Generic Model of the Cognitive System, Serial Version :Generic Model of the Cognitive System, Serial Version Sensory- Perceptual Buffer Short-term Memory (STM) Working Memory Long-term Memory (LTM)


Long-term Memory :Long-term Memory


Relating Kelly’s theory to Generic Cognitive Model :Relating Kelly’s theory to Generic Cognitive Model Sensory- Perceptual Buffer (What goes farther influenced by Constructs) Short-term Memory (“Chunks” influenced by constructs in LTM) Working Memory Long-term Memory (Includes Personal Constructs)


Where in LTM would Personal Constructs be? :Where in LTM would Personal Constructs be?


Which of these are personality characteristics in Mischel’s model? :Which of these are personality characteristics in Mischel’s model? Tall Intelligent Anxious Good at table tennis Shy Honest Religious Lazy Talkative Spends time reading Politically conservative


CAPS: Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality System :CAPS: Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality System Cognitive and behavioral construction competencies Encoding strategies and personal constructs Subjective stimulus values Self-regulatory systems and plans


Definitions of Personality :Definitions of Personality “A person’s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms behind those patterns.” “Personality is something and does something…It is what lies behind specific acts and within the individual” “Personality is that which permits prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.” “A self or a personality is at best a repertoire of behavior imparted by an organized set of contingencies.”


Three Concerns of Personality Theory :Three Concerns of Personality Theory How every human being is: Like all other human beings Like some other human beings Like no other human being


Albert Ellis Aaron Beck :Albert Ellis Aaron Beck Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) Cognitive Therapy (CT)


Usual Model of Emotional Disturbance (and emotions generally) :Usual Model of Emotional Disturbance (and emotions generally) Activating Event Emotional Consequence


Aaron Beck’s Model of Emotional Disturbance :Aaron Beck’s Model of Emotional Disturbance Activating Event Automatic Thought Emotional Consequence


Beck’s Model :Beck’s Model My therapist yawns I bore Everybody! Sad


Beck’s Model: Different Interpretation, Different Feeling! :Beck’s Model: Different Interpretation, Different Feeling! My therapist yawns she doesn’t sleep well Slight sympathy for therapist


Beck’s Model :Beck’s Model Turned down for date I’m a freak I’ll die single Despondent


Beck’s Model :Beck’s Model Turned down for date that’s the dating world for you Slightly disappointed


Some classes of automatic thoughts: Cognitive Distortions :Some classes of automatic thoughts: Cognitive Distortions All-or-nothing thinking Overgeneralization Should statements Labeling Fortune telling Mind reading


Identify the distortions :Identify the distortions Michelle is upset that Richard is late. Her thoughts are: “What a jerk! He’s never on time. If he cared about me, he wouldn’t be so late. He should be home by now.”


Identify the distortions 2 :Identify the distortions 2 Aaron, a successful lawyer, is racked with anxiety going to his office. He thinks: “I’ll never catch up on my work. With so much to do I’m sure to make a mistake. If I lose this case, my client will be really angry, and I won’t get any more business.”


Identify the distortions 3 :Identify the distortions 3 Joanne, an options trader, made only $4,000 this month, when she averages and expects to make $12,000 per month: “ I’ve lost my touch and accomplished nothing this month. If my partner finds out I’ll get fired. I’m a failure.”


Identify the distortions 4 :Identify the distortions 4 Jennifer, a depressed student trying to study for finals, thinks: “What’s the use in trying to study? My mind will just wander like yesterday. I can’t remember anything I read. I can’t possibly read 200 pages this week, so what’s the point?”


Mood Log :Mood Log


Slide 22:Activating Event Emotional Consequence Automatic Thought Core Belief (Aaron Beck)


Slide 23:Difficulty Understanding Math Text Feeling Miserable I’ll never get this! I’m Incompetent ( Core Belief ) ( Activating Event ) ( Automatic Thought ) ( Emotional Consequence ) (Aaron Beck)


Helpless Core Beliefs :Helpless Core Beliefs I am powerless I am weak I am trapped I am inadequate I am incompetent I am a failure (Aaron Beck)


Unlovable Core Beliefs :Unlovable Core Beliefs I am unwanted I am bad I am undesirable I am unworthy I am different I’ll be abandoned (Aaron Beck)


Cristin: What is her core belief? :Cristin: What is her core belief? Situation 1: Talking to other students about advanced courses Automatic Thought: “They’re all smarter than me.” Situation 2: Thinking about required research paper for a course Automatic Thought: “I won’t be able to do it.” Situation 3: Reflecting on the difficulty of a math text Automatic Thought: “I’ll flunk this course.”


Rob: What is his core belief? :Rob: What is his core belief? Situation 1: Thinking of suggesting group trip to the waterfront Automatic Thought: “No one ever likes my ideas.” Situation 2: With friends who are ordering another pitcher of beer Automatic Thought: “They’ll all be annoyed if I say I don’t want another beer.” Situation 3: Declining invitation to dance Automatic Thought: “Everyone here can dance. I’m such a dork.”


Some concepts from the book that may relate :Some concepts from the book that may relate Priming: The activation of a concept or idea by repeatedly perceiving it or thinking about it. chronic accessibility: The tendency of an idea of concept to come easily to mind for a particular individual.


Some concepts from the book that may relate :Some concepts from the book that may relate Efficacy expectation: In Bandura’s social learning theory, one’s belief that one can perform a given goal-directed behavior. Expectancy: In Rotter’s social learning theory, an individual’s subjective probability for how likely a behavior is to attain its goal


Slide 30:Self Schema: The cognitive structure that is hypothesized to contain a person’s knowledge about himself or herself


Carol Dweck :Carol Dweck Judgment goals vs. Development goals Entity theories vs. incremental theories Mastery oriented behavior vs. helpless behavior


Young Albert Ellis :Young Albert Ellis Thinking of Approaching A Woman Scared S_ _ tless


Young Albert Ellis :Young Albert Ellis Thinking of Approaching A Woman I’ll be Rejected and It will be AWFUL Scared Witless


Young Albert Ellis :Young Albert Ellis Thinking of Approaching A Woman I have to be loved But I won’t be, ever I’ll be rejected It will be AWFUL I won’t be able to stand it Scared, Depressed


Slightly Older Albert Ellis :Slightly Older Albert Ellis Thinking of Approaching A Woman I might be rejected, and it would be inconvenient Not very nervous


ABC Model of Emotional Disturbance (Albert Ellis) :ABC Model of Emotional Disturbance (Albert Ellis) Activating Event Belief Emotional Consequence A B C


Slide 37:Difficulty Understanding Math Text Feeling Miserable I’ll never get this! A B C (Albert Ellis)


Slide 38:Difficulty Understanding Math Text I’ll get this eventually and feel proud Excited (Albert Ellis)


Some Major Irrational Beliefs (Ellis) :Some Major Irrational Beliefs (Ellis) I have a dire need for love It is terrible, horrible, and awful when things are not as they “should” be (also called musturbation) When things don’t go my way, I can’t stand it I must be perfectly adequate and competent at everything (or at least one thing!)


Low Frustration Tolerance :Low Frustration Tolerance Rational belief: “I don’t like existing conditions.” Irrational belief: “Existing conditions must change to give me what I like, otherwise I can’t stand it and I can’t be happy at all!” Rational belief: “I would like immediate gratification.” Irrational belief: “I must have immediate gratification, or else my life is awful!” Rational Belief: “I find frustrations and hassles inconvenient.” Irrational Belief: “I can’t stand hassles!”


RET or REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) :RET or REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) Mental exercises Behavioral shame attacking exercises Buying condoms loudly Leading the trolley car in singing (and singing badly!) Telling people you just got out of a mental hospital


Be Frank’s cognitive-behavioral therapist :Be Frank’s cognitive-behavioral therapist Frank has a neurological condition that makes his hands shake noticeably. He thinks this makes him look like a nervous fool, and dreads those moments when he is forced to take his hands out of his pockets in public. He assumes people will think less of him when they see his shaky hands. What behavioral exercise would you recommend for Frank?


Help Depressed Dan :Help Depressed Dan Dan is depressed. He sits at home, feeling miserable, with the shades drawn. He believes that if he accepts a social invitation, goes to a movie, or just goes for a walk, he won’t enjoy it as much as he used to, or maybe not at all. What cognitive distortions might Dan be using? What behavioral assignment might be helpful for Dan?


Behavioral Exercises :Behavioral Exercises These exercises used by many cognitive therapists The behavioral exercise provides evidence that the irrational belief is not true Could also be interpreted in behavioral terms as extinction.


More rational and irrational beliefs :More rational and irrational beliefs Rational Belief (RB): “I am inadequate at this particular task or problem.” Irrational Belief (IB): “I must not be inadequate at it.” IB: “Because I am inadequate at it, I am an inferior person.”


CT vs. RET :CT vs. RET Almost identical in their basic structure RET emphasizes irrational shoulds and musts; CT also emphasizes unwarranted predictions Much more research into CT as a therapeutic method


Cognitive Therapy Research Questions :Cognitive Therapy Research Questions What mechanisms make CT work? What are the key ingredients? Does CT create “deep change”, or merely teach “compensatory strategies”? Does CT prevent the onset of future episodes of depression (or anxiety, substance abuse, etc.)?


Demandingness Song :Demandingness Song Demandingness will land you less Than what you really want And whininess increases stress And just leaves you haggard and gaunt Too scream and cry will not supply A satisfying jaunt Demandingness will land you less Than what you want


I Wish I Were Not Crazy :I Wish I Were Not Crazy Oh I wish I were really put together Smooth and fine as patent leather, Oh how great to be made into this lovely state But I’m afraid that I was fated To be rather aver-rated Oh how sad, to be mad, as my mom, and my dad


I Wish I Were Not Crazy :I Wish I Were Not Crazy Oh I wish I were not crazy, hooray, hooray I wish my mind were less inclined To be the kind that’s hazy I could, of course Decide to be less crazy But I, alas Am just to goddamned lazy


Life Must Be Easy! :Life Must Be Easy! Life must be easy Or I quickly cop out When its rough or sleazy I become a drop out When things are hard I swiftly give my all To pills or dope or alcohol


Life Must Be Easy! :Life Must Be Easy! Life must be easy People must be caring For if they don’t please me I am most despairing I cannot stand The slightest bit of strife So I demand the easy life


The Procrastination Song :The Procrastination Song Oh how I hate to get up and get going Oh how I love to procrastinate For the hardest thing I know Is to hear the whistle blow “You gotta get on, You gotta get on” “You gotta get on and stop slowing”


The Procrastination Song :The Procrastination Song Some day I promise that I will get going Some day but never of course today I think I’ll still procrastinate And always get my ass in late And piss the rest of my life away


Whine, Whine, Whine! :Whine, Whine, Whine! I cannot have all of my wishes filled Whine, whine whine I cannot have not every frustration stilled Whine whine whine Life that really owes me the things that I miss Fate has to grant me eternal bliss And if I must settle for less than this WHINE, WHINE, WHINE!


Love Me, Love Me :Love Me, Love Me Love me, love me, only me Or I will die without you Make your love a guarantee So I can never doubt you Love me, love me totally And I shall get by dear But if I must rely on me I’ll hate you till I die dear


Love Me, Love Me :Love Me, Love Me Love me, love me, all the time Thoroughly and wholly Life turns into slush and slime ’less you love me solely Love me with great tenderness And no “if” or “buts” dear For if you love me somewhat less I’ll hate your goddamn guts dear