023_W2004_Personality_web

Slide 1: 

Personality

Three Minute Review : 

Three Minute Review SOCIAL PSYCH: DEGREES OF SEPARATION Milgram’s experiment 6 deg of separation under- or over-estimation? power law distribution hubs degrees of separation can vary Hollywood: 3 Internet: 19 may have many applications understanding networks (e.g., internet) public health terrorist networks brain connectivity

Slide 3: 

SIGMUND FREUD Genius or misguided misogynist pervert? huge impact on pop culture Copernicus - Darwin - Freud huge impact on some psychologists but largely debunked now historical context important hysterical women in Victorian Vienna humans driven by unconscious motives, early development psychoanalysis “talking cure” catharsis hysteria e.g., glove anesthesia Case study: Anna O. can include hypnosis and free association seduction theory vs. repressed desires?

Slide 4: 

structures of the mind unconscious, preconscious, conscious id “it” fuelled by libido pleasure principle ego self reality principle superego conscience ego ideal could there be brain-based analogs of these “structures”? hierarchical functions newer areas (esp. frontal lobes) inhibit older areas (esp. limbic system)

Test Yourself : 

Test Yourself Elena and Robert have trouble getting along because she lives her life based on the pleasure principle and he lives his life based on his conscience.  Freud would say Elena is driven by her __________ and Robert is driven by his ______________. A.    superego, ego                                         B.     id, ego                       C.    id, superego D.    ego, superego E. ego, id

What is Personality? : 

What is Personality? A person’s behavior is often consistent across situations

How can we explain personality types? : 

How can we explain personality types? Non-psychological Hippocrates four humors (5th century B.C.) Astrology Psychological Trait theories Sheldon’s body types Type A vs. B Sensation Seekers Cattell’s 16 Trait Model The Big 5 Other theories… stay tuned till Thursday

Hippocrates Four Humors : 

Hippocrates Four Humors In the 5th C. B.C., Hippocrates theorized that the body contained four humors (fluids), each associated with a particular temperament PHLEGM “phlegmatic” sluggish apathetic dull BLOOD “sanguine” cheerful confident optimistic BLACK BILE “melancholic” depressed gloomy pessimistic YELLOW BILE “choleric” irritable violent

Astrology : 

Astrology

Sheldon’s Body Types : 

Sheldon’s Body Types William Sheldon (1942) suggested physique is related to temperament still popular in media today motivated Yale and Wellesley to take nude photos of 1000s of students to test hypotheses

Sheldon’s Body Types : 

Sheldon’s Body Types ECTOMORPH thin, long, fragile brainy, artistic, introverted MESOMORPH muscular, rectangular, strong physical, energetic, courageous ENDOMORPH fat, soft, round relaxed, sociable, warm likes to eat, sedentary “Niles Crane” on Frasier Arnold Schwartzenegger “Dan” on Roseanne

“Type A” Personality : 

“Type A” Personality Type A competitive self-critical driven demanding of self and others urgency everything must be done NOW! easily irritated by delays anger/hostility become easily angered even if they don’t express it overtly Type B low competitiveness, urgency, and hostility “stop and smell the roses” Appointment book of Type A person who died of a heart attack soon after this date

Type A ? : 

Type A ? 1. I often choose to spend time with my friends or family, even though I have something important to do. 2. People who don't know what they want get on my nerves. 3. I function best under stress or pressure. 4. Talking about emotions is a sign of weakness and can be used by others to get at you. 5. If everybody did their job properly, my life would be much easier. No Yes Yes Yes Yes

“Type A” Personality : 

“Type A” Personality Type A’s: respond more quickly and strongly to stress seek more demanding situations have greater reactivity to stress when competing in a video game rigged so they always lost and taunted by their competitor, Type A’s showed greater “flight or fight” responses cause and effect not clear beta-blockers (? SNS responses) ? ? Type A behavior more common in males than females experience health risks more respiratory problems, coronary heart disease (e.g., 2X rate of heart attacks) they’re also more likely to drink, smoke, be obese and overwork but the health risks remain even when these are factored out\

“Type C” Personality? : 

“Type C” Personality? suggested in 1990s sociable, nice people who keep negative emotions “bottled up” may be at increased risk for cancer and less likely to survive if they get it

Optimists live longer : 

Optimists live longer optimists have half as many illnesses optimists diagnosed with cancer live longer optimists have stronger immune systems optimism/pessimism test at age 25 predicts health after ~age 45

Sensation Seeking : 

Sensation Seeking "defined by the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experiences“ most common in men aged 16-19 less common in women declines with age

Sensation Seeking Tests : 

Sensation Seeking Tests High SS not simply party animals, often become entrepreneurs, entertainers, scientists, and adventurers. Sample items: I would like to try parachute jumping. I sometimes do crazy things just to see the effect on others. I wish I didn’t have to waste so much of the day sleeping. What would you do if you won one million dollars? High SS: sports cars, big sailboats, one-night stands Low SS: luxury or comfort items

Cattell’s Trait Theory : 

Cattell’s Trait Theory How can we decide what fundamental traits are? dictionary identifies 18,000 personality descriptors (Allport, 1937) Cattell narrowed this down to 170 and used factor analysis to group them Cattell derived 16 source traits Raymond Cattell 1905-1998 Remember this guy? (Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence)

Factor Analysis : 

Factor Analysis CORRELATION CORRELATION MATRIX

Factor Analysis of Personality : 

Factor Analysis of Personality CORRELATION MATRIX What would you conclude from the following patterns?

Differences in Traits : 

Differences in Traits Both are equally intelligent Clergy members are more cheerful Researchers are more radical

Eysenck’s Three Factors : 

Eysenck’s Three Factors Extroversion (vs. Introversion) Do you like mixing with people? (+) Do you like plenty of bustle and excitement around you? (+) Are you rather lively? (+) Neuroticism (Stable vs. Unstable) Do you often feel fed up? (+) Do you often feel lonely? (+) Does your mood often go up and down? (+) Psychoticism Do good manners and cleanliness matter to you? (-) Does it worry you if you know there are mistakes in your work? (-) Do you like taking risks for fun? (+)

Eysenck is similar to Hippocrates : 

Eysenck is similar to Hippocrates

The BIG Five : 

The BIG Five Mnemonic: O C E A N