PARKINSON’S DISEASE 9

PARKINSON’S DISEASE :

PARKINSON’S DISEASE BY P.SWARNA REKHA PHARMA.D 2 nd YEAR ST.PETER’S INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES.

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CONTENTS 1) DEFINATION 2) SYMPTOMS 3) ETIOLOGY 4) TREATMENT 5) ADVERSE EFFECTS 6) CONCLUSION

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DEFINATION It is a progressive neurological disease which is characterized by a tremor at rest, slowing of voluntary movements, muscle weakness caused by degeneration of an area of the brain called the basal ganglia and by low production of neurotransmitter dopamine. Parkinson’s disease (PD) belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders which are the result of the loss of dopamine producing brain cells

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SYMPTOMS: There are four primary symptoms of PD . 1) Tremor 2) Rigidity of limbs and trunk 3) Bradykinesia 4) Postural instability OTHER SYMPTOMS: 1) Confusion 2) Memory loss 3) Hallucination 4) Depression 5) Fainting

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ETIOLOGY Cerebral atherosclerosis Viral encephalitis Side effects of several anti-psychotic drugs . i.e.,Phenothiazides Butyrophenones Reserpine

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TREATMENT At present there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease but some combination of drugs like Levodopa and Carbidopa are usually given to a patients. Carbidopa delays the conversion of levodopa into dopamine until it reaches the brain. Nerve cells can use levodopa to make dopamine and replenish the brains supply. Bradykynesia and rigidity respond best,while tremor may be reduced.

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Anticholinergics may help to control tremor and rigidity. Other drugs such as Bromocriptine Pramipexole Ropinirole Rasagiline An antiviral drug amantadine also appears to reduce the symptoms like mild tremors

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Diagnosis and Test The health care provider may be able to diagnose PD based on your symptoms and physical examination. However symptoms can be difficult to assess particularly in adults.The signs become more clear as the illness progresses. An examination may show Muscle atrophy Variation in heart rate Stiff movements Difficulty in starting or finishing the voluntary movements.

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ADVERSE EFFECTS OF LEVODOPA: 1) ON CVS: cardiac stimulation orthostatic hypotension 2) ON GI : abdominal pain nausea vomiting anorexia some effects are irreversible and dose dependent.

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CONCLUSION: Parkinson’s is a complex disease research has progressed a great deal in recent years. Restoring of lost function and even preventing the disease are now considered realistic goals.