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MATHS IN THE ARAB WORLD :MATHS IN THE ARAB WORLD
INTRODUCTION :INTRODUCTION Greeks ?? Europeans
Conquests: Damascus, Jerusalem,
Mesopotamia, Alexandria.
Arab territory: from India to
Spain (including North Africa
and South Italy)
Library of Alexandria House of Wisdom(“Beit al Hinka”)
Some translations :Some translations Euclid’s Elements
Ptolemy’s Almagest
Aristotle, Apollonius, Archimedes, Heron, Diophantus and Indian writers.
AL-KHWARIZMI :AL-KHWARIZMI Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Jwārizmī
Al-Khorezmi, al-Khwarizmi, Al-Khawarizmi,
Al-Khawaritzmi or al-Khowarizmi
Some notes about his biography :Some notes about his biography 780 DC - Kharizm (south of Aral Sea)
850 DC - Bagdad
820 DC – Caliph Al'Mamun (House of Wisdom)
Travels: Afghanistan, Turkey, Russia...
Main worksMaths, Astronomy, Astrology, Geography and History :Main worksMaths, Astronomy, Astrology, Geography and History A page from Algebra
Al-Khwarizmi: father of Algebra :Kitab al-jabr wa'l-muqabala – ‘algebra’
the most ancient book
method for solving linear and quadratic equations
Reduction of the equations to one of six standard forms (b,c >0) :
squares equal roots (ax2 = bx)
squares equal number (ax2 = c)
roots equal number (bx = c)
squares and roots equal number (ax2 + bx = c)
squares and number equal roots (ax2 + c = bx)
roots and number equal squares (bx + c = ax2) Al-Khwarizmi: father of Algebra
Slide 9:Solve the equation x2+6x=7 total area: x2+6x+9
x2+6x+9 = 7+9 = 16
(x+3) 2 = 42
x = 1
Slide 10:Algoritmi de numero Indorum
(Latin translation)
numerical system
India
zero
The Arabic numeral system :The Arabic numeral system Different number systems were used simultaneously in the Arabic world over a long period of time. There were three different types of arithmetic (11th century):
counting on the fingers with the numerals written entirely in words
the sexagesimal system with numerals denoted by letters of the Arabic alphabet
the arithmetic of the Indian numerals
Slide 12:al-Sizji (969)
al-Biruni (1082)
The biggest change was the fact that the 2 and the 3 have been rotated through 90º.
Slide 13:The scribes therefore, instead of writing from right to left (the standard way that Arabic was written) wrote in lines from top to bottom.
Slide 14:al-Banna al-Marrakushi (beginning of the 14th century)
Al-Haytham :Al-Haytham He was the first to attempt to classify all even perfect numbers as those of the form 2k-1(2k - 1) where 2k - 1 is prime.
He is also the first person that we know to state Wilson's theorem:
If p is prime then 1+(p-1)! is divisible by p.
Trigonometry :Trigonometry Al-Battani, Abu’l-Wafa, Ibn Yunus, Nasir al-Tusi
The Arabs start their study with the idea of the Greeks and the idea of Hindus.At the end, they prefer the idea of the Hindus.