logging in or signing up The Storage of Units and Access... aSGuest636 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 126 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: October 09, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: HaroldJoh (16 month(s) ago) I can recommend http://www.seagateselfstorage.com for mini storage service in Wilmington Beach SC. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Chapter 6: The Units of Storage and Access: Morphemes, Words, and Phrases : Chapter 6: The Units of Storage and Access: Morphemes, Words, and Phrases Phonology and Language Use By Joan Bybee Fabiana Figueroa Phonological Representation of Words : Phonological Representation of Words Sound change affects words gradually. Rate depends upon frequency of use. Two Models : Two Models (Bybee 2001) “…since specific words have specific ranges of variation, lexical representations of words must be a compilation of the language user’s experience with the word.” Exemplar Model Prototype Model Fa-mi-ly or Fam-ily? : Fa-mi-ly or Fam-ily? “Words have phonetic variants of diverse types.” (Bybee 2001) Where did the /s/ go? : Where did the /s/ go? Variation may also be caused by the context created by surrounding words. “…an /s/ before another consonant loses its coronal articulation and reduces to [h], or it deletes it entirely. This reduction occurs for both medial and word-final /s/, as long as a consonant follows…” (Bybee 2001) Argentinian Spanish : Argentinian Spanish Main variants for words ending in /s/ in Argentinian Spanish are [s] and [h]. Variants : Variants Exemplar based Highly similar exemplars are mapped onto the same representation. Representation of each word is a range of variation built up from examplars that have been experienced. Word Boundry Phenomena : Word Boundry Phenomena “Gestural configurations within words have a constant, or uniform, context, but at the edges of words, gestures interface with a variety of other gestures.” (Bybee 2001) Morphemes within words…. : Morphemes within words…. “Lexical alterations conditioned across word boundaries are uncommon and unstable, while alterations within the words are a lot more common and much more stable.” (Byebee 2001) Morphemes in Alternating Environments : Morphemes in Alternating Environments Uniform environment Alternating environment Uniform Environments : Uniform Environments Deletion of spanish /d/ is much more advanced in the Present Participle –ado than in other contexts. Alterations and Affixes : Alterations and Affixes /t/ or /d/ may occur after vowels E.g. played or tried /t/ or /d/ may occur after consonants E.g. walked or learned Reduction of ‘don’t’ in American English : Reduction of ‘don’t’ in American English Reduction involves the flapping of the initial /d/, the reduction of the vowel to schwa, and the loss of the final consonants. The Study : The Study 6 participants. 135 tokens of don’t in 3 hours and 45 minutes of conversation on 3 different occassions. The phonetic variants in focus were [d] versus the flap [ Γ ] and the full vowel [o] versus the schwa. Behold the power of schwa : Behold the power of schwa Know with don’t occurred 39 times, and 29 of these don’t tokens had the schwa variant. Other verbs occurring with the schwa: think, have (to), want, like, mean, feel, and care. All occurring with I. String Frequency : String Frequency “Since the phonetic reduction occurrs as linguistic material is used, phrases that are used more often will undergo more reduction.” (Bybee 2001) String frequency; a measure of the frequency of occurrence of words together. (Krug 1998) Frequency Increases : Frequency Increases Constructions undergoing grammaticization show enormous frequency increases, which lead both to semantic reduction and phonological reduction (Bybee et al. 1994) SUBJECT + be going to + VERB Conclusion : Conclusion Differences between words and morphemes with regard to ongoing sound change, arguing that the evidence suggests basically one continuous range of variation per word. Variant forms of words, such as the reduced versions of don’t or going to come to be established in frequently occurring phrases and constructions. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
The Storage of Units and Access... aSGuest636 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 126 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: October 09, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: HaroldJoh (16 month(s) ago) I can recommend http://www.seagateselfstorage.com for mini storage service in Wilmington Beach SC. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Chapter 6: The Units of Storage and Access: Morphemes, Words, and Phrases : Chapter 6: The Units of Storage and Access: Morphemes, Words, and Phrases Phonology and Language Use By Joan Bybee Fabiana Figueroa Phonological Representation of Words : Phonological Representation of Words Sound change affects words gradually. Rate depends upon frequency of use. Two Models : Two Models (Bybee 2001) “…since specific words have specific ranges of variation, lexical representations of words must be a compilation of the language user’s experience with the word.” Exemplar Model Prototype Model Fa-mi-ly or Fam-ily? : Fa-mi-ly or Fam-ily? “Words have phonetic variants of diverse types.” (Bybee 2001) Where did the /s/ go? : Where did the /s/ go? Variation may also be caused by the context created by surrounding words. “…an /s/ before another consonant loses its coronal articulation and reduces to [h], or it deletes it entirely. This reduction occurs for both medial and word-final /s/, as long as a consonant follows…” (Bybee 2001) Argentinian Spanish : Argentinian Spanish Main variants for words ending in /s/ in Argentinian Spanish are [s] and [h]. Variants : Variants Exemplar based Highly similar exemplars are mapped onto the same representation. Representation of each word is a range of variation built up from examplars that have been experienced. Word Boundry Phenomena : Word Boundry Phenomena “Gestural configurations within words have a constant, or uniform, context, but at the edges of words, gestures interface with a variety of other gestures.” (Bybee 2001) Morphemes within words…. : Morphemes within words…. “Lexical alterations conditioned across word boundaries are uncommon and unstable, while alterations within the words are a lot more common and much more stable.” (Byebee 2001) Morphemes in Alternating Environments : Morphemes in Alternating Environments Uniform environment Alternating environment Uniform Environments : Uniform Environments Deletion of spanish /d/ is much more advanced in the Present Participle –ado than in other contexts. Alterations and Affixes : Alterations and Affixes /t/ or /d/ may occur after vowels E.g. played or tried /t/ or /d/ may occur after consonants E.g. walked or learned Reduction of ‘don’t’ in American English : Reduction of ‘don’t’ in American English Reduction involves the flapping of the initial /d/, the reduction of the vowel to schwa, and the loss of the final consonants. The Study : The Study 6 participants. 135 tokens of don’t in 3 hours and 45 minutes of conversation on 3 different occassions. The phonetic variants in focus were [d] versus the flap [ Γ ] and the full vowel [o] versus the schwa. Behold the power of schwa : Behold the power of schwa Know with don’t occurred 39 times, and 29 of these don’t tokens had the schwa variant. Other verbs occurring with the schwa: think, have (to), want, like, mean, feel, and care. All occurring with I. String Frequency : String Frequency “Since the phonetic reduction occurrs as linguistic material is used, phrases that are used more often will undergo more reduction.” (Bybee 2001) String frequency; a measure of the frequency of occurrence of words together. (Krug 1998) Frequency Increases : Frequency Increases Constructions undergoing grammaticization show enormous frequency increases, which lead both to semantic reduction and phonological reduction (Bybee et al. 1994) SUBJECT + be going to + VERB Conclusion : Conclusion Differences between words and morphemes with regard to ongoing sound change, arguing that the evidence suggests basically one continuous range of variation per word. Variant forms of words, such as the reduced versions of don’t or going to come to be established in frequently occurring phrases and constructions.