The Adjective 2

The Adjective : 

The Adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun, usually by describing it or making its meaning more specific. e.g. good, young, easy, soft, loud, hard, wooden, flaxen.

Adjective (According to their way of nomination) : 

Adjective (According to their way of nomination) Qualitative Relative denote qualities of size, describe properties of shape, colour, etc. which a substance through an object may possess in relation to: various degrees. Qualitative a) Materials (wooden, leathern ); adjectives have degrees b) Place (Northern, Italian); of comparison. c) Time ( daily, weekly, yearly), e.g. great, cold, d) Some action (defensive) beautiful, etc. e) Relationship (fatherly, friendly).

Morphological composition : 

Morphological composition Simple adjectives such as kind, new, fresh, we cannot always tell whether a word is an adjective by looking at it in isolation, as the form does not always indicate its status. Derived adjectives are formed by the addition of derivational suffixes -able,-al,-ary,-ed,-en,-que,-fold,-ful,-ic,-id,-ish,-ive,-less,-like,-ly,-most,-ory,-ous,-some,-y. to free or bound stems. e.g. Happy – happily; care – careless etc. Compound adjectives consist of at least two stems. e.g. well-known, blue-eyed, man-made.

Morphological characteristics : 

Morphological characteristics Degrees of comparison 1. The positive degree is the most basic form of the adjective, positive because it does not relate to any superior or inferior qualities of other things in speech. e.g. tall, high, quick, strong, patient. 2. The comparative degree denotes a greater amount of a quality relative to something else. (+-er or more) e.g. taller, higher, quicker, stronger, more patient. 3. The superlative degree denotes the most, the largest, etc., by which it differs from other things. (+-est or most). e.g. the tallest, highest, quickest, strongest, most patient.

Slide 5: 

Several adjectives form their degrees of comparison by means of (suppletive forms) irregularly: Good/well - better – best; Bad – worse – worst; Little - less- least; Many - more- most; Far farther - farthest (with reference to distance) further - furthest (with reference to distance, in figurative use) Old older - oldest (with reference to age) elder - eldest (with reference to the sequence of brothers and sisters) Adjectival compounds can be inflected in two ways, either the first element is inflected (if it is an adjective or adverb), or comparison is with more and most, for example: well-known - better-known- best-known dull-witted - more dull-witted - most dull-witted kind-hearted - more kind-hearted - most kind-hearted

Adjectives which do not form degrees of comparison: : 

Adjectives which do not form degrees of comparison: 1. Limiting qualitative adjectives which single out or determine the type of things or persons, such as: e.g. previous, middle, left, childless, medical, dead, etc. 2. Relative adjectives (which are also limiting in their meaning) such as: woollen, wooden, flaxen, earthen, ashen. 3. Adjectives with comparative and superlative meaning (the so-called gradables) which are of Latin origin: e.g. former, inner, upper, junior, senior, prior, superior, etc. (originally with comparative meaning), and minimal, optimal, proximal, etc. (originally with superlative meaning). 4. Adjectives already denoting some gradation of quality, such as: darkish, greenish, etc.

Grammatical combinability : 

Grammatical combinability They may combine with nouns, which they may premodify or postmodify: a black dress, a chivalrous gentleman, the delegates present. Adjectives may be combined with other words in the sentence. They may be modified by adverbials of degree, like very, quite, that, rather, most, a lot, a sort of, a bit, enough, totally, perfectly, so... as: very long, a bit lazy, sort of naive, far enough, a little bit tired, a most beautiful picture, not so foolish as that, she is not that crazy. Predicative adjectives are combined with the link verbs to be, to seem, to appear, to look, to turn, or notional verbs in a double predicate: He looks tired. She does not seem so crazy as before. She is quite healthy.

Syntactic functions : 

Syntactic functions The most common are those of an attribute. It may be closely attached to their head-words (o good boy, the delegates present), or they may be loose (detached) (Clever and ambitious, he schemed as well as he could). part of a compound nominal or double predicate. (he was alone, the window was open ) objective or subjective predicatives in complex constructions: (We consider him reliable. I can drink coffee hot. The fruits were picked ripe. A certain type of exclamatory sentence is based on adjectives, often modified by other words: How good of you! How wonderful! Excellent! Just right!

Adjective order in the sentence : 

Adjective order in the sentence Characteristic  Size  Colour  Form  Age  Limited Nice, pleasant  small, large, little green, blueround  old, young  French, left For example: a large black and white hunting dog, a small pale green oval ball.

Task 1. Make adjectives from the words bellow : 

Task 1. Make adjectives from the words bellow Music Independence Patience Document Anger Wood Beauty Hand Craziness Glory Danger Picture Ease Care Familiarity Optimist Week Trouble Guilt Luck

Make forms of comparason : 

Make forms of comparason Full sweet Eastern old Neatly far Challenging kindly Strong wild Good quiet Unusual near Patiently large Quiet new Gently difficult

Put adjectives in a proper order. : 

Put adjectives in a proper order. My teacher old maths smelly. Black small box Turkish a old. City a(n) Spanish beautiful old. Arts nice teacher French our. Wooden dark a table long. Man a fat friendly young. Spoilt boy nasty a little.