INFECTIOUS DIseases

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Prepared by: Baraiya Kartik D. HDT-II Department Of Pharmaceutical Sciences Saurashtra university, Rajkot. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

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According to WHO: Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when to transmitted humans. Infectious Disease

Difference between infectious disease and others : 

Difference between infectious disease and others Other diseases Deals with one population Risk  case Identifies causes Infectious disease Two or more populations A case is a risk factor The cause often known

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Humans: Infectious agents: Helminths, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses. Vectors: Mosquito (protozoa-malaria), Blackfly (microfilaria-onchocerciasis) Animals: Dogs and sheep/goats – Echinococcus Mice and ticks – Borrelia infectious diseases

infectious disease : 

infectious disease A case is a risk factor … Infection in one person can be transmitted to others

Routes of transmission : 

Routes of transmission Direct Skin-skin Herpes type 1 Across placenta toxoplasmosis Through breast milk HIV Sneeze-cough Influenza Indirect Food-borne Salmonella Water-borne Hepatitis A Vector-borne Malaria Air-borne Chickenpox Exposure: A relevant contact – depends on the agent Skin, sexual intercourse, water contact, etc.

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Cases Index – the first case identified Primary – the case that brings the infection into a population Secondary – infected by a primary case Tertiary – infected by a secondary case Transmission

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Disease is the result of forces within a dynamic system consisting of: agent of infection host environment Epidemiologic Triad

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Agent Host Environment Age Sex Genotype Behaviour Nutritional status Health status Infectivity Pathogenicity Virulence Immunogenicity Antigenic stability Survival Weather Housing Geography Occupational setting Air quality Food Factors Influencing Disease Transmission

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Infectivity (ability to infect): (number infected / number susceptible) x 100 Pathogenicity (ability to cause disease): (number with clinical disease / number infected) x 100 Virulence (ability to cause death): (number of deaths / number with disease) x 100 All are dependent on host factors Epidemiologic Triad-Related Concepts

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Infectious diseases according to its dangerous effects: Tuberculosis Malaria AIDS and Neglected Dissesses

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Understanding infectious disease Infectious diseases are responsible for the million of deaths each year in developing countries. More than 9 millions new cases of and 0.5 million new cases of drug resistance TB occur each year. Each year, there are 1.3 to 3 million malaria deaths, up to 5 million of cases of malaria reported in Africa. World Health Organization, December 2006. An estimated 39.5 million people are living with HIV.

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Important increases in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where there are some indications that infection rates have risen by more than 50% since 2004. In 2006, 2.9 million people died of AIDS-related illnesses. Young people (under 25 years old) account for half of all new HIV infections worldwide – around 6,000 become infected with HIV every day. There were 4.3 million new infections in 2006. CONTI…

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AIDS

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St. John‘s wort: St. John’s wort is widely prescribed by European physicians for its effectiveness in treating mild to moderate depression. It has gained popularity among AIDS sufferers and indeed, St. John’s wort demonstrates anti-viral and immune supportive properties in some studies. Herbal Suplementation of AIDS:

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Olive oils: Olive trees are widely cultivated throughout Mediterranean countries for its universally popular fruit. But olive trees have more to offer that just the olive and its delicious, healthful oil. The olive leaf has been used as a traditional medicine in health conditions including malaria, infections, cardiovascular diseases, and for improving general well being. Olive leaf contains a key active ingredient called "oleuropein," that may have anti-viral properties.

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Larch arabinobalactan: Arabinogalactans are a class of complex sugars that may have immune benefits applicable in HIV and AIDS. Milk thistle: Historically, milk thistle was used as a tonic for the digestive system and the liver. Given the liver’s role as the body’s detoxifier and blood filter, maintaining liver health is important for people with HIV and AIDS. Milk thistle contains flavonoids known collectively as "silymarin," that protect the liver against toxins and free radicals.

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Reishi mushroom: Test tube research suggests that terpenes in reishi may act like natural protease inhibitors to proliferation of the HIV virus. Arabinoxylan: Arabinoxylane is a dietary fiber product shows great promise not only for general immune support, but also in diseases of the immune system such as cancer and HIV.

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MALARIA

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In vivo antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina. ABSTRACT: Extracts from the leaves and root bark of Vernonia amygdalina are assessed for antimalarial activity against drug-sensitive Plasmodium berghei in mice. A leaf and root-bark extracts of 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg or 125 mg/kg are used in a four-day suppression test and a Rane test of established infection. Leaf extract produced 67% suppression of parasitaemia in the four-day test, while root-bark extract produced 53.5% suppression. These results are significant when compared to a placebo

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Plants traditionally used against malaria: phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Momordica foetida. ABSTRACT: Leaves from Momordica foetida traditionally used to treat symptoms of malaria in parts of East Africa were studied for in vitro antimalarial activity. Using an [3H] hypoxanthine-incorporation assay the antiplasmodial activity of hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts against the chloroquine-sensitive strain poW and the multiresistant clone Dd2 of Plasmodium falciparum was determined. Phytochemical analysis led to the isolation of a number of phenolic glycosides, e.g. eriodictyol, kaempferol and 5,7-dihydroxychromone-7-O-b-D-glucopyranoside, not previously known from M. foetida.

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Antimalarial activity of Tanzanian medicinal plants. ABSTRACT: Tanzanian medicinal plants were extracted and tested for in vitro antimalarial activity, using the multidrug resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Of 49 plants investigated, extracts of three plants were found to have an IC50 between 5-10 micrograms/ml, extracts of 18 other plants showed an IC50 between 10 and 50 micrograms/ml, all others were less active. The three most active extracts were obtained from the tubers of Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae), the rootbark of Hoslundia opposita. (Labiatae), and the rootbark of Lantana camara .

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Marketed formulations

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Fluerin plus: Black piper 25% Kalmagh 15% Guduchi 15% Gund babul 10% Neem 10% Shyama tulsi 25% Immunopro: Agar agar 250mg Tinospora cardiofolia 150mg Withania somnifera 100mg

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Tuberculosis

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Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L. - Moench, aerial part and root): 1) Used in Herbal Medicine to help fight off infections, especially of the upper respiratory tract. 2) Shorten the duration of upper respiratory tract infections Wild rose (Rosa canina L., buds): Supportive therapy in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (e.g. common colds)

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Andrographis paniculata (Andrographis paniculata Burm. f., aerial part): Incease immunity. Black current (Ribes nigrum L., gems): Helps to relieve the symptoms

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Mutivitamins Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Vitamin E Selenium Zinc Beta Carotene L-Carnitine Coenzyme Q10 Omega-3, Omeba-6 N-Acetyle Cystene Lactobacillus acidophilus L-Glutamine Vitamin B1 Sterols Nutritional suplementation: used in neglected diseases

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INFECTIOUS DISEASES

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references Hoffmann 2003; Mills and Bone 2000. Goel et al. 2004; Schulten et al. 2001. Hoheisel et al. 1997; Bräunig et al. 1992 4. Goel et al. 2004; Schulten et al. 2001. 5. Brinkeborn et al. 1999; Hoheisel et al. 1997; Bräunig et al. 1992. 6. Goel et al. 2004; Schulten et al. 2001; Brinkeborn et al. 1999; Hoheisel et al. 1997; Bräunig et al. 1992.

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7. Weenen H, Nkunya MH, Bray DH, Mwasumbi LB, Kinabo LS, Kilimali VA. (2003) Antimalarial activity of Tanzanian medicinal plants. Thieme ejournal,54(2),34. 8. J.M. Mbaria, D.W. Gakuya, P.K. Gathumbi and S.G. Kiama. (2003). Antimalarial herbal remedies of Msambweni, Kenya. (2010). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128(2), 424-432 . 9. Abosi, Anthonia O, Raseroka, Benjamin H. (2003). In vivo antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina. British Journal of Biomedical Science.  60(2), pp. 89-91

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Thank you