logging in or signing up Developing the Problem aSGuest6936 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1022 Category: Others/ Misc License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: December 17, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: agnespesimo (17 month(s) ago) This presentation is very comprehensive. Can I request for a copy? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript The Scientific Method : The Scientific Method Develop the problem Develop a theoretical solution to the problem Formulate the hypothesis or question Formulate the research plan (methods) Collect and analyze the data Interpret the results and form conclusions Refine the theory Identification of the Research Problem : Identification of the Research Problem Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Identify a general problem area Revise & narrow the problem statement Identify a general problem area : Identify a general problem area Criteria to use: Interest Theoretical value Practical value Workability Critical mass Identify a general problem area : Identify a general problem area Why do people drop out of recreation programs? How do you make this applied research vs. basic research vs. action research? Identify a general problem area : Identify a general problem area Review the literature Get broad overview using secondary sources Write a general problem statement Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem Topic: Attrition in Recreation Programs Statement of the Problem: The problem was to determine why participants in recreation programs drop out. Writing Problem Statements : Writing Problem Statements Tells what will be (or was) done Identifies variables & relationships to be studied Revise & narrow the problem statement : Revise & narrow the problem statement Review primary sources in the literature Identify primary sources Read & record the literature Focus should be on identifying questions that need to be answered (theoretically & practically) Revise & narrow the problem statement : Revise & narrow the problem statement Review primary sources in the literature Make a list of research questions Provide a rationale for the problem Identify variables to be studied Rewrite the problem statement Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem Results of Previous Studies Questions to be Answered: What is the extent of the attrition? What is the nature of the attrition? What are the causes of the attrition? What is the relationship of the cause of attrition to each type of attrition? Are there any factors that explain the causes of attrition? Statement of the Problem : Statement of the Problem The problem was to determine the extent to which participants in recreation programs drop out, the reasons for their dropping out, and the relationship of various facts to loss of enrollment. The Scientific Method : The Scientific Method Develop the problem Develop a theoretical solution to the problem Formulate the hypothesis or question Formulate the research plan (methods) Collect and analyze the data Interpret the results and form conclusions Refine the theory Development of the Research Question or Hypothesis : Development of the Research Question or Hypothesis Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Slide 17: Identify independent (cause, what is manipulated) and dependent (effect, what is measured) variables to be measured Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem What is the extent of the attrition? In each season? In different programs? Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem What is the nature of the attrition? Males and females? People of different ages? People of different geographic regions? People with different backgrounds in recreation? Combinations of the above? Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem What are the causes of attrition? Economic reasons? Personality differences? Personal (other than economic) reasons? Other? Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Variables : Variables Any characteristic or phenomenon that can vary (or change) across organisms, situations, or environments Types of Variables : Types of Variables Statement of the Problem : Statement of the Problem The problem was to determine the extent to which participants in outdoor recreation programs in college drop out and the reasons for their dropping out. Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Slide 26: Which should it be? Hypotheses : Hypotheses Research hypothesis Alternative hypothesis Null hypothesis Examples of Research Hypotheses : Examples of Research Hypotheses If children are taught to read via whole language, then their reading comprehension will be higher. If children watch 3 or more hours of TV per day, then their behavior on the playground will become more aggressive. If children learn in small cooperative groups, then their social interactions will be more positive. Form of Research Hypotheses : Form of Research Hypotheses IF, THEN: If young children take piano lessons, then they will have higher math aptitude 10 years later. STATEMENT: Young children who take piano lessons will have higher math aptitude 10 years later. QUESTION: Will young children who take piano lessons have higher math aptitude 10 years later? Null Hypothesis & Statistics : Null Hypothesis & Statistics STATISTICAL QUESTION: How likely is it (what is the probability) that the actual findings in the sample would be obtained if the null hypothesis was true? STATISTICAL ANSWER: p value (probability value ? p =.05) There is a 5% (5 in 100) chance that the actual findings in the sample would be obtained if the null hypothesis is true. Examples : Examples RESEARCH: If children watch violent TV, then they will act more aggressively at recess. ALTERNATIVE: Children prone to aggression simply watch more violent TV. NULL: In a population of school-age children there is no relationship between TV violence and aggressive behavior. Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Limitations - Example : Limitations - Example This sample represented college students in the Northwest United States. Caution should be taken in extrapolating these results to people of other age groups in other geographic locations. Assumptions - Examples : Assumptions - Examples All participants who sign up for recreation programs do so voluntarily. All outdoor recreation programs are taught by qualified personnel. Assumptions - Examples : Assumptions - Examples All subjects completed the questionnaire honestly and correctly. The subjects understood the directions as they were intended. The subjects were a representative sample of college students in the Northwest. Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Operational Definition : Operational Definition Presumed indicator of a construct Makes construct observable (empirical) & quantifiable Caution: loss of meaning Creativity: Operational Definition : Creativity: Operational Definition Teacher’s ratings on a scale of 1-10 Number of recognized science projects Number of unusual uses for a briick named within one minute Ratings of a short story written by students as judged by a creativity “expert” Score on a researcher-developed test of creativity Intelligence: Operational Definition : Intelligence: Operational Definition Correctly solving logic problem Answering questions about word meanings Repeating backward strings of 8 numbers Solving a math problem Using “street smarts” to achieve a goal Starting a new business Paraphrasing the theme of a written paragraph Solving an equation Executing a triple lutz The Scientific Method : The Scientific Method Develop the problem Develop a theoretical solution to the problem Formulate the hypothesis or question Formulate the research plan (methods) Collect and analyze the data Interpret the results and form conclusions Refine the theory You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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Developing the Problem aSGuest6936 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1022 Category: Others/ Misc License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: December 17, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: agnespesimo (17 month(s) ago) This presentation is very comprehensive. Can I request for a copy? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript The Scientific Method : The Scientific Method Develop the problem Develop a theoretical solution to the problem Formulate the hypothesis or question Formulate the research plan (methods) Collect and analyze the data Interpret the results and form conclusions Refine the theory Identification of the Research Problem : Identification of the Research Problem Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Identify a general problem area Revise & narrow the problem statement Identify a general problem area : Identify a general problem area Criteria to use: Interest Theoretical value Practical value Workability Critical mass Identify a general problem area : Identify a general problem area Why do people drop out of recreation programs? How do you make this applied research vs. basic research vs. action research? Identify a general problem area : Identify a general problem area Review the literature Get broad overview using secondary sources Write a general problem statement Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem Topic: Attrition in Recreation Programs Statement of the Problem: The problem was to determine why participants in recreation programs drop out. Writing Problem Statements : Writing Problem Statements Tells what will be (or was) done Identifies variables & relationships to be studied Revise & narrow the problem statement : Revise & narrow the problem statement Review primary sources in the literature Identify primary sources Read & record the literature Focus should be on identifying questions that need to be answered (theoretically & practically) Revise & narrow the problem statement : Revise & narrow the problem statement Review primary sources in the literature Make a list of research questions Provide a rationale for the problem Identify variables to be studied Rewrite the problem statement Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem Results of Previous Studies Questions to be Answered: What is the extent of the attrition? What is the nature of the attrition? What are the causes of the attrition? What is the relationship of the cause of attrition to each type of attrition? Are there any factors that explain the causes of attrition? Statement of the Problem : Statement of the Problem The problem was to determine the extent to which participants in recreation programs drop out, the reasons for their dropping out, and the relationship of various facts to loss of enrollment. The Scientific Method : The Scientific Method Develop the problem Develop a theoretical solution to the problem Formulate the hypothesis or question Formulate the research plan (methods) Collect and analyze the data Interpret the results and form conclusions Refine the theory Development of the Research Question or Hypothesis : Development of the Research Question or Hypothesis Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Slide 17: Identify independent (cause, what is manipulated) and dependent (effect, what is measured) variables to be measured Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem What is the extent of the attrition? In each season? In different programs? Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem What is the nature of the attrition? Males and females? People of different ages? People of different geographic regions? People with different backgrounds in recreation? Combinations of the above? Outline of the Problem : Outline of the Problem What are the causes of attrition? Economic reasons? Personality differences? Personal (other than economic) reasons? Other? Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Variables : Variables Any characteristic or phenomenon that can vary (or change) across organisms, situations, or environments Types of Variables : Types of Variables Statement of the Problem : Statement of the Problem The problem was to determine the extent to which participants in outdoor recreation programs in college drop out and the reasons for their dropping out. Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Slide 26: Which should it be? Hypotheses : Hypotheses Research hypothesis Alternative hypothesis Null hypothesis Examples of Research Hypotheses : Examples of Research Hypotheses If children are taught to read via whole language, then their reading comprehension will be higher. If children watch 3 or more hours of TV per day, then their behavior on the playground will become more aggressive. If children learn in small cooperative groups, then their social interactions will be more positive. Form of Research Hypotheses : Form of Research Hypotheses IF, THEN: If young children take piano lessons, then they will have higher math aptitude 10 years later. STATEMENT: Young children who take piano lessons will have higher math aptitude 10 years later. QUESTION: Will young children who take piano lessons have higher math aptitude 10 years later? Null Hypothesis & Statistics : Null Hypothesis & Statistics STATISTICAL QUESTION: How likely is it (what is the probability) that the actual findings in the sample would be obtained if the null hypothesis was true? STATISTICAL ANSWER: p value (probability value ? p =.05) There is a 5% (5 in 100) chance that the actual findings in the sample would be obtained if the null hypothesis is true. Examples : Examples RESEARCH: If children watch violent TV, then they will act more aggressively at recess. ALTERNATIVE: Children prone to aggression simply watch more violent TV. NULL: In a population of school-age children there is no relationship between TV violence and aggressive behavior. Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Limitations - Example : Limitations - Example This sample represented college students in the Northwest United States. Caution should be taken in extrapolating these results to people of other age groups in other geographic locations. Assumptions - Examples : Assumptions - Examples All participants who sign up for recreation programs do so voluntarily. All outdoor recreation programs are taught by qualified personnel. Assumptions - Examples : Assumptions - Examples All subjects completed the questionnaire honestly and correctly. The subjects understood the directions as they were intended. The subjects were a representative sample of college students in the Northwest. Steps to be Taken : Steps to be Taken Delimit the problem Rewrite the problem statement Write the hypotheses/research questions Identify assumptions & limitations Develop operational definitions Operational Definition : Operational Definition Presumed indicator of a construct Makes construct observable (empirical) & quantifiable Caution: loss of meaning Creativity: Operational Definition : Creativity: Operational Definition Teacher’s ratings on a scale of 1-10 Number of recognized science projects Number of unusual uses for a briick named within one minute Ratings of a short story written by students as judged by a creativity “expert” Score on a researcher-developed test of creativity Intelligence: Operational Definition : Intelligence: Operational Definition Correctly solving logic problem Answering questions about word meanings Repeating backward strings of 8 numbers Solving a math problem Using “street smarts” to achieve a goal Starting a new business Paraphrasing the theme of a written paragraph Solving an equation Executing a triple lutz The Scientific Method : The Scientific Method Develop the problem Develop a theoretical solution to the problem Formulate the hypothesis or question Formulate the research plan (methods) Collect and analyze the data Interpret the results and form conclusions Refine the theory