Intro Ch 7 Memory PPT Skeletons

Slide 1: 

Chapter 7 Memory

What is MEMORY? : 

What is MEMORY? Memory – internal record of some prior event or experience; a set of mental processes that receives, encodes, stores, organizes, alters, and retrieves information over time

Video : 

Video Remembering and Forgetting… w/ Phil Zimbardo  from the “Discovering Psychology” series

Three Stages of Memory : 

Three Stages of Memory Stage 1 - Sensory Memory is a brief representation of a stimulus while being processed in the sensory system Stage 2 - Short-Term Memory (STM) is working memory Limited capacity (7 items) Duration is about 30 seconds Stage 3 - Long-Term Memory (LTM) is large capacity and long duration

Overview of Memory Model : 

Overview of Memory Model

Integrated Model Concepts : 

Integrated Model Concepts Encoding – process of translating info into neural codes (language) that will be retained in memory Storage – the process of retaining neural coded info over time Retrieval – the process of recovering info from memory storage

Integrated Model of Memory : 

Integrated Model of Memory

Overview of LTM : 

Overview of LTM

Varieties of LTM : 

Varieties of LTM Two types of LTM Semantic memory refers to factual information Episodic memory refers to autobiographical information as to where and when an event happened

Organization of LTM : 

Organization of LTM Retrieval Cue – a clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall and retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory 2 types: Recognition Recall Ziegarnik Effect

Memory Measures : 

Memory Measures Recognition is when a specific cue (face or name) is matched against LTM Recall is when a general cue is used to search memory Relearning - situation where person learns material a second time. Quicker to learn material 2nd time

Flashbulb Memories : 

Flashbulb Memories Where were you when you first heard: That The WTC had been crashed into? That the federal building had been bombed in Oklahoma City? That Princess Diana had been killed in a car wreck?

Anatomy of Memory : 

Anatomy of Memory Bilateral damage to the hippocampus results in anterograde amnesia (Patient H.M.)

Anatomy of Memory : 

Anatomy of Memory Amygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidation Basal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and CC responses Hippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic memory, laying down new declarative long-term memories Thalamus, formation of new memories and working memories Cortical Areas: encoding of factual memories, storage of episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.

Forgetting : 

Forgetting Forgetting is the inability to recall previously learned information Forgetting rate is steep just after learning and then becomes a gradual loss of recall

Serial Position Effect : 

Serial Position Effect Recall immediately after learning Recall several hours after learning Recall from Recall from LTM STM LTM Primacy effect – remembering stuff at beginning of list better than middle Recency Effect – remembering stuff at the end of list better than middle

Study Strategies : 

Study Strategies Distributed practice refers to spacing learning periods in contrast to massed practice in which learning is “crammed” into a single session Distributed practice leads to better retention

Theories of Forgetting : 

Theories of Forgetting Proactive interference: old information interferes with recall of new information Retroactive interference: new information interferes with recall of old information Decay theory: memory trace fades with time Motivated forgetting: involves the loss of painful memories (protective memory loss) Retrieval failure: the information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because the retrieval cue is absent

Organization of LTM : 

Organization of LTM Tip-of the tongue phenomenon: person can’t easily recall the item, but shows some recall for its characteristics (“…it begins with the letter ….”)

Amnesia : 

Amnesia Amnesia is forgetting produced by brain injury or by trauma Retrograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information prior to a trauma Anterograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information after a trauma Point of Trauma Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia

Issues in Memory : 

Issues in Memory Reasons for inaccuracy of memory: Source amnesia: attribution of a memory to the wrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actual event) Sleeper effect: a piece of information from an unreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalled after the source has been forgotten Misinformation effect: we incorporate outside information into our own memories

Memory Strategies : 

Memory Strategies Mnemonic devices are strategies to improve memory by organizing information Method of Loci: ideas are associated with a place or part of a building Peg-Word system: peg words are associated with ideas (e.g. “one is a bun”) Word Associations: verbal associations are created for items to be learned