 and its first meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada. This process called MPEG compression and Bit rate Reduction

Slide 64: 

What Data will we Compress …?? Video Types CV SDI HD Format PAL NTSC SECAM Audio Mono Stereo

Slide 65: 

Composite Video Composite video is the format of an analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined with a sound signal. Composite video is often designated by the CVBS initialism, meaning "Composite Video, Blanking, and Sync." It is usually in standard formats such as NTSC, PAL, and SECAM. Three source signals called Y, U and V (together referred to as YUV) with sync pulses. Y represents the brightness or luminance of the picture and includes synchronizing pulses, so that by itself it could be displayed as a monochrome picture. U and V represent hue and saturation or chrominance; between them they carry the color information. They are first modulated on two orthogonal phases of a color carrier signal to form a signal called the chrominance.

Slide 66: 

Serial Digital Interface / Standard Definition SDI stands for Serial Digital Interface. It is a *format* for transmitting video over cable. The cable can be a coax, ethernet, whatever - SDI simply dictates how the video is coded over those wires.

Slide 67: 

High-definition video or HD video refers to any video system of higher resolution than standard-definition (SD) video, and most commonly involves display resolutions of 1,280×720 pixels (720p) or 1,920×1,080 pixels (1080i/1080p). High Definition Video

Slide 68: 

Formats 1- PALshort for Phase Alternating Line, is a color-encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. Other common analogue television systems 2- NTSC ( NTSC ) National Television System Committee : is the analog television system used in most of the Americas, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Burma, and some Pacific island nations and territories (see map). NTSC is also the name of the U.S. standardization body that adopted the NTSC broadcast standard. The first black-and-white NTSC standard for broadcast was developed in 1941 and had no provision for color transmissions.

Slide 69: 

PAL - The majority of countries using PAL have television standards with 625 lines and 25 frames, differences concern the audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths. - Standards B/G are used in most of Western Europe - Standard I in the UK, Ireland, Hong Kong and Macau- Standards D/K in most of Eastern Europe and Standard D in mainland China. B/G/D/K/I PAL - L PAL - M PAL - N

Slide 70: 

How Does Mpeg Encoder work ?

Slide 72: 

Removal of temporal redundancy: inter-frame compression Removal of spatial redundancy (DCT): intra-frame compression Quantisation of DCT coefficients Variable length coding (VLC) Bit-rate reduction includes:

Slide 73: 

Usually 24, 25, 30, or 60 Don’t need more because of limitations of the human eye Bit rate Information stored/transmitted per unit time Usually measured in Mbps (Megabits per second) Ranges from < 1 Mbps to > 40 Mbps Resolution FPS Number of pixels per frame Ranges from 160x120 to 1920x1080

Slide 74: 

I frame (intra-coded) Coded without reference to other frames P frame (predictive-coded) Coded with reference to a previous reference frame (either I or P) Size is usually about 1/3rd of an I frame B frame (bi-directional predictive-coded) Coded with reference to both previous and future reference frames (either I or P) Size is usually about 1/6th of an I frame Types of frames

Slide 75: 

GOP is a set of consecutive frames that can be decoded without any other reference frames Usually 12 or 15 frames Transmitted sequence is not the same as displayed sequence Random access to middle of stream – Start with I frame GOP (Group of Pictures)

Slide 76: 

CBR – Constant Bit Rate Streaming media uses this Easier to implement VBR – Variable Bit Rate DVD’s use this Usually requires 2-pass coding Allocate more bits for complex scenes This is worth it, because you assume that you encode once, decode many times Bit rate allocation

Slide 77: 

Evolution of MPEG MPEG 1 MPEG 2 MPEG 4 MPEG 7

Evolution of MPEG : 

Evolution of MPEG MPEG-1 Initial audio/video compression standard Used by VCD MP3 = MPEG-1 audio layer 3 Target of 1.5 Mb/s bit rate at 352x240 resolution Only supports progressive pictures

Evolution of MPEG : 

Evolution of MPEG MPEG-2 Current de facto standard, widely used in DVD and Digital TV Ubiquity in hardware implies that it will be here for a long time Transition to HDTV has taken over 10 years and is not finished yet Different profiles and levels allow for quality control

Evolution of MPEG : 

Evolution of MPEG MPEG-3 Originally developed for HDTV, but abandoned when MPEG-2 was determined to be sufficient MPEG-4 Includes support for AV “objects”, 3D content, low bitrate encoding, and DRM In practice, provides equal quality to MPEG-2 at a lower bitrate, but often fails to deliver outright better quality MPEG-4 Part 10 is H.264, which is used in HD-DVD and Blue-Ray

Profiles & Level : 

Profiles & Level In MPEG-2, support for various tools Not various hardware to process tools Profile = defines tool-set and the difference of syntax Level = defines complexity of tools such as the maximum size of image or bit rate

MPEG-2 Profiles : 

Simple profiles(SP) Doesn’t use B-frames, therefore no backward or interpolated prediction Consequently, no picture reordering is required Suitable for low-delay applications Main profiles(MP) Add support for B-pictures The most widely used profile SNR scalable profile Using the SNR scalability Spatially scalable profile Using the spatial scalability High profile Add support for coding a 4:2:2 video signal MPEG-2 Profiles

Slide 83: 

TANDBERG EN5990 HD Encoder for MPEG-4 AVC E5714 Voyager MPEG-2 SD DSNG

Slide 84: 

Audio Encoding

Slide 85: 

MPEG-1 – 3 layers of increasing quality, layer 3 being the most common (MP3) 16 bits Sampling rate - 32, 44.1, or 48 kHz Bit rate – 32 to 320 kbps De facto - 44.1 kHz sample rate, 192 kbps bitrate MPEG-2 – Supports > 2 channels, lower sampling frequencies, low bitrate improvement AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) More sample frequencies (8 kHz to 96 kHz) Higher coding efficiency and simpler filter bank 96 kbps AAC sounds better than 128 kbps MP3 Usually CBR, but can do VBR MPEG Audio

Slide 86: 

MPEG is primarily a compression standard. Although the output from an MPEG encoder can be carried as an MPEG stream in a noise free environment, it is not suitable for a noisy channel. DVB provides error correction, program information and conditional access signaling. DVB guarantees the delivery of an MPEG stream over Satellite (DVB-S), Terrestrial Radio Channel (DVB-T), Cable (DVB-C) or Local Microwave Distribution Service (DVB-MC). DVB-S takes the DVB Transport Stream, adds more forward error correction and modulates a carrier using QPSK Why does MPEG need DVB?

Slide 87: 

The DVB Transport stream consists of a series of packets 204 bytes long, 188 bytes carry information and the other 16 bytes carry an outer Reed-Solomon code. The packet is short and can survive a noisy channel subject to interference DVB Packet 188 Bytes 16 Bytes Information Reed Solomon Parity block

Slide 88: 

The DVB packet has a 4 byte header carrying : SYNC byte Packet Identifier (PID) as well as other data. The sequence of packets is known as a Transport Stream (TS). Header Payload 4 Bytes 184 Bytes

Slide 89: 

Modulation

Slide 90: 

Modulation cannot be AM because the satellite TWTA must operate at saturation to deliver maximum power. Modulation must therefore be some form of phase shift keying (PSK). Requirement for the smallest possible receiving antennas means that the modulation must be rugged, i.e. able to be demodulated at low C/N. Must be spectrally efficient (bits/Hz) to maximise transponder payload. Modulation

Slide 91: 

BPSK has largest inter-symbol distance. QPSK has half BPSK’s symbol rate, so half the bandwidth. Inter-symbol distance is down 3dB relative to BPSK, but so is received noise power! I Q 0 1 I Q 0,0 1,1 0,1 1,0 BPSK constellation QPSK constellation Modulation

Slide 92: 

FEC Forward error correction (FEC) is a method of obtaining error control in data transmission in which the source (transmitter) sends redundant data and the destination (receiver) recognizes only the portion of the data that contains no apparent errors. Because FEC does not require handshaking between the source and the destination, it can be used for broadcasting of data to many destinations simultaneously from a single source.

Slide 93: 

FEC 1/2 Add 1 bit to each 1 bit 2/3 Add 1 bit to each 2 bit 3/4 Add 1 bit to each 3 bit 5/6 Add 1 bit to each 5 bit 7/8 Add 1 bit to each 7 bit

Slide 94: 

Symbol rate It is described the rate of transmitted Data to satellite depend on modulation such as: - QPSK ( modulation order 2 bit/symbol) - if you send 1024 bit/s that mean you send 512 symbol/s Symbol Rate and Bandwidth BW= SR(1+Rolloff factor)

Slide 95: 

Up Conversion

Slide 96: 

Convert IF\L-Band frequency to Satellite frequency For this purpose we should use translation frequency which called Local oscillator or translation frequency Each manufacturer has different LO

Slide 97: 

Modulator setting to get correct output

Slide 98: 

UP Converter Types Older system used IF frequency as modulator output, in this case we must use External Up- Converter Modern System use L-Band Output that we use built in up- converter which called BUC ( Block up converter ) BUC

Slide 99: 

10 MHz Clock frequency It is necessary for up converter to generate stable signal 10 MHz status: On\Off You can set it from modulator setting

Slide 100: 

High Power Amplifier

Slide 101: 

High Power Amplifiers are used to amplify a signal before it is transmitted to the satellite. There are various mechanical means to amplify a signal before up linking it to the satellite. Which type of amplifier you chose depends on a number of factors. Linearity, efficiency, reliability and cost are major considerations in an uplink design. The three types of amplifiers are: 1. ( KPA) Klystron Power Amplifiers 2. ( TWTA) Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers 3. ( SSPA) Solid State Power Amplifiers Amplifiers

Slide 102: 

The Klystron tube is perhaps the oldest technology and the most widely used. Advantages High power output Easier to repair Cheaper dollar per watt operational cost Linear power consumption Longer life (up to 8 years) Disadvantages Bigger and heavier than TWTAs or SSPAs Small frequency range (40-80 MHz range) Klystron Power Amplifiers

Slide 103: 

TWTAs are built using foot-long vacuum tubes to do their amplifying. Power is applied to the tube generating temperatures in the plasma ranges. A radio frequency is then emitted into the tube and the radio wave is amplified as it passes through the tube's heated interior. Pre-distortion linearizers are often used with TWTAs to increase the amplification ability of the device. These devices have the advantage of being able to amplify a wide range of frequencies (about 500 MHz range) allowing them to handle an entire satellite from one antenna (dish). Travelling Wave Tube Amplifiers

Slide 104: 

Advantages Simultaneously amplify a wider range of frequencies. Smaller device Disadvantages Harder to repair More expensive to operate than KPAs or SSPAs Shorter Lifespan ( 4-6 years ) TWTA

Slide 105: 

TWTA Indoor Unit- Rack mounting Outdoor Unit

Slide 106: 

Solid State Power Amplifiers SSPAs perform signal amplification via solid state electronics rather than a vacuum or Klystron tube. Typically, the SSPA uses a frequency-combination method of amplifying the signal. The SSPA's use quartz based oscillator clocks and signal mixers combined in series to step up the power. Because these systems work in series, when any given oscillator/amplifier component fails, the signal weakens rather than failing completely as occurs with TWTA and KPA's.

Slide 107: 

SSPA Advantages Physically much smaller than KPAs and TWTAs Builds amplification in stages Device typically experiences only partial failures which allows the system to continue functioning, but at lower output power. Disadvantages Higher power consumption Failures introduce instabilities in the transmission. Non-linear power consumption over amplification range

Slide 108: 

Uplink System Chains

Slide 109: 

Chain Single Redundancy Single Encoder/Modulator Single HPA /BUC Single Wave Guide Single Antenna Encoder/Modulator ( 2 units ) Single HPA /BUC ( 2 units ) Single Wave Guide ( 2 units ) Single Antenna ) 1 unit )

Slide 110: 

Single Mode

Slide 111: 

Redundancy Waveguide switch

Slide 112: 

Waveguide switch It is used for switching uplink system from chain1 to chain2 to out RF signal to Antenna It consists of 4-ports 1st : HPA1 waveguide 2nd: HPA2 waveguide 3rd: Out RF signal passing waveguide to Antenna from ch1 or ch2 4th: Out RF signal from non-activated chain to Dummy Load

Slide 113: 

Dummy Load Connection of resistors as parallel Equivalent resistor should compatible to wave guide to be 50 ohm it is used to terminate RF signal from Non- activated HPA ( not on air)

Slide 114: 

DownLink

Slide 115: 

Satellite Beam Reflector Antenna LNB OMT Sat receiver Spectrum Analyzer Video Audio TV Monitor Coaxial ( L-Band ) Cable Downlink Satellite

Slide 116: 

Practical Part Antenna Alignment ( pointing) Encoder settings Modulator settings BUC & HPA settings On Air

Slide 117: 

Antenna Alignment ( pointing) Detect what is required satellite? Eastern satellite Western satellites frequency guide ( beacon signals) satellite signal receiver commercial receiver Spectrum analyzer

Slide 118: 

move antenna toward satellite to get center pointing Alignment Elevation Azimuth Polarization tilt Angle of polarizer respect to reference ( vertical Or Horizontal) toward satellite 1) + sign (clockwise move) 2) -sign ( counter clockwise- anticlockwise) Elevation refers to the angle between the dish pointing direction, directly towards the satellite, and the local horizontal plane. It is the up-down angle. Azimuth refers to the rotation of the whole antenna around a vertical axis. It is the side to side angle.

Slide 119: 

We can visit webpage: http://www.satsig.net/ssazelm.htm

Slide 120: 

Polarization adjustment Probe receiving antenna

Slide 121: 

Receiving link parameters Satellite : Eutelsat W6 at 21.5 degree east Steps 1 Channel frequency ( Arrai TV…. 11530 MHz) 2 Channel Polarization ( Vertical Pole) 3 Symbol Rate and FEC code ( 2857------- ¾) Visit Lyngsat website

Slide 122: 

LyngSat Website

Slide 124: 

Measurement Tools

Slide 125: 

Spectrum Analyzer Sat finder Compass

Slide 126: 

Line Up Uplink Test

Slide 127: 

Satellite DSNG Earth Station Satellite operating Center NOC ( Noorsat ) AOC ( Arabsat ) Pure Carrier signal - Test Call Operator

Slide 128: 

Cables

Slide 129: 

Video Cables RCA BNC

Slide 131: 

Audio Cables

Slide 132: 

RF Cables SMA Connector N-type Connector Types LMR-400 RG-58 RG-123

Slide 133: 

Link Budget

Slide 134: 

Please, Browse link budget folder in CD

Slide 135: 

Websites http://www.satcom.co.uk/ http://www.swe-dish.com/ http://www.tandberg.com/ http://www.xicomtech.com/ http://www.inmarsat.com/ http://www.satsig.net/ssazelm.htm http://www.lyngsat.com

Slide 136: 

Eng. Mohammed J. Salha Email: eng_msalha@hotmail.com